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Lecture 01

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8 views17 pages

Lecture 01

Uploaded by

Anushka Maitra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculus for Engineers (MAT-1001)

Lecture-01
Dr. Soumen Kundu
Department of Mathematics
School of Advanced Sciences (SAS)
VIT-AP University
Function
The idea of a function was introduced in the early
seventeenth century when Rene Descartes (1596-
1650) used the concept in his
book Geometry (1637) to model mathematical
problems.
Fifty years later, after the publication of Geometry,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) introduced
the term “function.” Later, Leonhard Euler (1707-
1783) played a big role by introducing the
technique of function notion, y = f (x).
Function
Function
Application of Function
• Circumference of a circle
• A shadow: The length of the shadow of an object is a function of its height
• The position of a moving object: The location of a moving object such as a car is a
function of time.
• Temperature: The temperature of a body is based on several factors and inputs.
• Height of an object: The height of an object is a function of his/her age and body
weight.
• Money: The compound or simple interest is a function of the time, principal, and
interest rate.
How to Find the Domain and Range of a
Function?

• Example 1: Find the domain of f (x) = 5x − 3


• Solution: The domain of a linear function is all real numbers, therefore,
• Domain: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)
A function with a radical
• Example 2: Find the domain of the function f(x)=−2x2 + 12x + 5
• Solution: The function f(x) = −2x2 + 12x + 5 is a quadratic polynomial, therefore, the
domain is (−∞, ∞)
How to find the domain for a rational function
with a variable in the denominator?

Example 3: Determine the domain of x−4/ (x2 −2x−15)


Solution
Set the denominator to zero and solve for x
⟹ x2 − 2x – 15 = (x − 5) (x + 3) = 0
Hence, x = −3, x = 5
For the denominator not to be zero, we need to avoid the numbers −3 and 5.
Therefore, the domain is all real numbers except −3 and 5.
Example 4
Calculate the domain and the range of the function f(x) = -2/x.
Solution
Set the denominator to zero.
⟹x=0
Therefore, domain: All real numbers except 0.
The range is all real values of x except 0.

Example 5: Find the domain and range of the following function f(x) = 2/ (x + 1)
Function
How to the domain for a function with a
variable inside a radical sign?
To find the domain of the function, the terms inside the radical are set the inequality of > 0 or ≥
0. Then, the value of the variable is determined.
Example 6: Find the domain of f(x) = √ (6 + x – x2)
• Solution To avoid the square roots of negative numbers, we set the expression inside the radical
sign to ≥ 0. 6 + x – x2 ≥ 0 ⟹ x 2 – x – 6≤ 0
• ⟹ x 2 – x – 6= (x – 3) (x +2) = 0
• Therefore, the function is zero if x = 3 or x = -2
• Hence the domain: [−2, 3]
Example 7
Find the domain of f(x) =x/√ (x2 – 9)
Solution
Set the expression within the radical sign to x2 – 9 > 0
Solve for the variable to get;
x = 3 or – 3
Therefore, Domain: (−∞, −3) & (3, ∞)

Example 8
Find the domain of f(x) = 1/√ (x2 -4)
Solution
By factoring the denominator, we get x ≠ (2, – 2).

Test your answer by plugging -3 into the expression within the radical sign.
⟹ (-3)2 – 4 = 5
also try with zero
⟹ 02 – 4 = -4, therefore number between 2 and -2 are invalid
Try number above 2
⟹ 32 – 4 = 5. This one is valid.
Hence, the domain = (-∞, -2) U (2, ∞)
How to find the domain of a function using
the natural logarithm (ln)?

To find the domain of a function using natural log, set the terms within the
parentheses to >0 and then solve.
Example 9: Find the domain of the function f(x) = ln (x – 8)
• Solution ⟹ x – 8 > 0
⟹x–8+8>0+8
⟹x>8
Domain:(8, ∞)
Composite Function
Function
Function

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