Lecture 2

Data:
Data is unorganized and unrefined facts and figures.

• Data can be a number, symbol, character, word, codes,
graphs, etc
• The facts that can be recorded and which have implicit
meaning known as 'data'.
Information
•Information comprises processed, organized data presented in a meaningful context

•Information is a group of data that collectively carries a logical meaning.
•Information is sufficient for decision making
Example:
Data collection for electoral system by a government employee for Voter ID.
He is collecting raw data about each voter in the area with information about name, age,
photo, etc.
Now, this information when put in the Electoral Management system becomes
information for government and political parties in making decisions.
Database:
•A database is an organized collection of structured

information, or data, typically stored electronically in
a computer system.
•It is a collection of interrelated data.

These can be stored in the form of tables.
•A database can be of any size and varying

complexity.
Example:
Now, when we have collected electoral data of an
area, state or country, it has become a database of
country’s voters
Database System:
•A database is usually controlled by a database management

system (DBMS).
•It is computerized system, whose overall purpose is to maintain

the information and to make that the information is available on
demand.
Advantages:
1.Redundency can be reduced.

2.Inconsistency can be avoided.
3.Data can be shared.
4.Standards can be enforced.
Security restrictions can be
applied.
5.Integrity can be maintained.
6.Data gathering can be
possible.
7.Requirements can be
balanced.
Database Management System (DBMS):

It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and
maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose
software that provides the users with the processes of defining,
constructing and manipulating the database for various
applications.
Disadvantages in File Processing
Data redundancy and inonsistency.

Difficult in data. accessing
Data integrity.
Data isolation.
Concurrent access is not possible.
Security Problems.
.
Advantages of DBMS:
1.Data Independence.
2.Efficient Data Access.
3.Data Integrity and security.
4.Data administration.
5.Concurrent access and Crash

recovery.
6.Reduced Application Development
Time.
Applications
• Database Applications:
• Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations,
schedules Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations Manufacturing: production,
inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources:
employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Database Administrators (DBA):
The DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
Coordinating and monitoring its use and for acquiring software and hardware resources as
needed.
These are the people, who maintain and design the database daily.
Evolution of the database

Databases have evolved dramatically since their inception in the early 1960s. Navigational
databases such as the hierarchical database (which relied on a tree-like model and allowed
only a one-to-many relationship), and the network database (a more flexible model that
allowed multiple relationships), were the original systems used to store and manipulate data.
Although simple, these early systems were inflexible. In the 1980s, relational
databases became popular, followed by object-oriented databases in the 1990s. More
recently, NoSQL databases came about as a response to the growth of the internet and the
need for faster speed and processing of unstructured data. Today, cloud databases and self-
driving databases are breaking new ground when it comes to how data is collected, stored,
managed, and utilized.
Types of databases
There are many different types of databases.
Relational databases
 Relational databases became dominant in the 1980s. Items in a relational
database are organized as a set of tables with columns and rows.
Relational database technology provides the most efficient and flexible
way to access structured information.
Object-oriented databases
 Information in an object-oriented database is represented in the form of
objects, as in object-oriented programming.
Distributed databases
 A distributed database consists of two or more files located in different
sites. The database may be stored on multiple computers, located in the
same physical location, or scattered over different networks.
Data warehouses
 A central repository for data, a data
warehouse is a type of database
specifically designed for fast query and
analysis.
NoSQL databases
 A NoSQL, or nonrelational database,
allows unstructured and semistructured
data to be stored and manipulated (in
contrast to a relational database, which
defines how all data inserted into the
database must be composed). NoSQL
databases grew popular as web
applications became more common
and more complex.
 OLTP databases. An OLTP database is a speedy, analytic database designed for
large numbers of transactions performed by multiple users.
These are only a few of the several dozen types of databases in use today. Other, less
common databases are tailored to very specific scientific, financial, or other functions. In
addition to the different database types, changes in technology development
approaches and dramatic advances such as the cloud and automation are propelling
databases in entirely new directions. Some of the latest databases include
Open source databases

 An open source database system is one whose source code is open source; such
databases could be SQL or NoSQL databases.
Cloud databases
 A cloud database is a collection of data, either structured or unstructured, that
resides on a private, public, or hybrid cloud computing platform. There are two
types of cloud database models: traditional and database as a service (DBaaS).
With DBaaS, administrative tasks and maintenance are performed by a service
provider.
Roles of a database administrator
1. Database design:
A database administrator has the responsibility of designing a database that
meets the demands of users. Hence, having knowledge of database design is
crucial for an administrator.
2. Database backup:
A database administrator has the responsibility to back up every data in the
database, recurrently. This is necessary, so that operations can be restored in
times of disaster or downtime.
3. Database availability:
A database administrator has the responsibility of ensuring database
accessibility to users from time to time.
4. Database restore:
A database administrator has the responsibility of restoring a file from a
backup state, when there is a need for it.
5. Data move:
A database administrator has the responsibility of moving a database set, say
from a physical base to a cloud base, or from an existing application to a new
application.
6. Database upgrade:
A database administrator has the responsibility of upgrading database software
files when there is a new update for them, as this protects software from security
breaches.
7. Database patch:
In times of new upgrades for database software, the database administrator has
the responsibility of ensuring that the database system functions perfectly and
works to close up any gaps in the new update.
8. Database security:
Datasets are assets, and one major responsibility of database administrators is to
protect the data and ensure adequate security in an organization’s database.
9. Capacity planning:
A database administrator has the responsibility of
planning for increased capacity, in case of sudden
growth in database need.
10. Database monitoring:
monitoring the database and the movement of data in
the database. Administrators provide access for users
who require access to the database.
11. Error log review:
interpreting the error messages sent by a database
when there is a fault or bridge.

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Data:

Data is unorganized and unrefined facts and figures.

•Information comprises processed, organized data presented in a meaningful context

•A database is an organized collection of structured

•It is a collection of interrelated data.

•A database can be of any size and varying

•A database is usually controlled by a database management

•It is computerized system, whose overall purpose is to maintain

1.Redundency can be reduced.

Database Management System (DBMS):

Data redundancy and inonsistency.

2.Efficient Data Access.

3.Data Integrity and security.

5.Concurrent access and Crash

Evolution of the database

Open source databases

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