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C-Input-Output-1

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23 views

C-Input-Output-1

Uploaded by

Soham Chakraborty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Input/output in C

Computing Lab
https://www.isical.ac.in/~dfslab

Indian Statistical Institute

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 1/8


Basic output to the terminal

putchar(int c) : print c, cast to an unsigned char, to stdout


(terminal)
puts(const char *s) : print string s + newline to stdout
printf(const char *format , ...) : contains zero or more
conversion specifiers
optional

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 2/8


printf: conversion specifiers

flags width .precision length modifier type

flags
0 : right align, with zero padding on the left
- : left align
width: minimum field width
precision: usually, number of significant digits (for floating point
numbers) /
maximum number of characters to be printed (for string)
length modifier: l, ll, L, z
type: d, i, c, f, s section no. in manual

See man pages for detailed documentation, e.g., $ man 3 printf

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 3/8


Reading from the “terminal”

Character at a time:
Functions: getchar() OR fgetc(stdin) (equivalent)
Return value: reads the next character and returns it as an unsigned
char cast to an int, or EOF on end of file or error.
Typical usage: while (EOF != (c = fgetc(fp))) ...
Caution: Do not forget to declare c as int type.
If c is of type char:
reading from the terminal: will probably work without any problem
reading from a file: in some (rare) cases, problems could occur

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 4/8


Reading from the “terminal”

Line at a time:
Function: fgets(s, n, stdin)
Return value
reads at most n-1 characters or one line (whichever is shorter), stores
input in character array s and terminates s using '\0'
if a newline is read, it is stored in s
returns s or NULL on end of file (i.e., there is nothing to be read) or error
Typical usage: while (NULL != fgets(s, n, stdin)) ...
Caution: Without exception, do not use gets()!

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 5/8


Reading from the terminal: scanf

Format string:

" ", "\t", "\n"


matches any amount of white space,
or any sequence of
including none
these characters
read an int, long int or long long int,
"%d", "%ld", "%lld"
possibly with leading + or - sign
read an unsigned int, unsigned long
"%u", "%lu", "%llu"
int or unsigned long long int
read a float, double or long double,
"%f", "%lf", "%llf"
possibly with leading + or - sign
read a single character (including
"%c"
white-space)

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 6/8


Review questions

1. Write a program that reads the given file (getc-input.txt) one


character at a time using fgetc. After each character is read, print it
along with its ASCII value to the screen.
Try storing the return value of fgetc in an int type variable and a
char type variable in turn, and report any observed difference in the
behaviour of your program.
NOTE: Do NOT open getc-input.txt in the browser, and save / copy-paste the
content into a local file. Right-click on the link, save the file locally, and run your
program on the downloaded file using input redirection (./a.out
< getc-input.txt).
2. Read, compile, run and understand the programs basic-io.c and
robust-scanf.c on various kinds of mixed input including
characters, white-space, digit sequences, punctuation marks, etc.
NOTE: The program has several parts; please read and follow the corresponding
comments. For the first part of basic-io.c, you may use
test-input-14082024.txt as a test input file.
Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 7/8
Practice problems

1. Write a program that reads text typed at the terminal, and counts
the number of occurrences of vowels in the input text;
the number of words in the input text. Assume that any contiguous
sequence of letters and / or digits forms one word.

Computing Lab (ISI) Input/output in C 8/8

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