FIRST FIVE WORDS OF RESEARCH TITLE EXCLUDING CONJUNCTIONS… 1

1.0. Introduction

This part enables the reader to understand the context or territory of the study.
Introduction is always started with the trends happening within the topic, the issues that arise
within, the researchers' objectives and the main contributions of the study. Introductions should
not contain an exhaustive literature review. Instead, it should provide justification for the study
by identifying a niche area within the existing body of knowledge and also identifying specific
aims that become the focus of the described research.

Introduction is written in paragraphs, therefore lists and bullets should be restated to

grammatically and technically correct sentences, and proper citation must be observed.
Introductions are best written using the T-I-O-C format. Trends: What are the latest trends about
the topic? Issues: What are the issues that transcended within the topic? Blank Spot - with
minimal or no literature to address a specific problem or inquiry Blind Spot - with available
literature but with contradicting results or conclusions Objectives: What do the researchers intend
to do to address the concerns? Objectives must be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and
time-bound (SMART) Contributions: What benefit will the study offer to the current theories,
practices and future researches?

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2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical Framework

Before reviewing the variables presented in the study. Researchers can discuss the
theoretical framework. Theoretical frameworks discuss the theories that helped the researchers in
contextualizing their topic. Theoretical frameworks are best discussed following the S-E-C
format. State: State the theory that was utilized by the researchers. Explain: Using proper
citations, discuss the theory as explained by literature sources. Contextualize: Apply the theory to
the set-up of the study. There are instances that the framework used and the research set-up are
already in the same context. In this case, there is no need to contextualize the theory. Still, proper
citation is necessary.

2.2 Review of Related Literature

Normally, the variables presented in the study are the items reviewed using various
literatures. Proper citations must always be observed and must always be written in paragraph
form. Therefore, lists and notes should be restated in grammatically and technically correct
sentences. Titles should be formatted bold and subtitles italics. Discussion of such can best be
written in the S-E-A format. -Synopsis: State what the particular topic is all about. -Evidence:
Provide evidence about the topic with correct citations. -Argument: State the problems that
emerged from the evidence gathered. This subchapter may be divided into Local and Foreign
literature.

2.2.1 Local Literature

2.2.2 Foreign Literature

2.3 Statement of the Problem

Often, research questions arise from literature reviews. Therefore, statements of the
problem are incorporated in the literature review. Hypotheses, if available, follow its
corresponding research question. Research questions and hypotheses are in italics format, and do

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not bear any indention. Researchers can discuss all topics, then provide one general argument and
place all research questions at the end.

2.4 Hypothesis (if any)

Hypothesis 1 -
Hypothesis 2 -

2.5 Research Paradigm

Also called a simulacrum, this represents the variables presented in the study together
with their relationships. Research simulacrum uses boxes or ovals to present the variables, and
arrows to show relationships.

2.6 Definition of terms

This gives the readers an understanding of the concepts that will be discussed
throughout your study, as well as contextual information as to how you will be using those
concepts in your study.

2.7 Significance of the Study

Significance of the study refers to the contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a
research field. The significance also signals who benefits from the research findings and how.

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3.0 Research Method

3.1 Research Design

Discuss the approach (qualitative/ quantitative/ mixed method) and design

(phenomenology, experimental, descriptive, etc.) used in the study.

3.2 Research Locale

Describe the geographic characteristics of the place of study. In this section, anonymity
must always be observed.

3.3 Population and Sampling

Describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents/ participants.

Describe the sampling techniques used. Enumerate the inclusion and exclusion criteria
used in the selection of the participants. Inclusion criteria are defined as the key features
of the target population that the investigators will use to answer their research question.
In contrast, exclusion criteria are defined as features of the potential study participants
who meet the inclusion criteria but present with additional characteristics that could
interfere with the success of the study or increase their risk for an unfavorable outcome.

3.4 Research Ethics

Enumerate the ethical principles maintained in this study, and how it was maintained,
including ethical board reviews. (This proposal has been reviewed and approved by the Our Lady
of Fatima University - Institutional Ethics Review Committee (OLFU - IERC) which is a
committee whose task it is to make sure that research participants are protected from harm.) Have
adequate provisions been made to ensure the confidentiality of participants' data? Are the

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research participants free not to participate or to leave the research at any time, without penalty?
Are the possible risks discussed in the research protocol?

Is the design free of undue inducements to participate in the research? Please indicate if
there is incentive/ token to be given to the participants and how will it not affect the outcome of
the study; if the study is free of undue inducement, kindly indicate it

For how long will the collected data be stored? Researchers may delete the data after the
finalization/publication of the research study; however, they may also keep research data for at
least 3 years after publication or completion of the research study. This period allows for the
replication of the study's findings, which is an essential part of scientific research.

What is the method of disposal? - Safely deleting research data is important to protect the
privacy and confidentiality of research participants and to avoid any unintended data breaches.
Here are some steps to safely delete research data: Identify all copies of the data: Make sure you
identify all copies of the data, including backups, shared files, and any hard copies; Securely
delete digital data; Destroy hard copies: If you have any hard copies of the data, such as
questionnaires or consent forms, shred or burn them to ensure they cannot be reconstructed;
Document the deletion: Keep a record of what data was deleted, when it was deleted, and how it
was deleted.

3.5 Research Instruments

Equipment constructed specifically for the study must be carefully described in detail.
Methods of validation and reliability testing must also be stated in this section.

For researcher made questionnaires: Methods of validation must also be stated in this
section. Attach a Validation certificate. For Adopted questionnaire: Are you permitted to use and
administer the questionnaire? Check the source document if the selected questionnaire is free to
use as long as properly cited. Ask for author’s permission only if needed. Provide evidence.

3.6. Data Collection

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The step-by-step process must be explained comprehensively by the researcher, including

sending out permission letters. If the researchers opt to use face to face data gathering, please
state that health protocols will be followed (social distancing, proper wearing of PPE, frequent
hand sanitizing/ sanitation of writing materials, etc.).
State the manner of recruiting the respondents/ participants. Recruitment involves a
number of activities, including identifying eligible participants, adequately explaining the study
to the potential participants, recruiting an adequate sample based on study goals and design,
obtaining informed consent and maintaining ethical standards, and retaining participants until
study completion.

State also the recruitment material you will be utilizing in the study. Common
recruitment strategies include emails, recruitment letters, recruitment flyers, posters, brochures,
media advertisements (advertisements in newspapers, magazines, or radio advertisements),
informational sheets, verbal scripts for word-of mouth or in-person recruiting, on-line postings,
and verbal announcements.

3.7. Data Analysis

Be precise in describing measurements and include errors of measurements. Ordinary

statistical methods could be used without citations, while advanced or unusual methods may
require a literature citation. Basic formulas are not needed to be included, unless originally
created by the researcher, or the formula is unusual. For qualitative research studies, kindly state
the type of content analysis/ thematic analysis.

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References

Aldiab, A., Chowdhury, H., Kootsookos, A., Alam, F., & Allhibi, H. (2019). Utilization of
Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education system: A case review for
Saudi Arabia. Energy Procedia, 160, 731–737.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.186

Bland, R. D., Clarke, T. L., & Harden, L. B. (1976). Rapid infusion of sodium bicarbonate and
albumin into high-risk premature infants soon after birth: A controlled, prospective trial.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124(3), 263–267.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(76)90154-x

Cigdemoglu, C., Arslan, H. O., & Akay, H. (2011). A phenomenological study of instructors’
experiences on an open source learning management system. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 28, 790–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.144

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Appendix A
Permission Letter

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Appendix B
Research Instrument

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Appendix C
Informed Consent Form

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