CSCI133 – Programming II

(Object Oriented Programming)

Lecture 01:
Review of basic programming in Java.

Rabe Abdalkareem, PhD

Slides have originally been prepared by Rose Williams, Binghamton University and Kenrick
Mock, University of Alaska Anchorage
Object Oriented Programming
• Object Oriented Programming treats everything in
the world as objects (e.g., automobiles, universities,
people, computers).

• Each object has the ability to perform actions, and

those actions can have an impact on other objects.

• It is a programming methodology that views a

program as consisting of objects that interact with
one another by means of actions (called methods).

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Object Oriented Programming
• Java is an object oriented programming (OOP)
language.
• Examples: String, Scanner classes, …

• All programming constructs in Java, including

methods, are part of a class.

• Objects of the same kind are said to have the

same type or be in the same class.

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 Java Program Structure
• A Java program:

• is made up of one or more classes (collection of

actions).

• a class contains one or more methods (action).

• a method contains program statements/instructions.

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Problem Solving
■ The purpose of writing a program is to solve
a problem!

■ The general steps in problem solving are:

■ Understand the problem
■ Design a solution (find an algorithm)
■ Implement the solution (write the program)
■ Test the program and fix any problems

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Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
Public class MyProgram
{
Class header
// comments about the method
Public static void main (String[] args)
{ Class body

System.out.println("This is my first program!");

}
}
MyProgram.java
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Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
Public class MyProgram
{
// comments about the method
Public static void main (String[] args)
{
method header
method body
System.out.println("This is my first program!");
}
}
MyProgram.java
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Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
Public class MyProgram
{
// comments about the method
Public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println("This is my first program!");
}
}

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‫‪Editing, compiling, and executing.‬‬

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Syntax and Semantics
■ Syntax rules
■ define how we can put together symbols, reserved
words, and identifiers to make a valid program

■ Semantics
■ define what a statement means

■ A program that is syntactically correct is not necessarily

logically (semantically) correct

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Three types of errors
■ Compile-time (syntax) errors

• The compiler will find syntax errors and

other basic problems
• An executable version of the program is not
created
•
■ Run-time errors
■A problem can occur during program
execution
■Causes the program to terminate abnormally
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Three types of errors

■ Logical (semantic) errors

• A mistake in the algorithm
• Compiler cannot catch them
• A program may run, but produce incorrect
results

Who is responsible for discovering and fixing

these types of errors?
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 Identifiers in Java
■ are the words a programmer uses in a program
to name variables, classes, methods, …

■ Rules to create an identifier:

• can be made up of: letters, digits, the underscore
character (_), and the dollar sign ($)
• no limit on length
• cannot begin with a digit
• cannot be a reserved word
• Examples: class, const, continue, default, do, else,
float, for, if, implements, import

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 Built-in data types in Java

Assignment Compatibility:

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 Output & Input in Java
public class OutputExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.print("hello");
System.out.print("you");

System.out.println("hello");
System.out.println("you");

System.out.println();

int price = 50; helloyouhello

System.out.print(price);
you
char initial = 'L’;
System.out.println(initial);
50L
}
‫}ﻲ‬
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 Console Input
Since Java 5.0, use the Scanner class

The keyboard is represented by the System.in object

import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyProgram
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ Create an object of class Scanner
Scanner myKeyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
//. . .
Reads one word from the keyboard
String name = myKeyboard.next();
int age = myKeyboard.nextInt(); Reads an integer from the keyboard
//. . .
16
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 To read from a Scanner
§ To read tokens, use a nextSomething() method
➦ nextBoolean(),
➦ nextByte,
➦ nextInt(),
➦ nextFloat(),
➦ nextDouble(),
➦ next(),
➦ nextLine()
➦ . . .

§ tokens are delimited by whitespaces (i.e., blank

spaces, tabs, and line breaks)
§ Note: no nextChar()
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 To read from a Scanner
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Id {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner myKeyboard = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Your name:");
String name = myKeyboard.next();

System.out.println("Welcome " + name + " Enter your age:");

int age = myKeyboard.nextInt();

System.out.print("\nYour name is " + name);

System.out.print(" and Your age is " + name);
Your name:
} Jalal
Welcome Jalal Enter your age:
} 30

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 Example: Scanner Demo (1/2)
//********************************************************
// This program demonstrates how to read tokens from
// the console with the Scanner class
//********************************************************

import java.util.Scanner; // we need to import this class

public class ScannerDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// let's declare our scanner
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
// let's ask the user for some input
System.out.println("Enter the number of pods followed by");
System.out.println("the number of peas in a pod:");
19
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 Example: Scanner Demo (2/2)
// let's read the user input
int numberOfPods = keyboard.nextInt();
int peasPerPod = keyboard.nextInt();

// let’s do some calculations

int totalNumberOfPeas = numberOfPods*peasPerPod;

// let's display some output

System.out.print(numberOfPods + " pods and ");
System.out.println(peasPerPod + " peas per pod.");
System.out.println("The total number of peas = " +
totalNumberOfPeas);
}
} Enter the number of pods followed by
the number of peas in a pod:
3 2
3 pods and 2 peas per pod.
The total number of peas = 6
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 String Class
■ So far we have seen only primitive types

■ A variable can be either:

■ a primitive type (ex: int, float, boolean, …)
■ or a reference to an object (ex: String, Array, …)

■ A string of character :
■ is an object defined by the String class
■ delimited by double quotation marks ex: "hello", "a"

•System.out.print("hello"); // string of characters

•System.out.print('a'); // single character

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 Declaring Strings
■ Declare a reference to a String object

String title;

■ Declare the object itself (the String itself)

title = new String("content of the string");

This calls the String constructor, which is

a special method that sets up the object

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 Declaring Strings
■ Because strings are so common, we don't have to use
the new operator to create a String object
String title;
title = new String("content of the string");

String title = new String("content of the string");

String title;
title = "content of the string";

String title = "content of the string";

■ These special syntax works only for strings

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 Strings
■ Once a string is created, its value cannot be
modified (i.e., the object is immutable)
• cannot lengthen/shorten it
• cannot modify its content

■ The String class offers:

• the + operator (string concatenation)
•ex: String solution = "The answer is " + "yes";

• many methods to manipulate strings

•length() // returns the number of characters in a string
•concat(String str) // returns the concatenation of the string and str
•toUpperCase() // returns the string all in uppercase
•replace(char oldChar, char newChar) // returns a new string
// where all occurrences of oldChar have been replaced by newChar
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 ‫‪String indexes start at zero‬‬

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 Example: Iterate through each character of a string

public class StringDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String joke; J
a
joke = new String("Java is fun!");
v
a
for (int i = 0; i < joke.length(); i++) {
i
System.out.println(joke.charAt(i)); s
}
f
} u
n
}
!
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 An Example of using String Class
public class StringTest {
public static void main (String[] args) {
String string1 = new String ("A string");
String string2 = "";
String string3, string4, string5;

System.out.println("Content of string1: \"" + string1 + "\"");

System.out.println("Length of string1: " + string1.length());
System.out.println("Content of string2: \"" + string2 + "\"");
System.out.println("Length of string2: " + string2.length());

string2 = string1.concat(" abc");

string3 = string2.toUpperCase();
string4 = string3.replace('A', 'X');
string5 = string4.substring(3, 10);

System.out.println("Content of string2: \"" + string2+ "\"");

System.out.println("Content of string3: \"" + string3+ "\"");
System.out.println("Content of string4: \"" + string4+ "\"");
System.out.println("Content of string5: \"" + string5+ "\"");
}
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}
 An Example of using String Class
public class StringTest {
public static void main (String[] args) {
String string1 = new String ("A string");
String string2 = "";
String string3, string4, string5;

System.out.println("Content of string1: \"" + string1 + "\"");

System.out.println("Length of string1: " + string1.length());
System.out.println("Content of string2: \"" + string2 + "\"");
System.out.println("Length of string2: " + string2.length());
Content of string1: "A string"
Length ofabc");
string2 = string1.concat(" string1: 8
string3 = string2.toUpperCase();
Content of string2: ""
string4 = string3.replace('A', 'X');
Length of string2: 0
string5 = string4.substring(3, 10);
Content of string2: "A string abc"
Content of
System.out.println("Content of string3: "A+ STRING
string2: \"" string2+ ABC"
"\"");
System.out.println("Content
Content of of string4:
string3: \""
"X+ STRING
string3+ XBC"
"\"");
System.out.println("Content of string4: \"" + string4+ "\"");
Content of string5: "TRING X"
System.out.println("Content of string5: \"" + string5+ "\"");
}
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}
 Example of String Class
public class StringProcessingDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String sentence = "I hate text processing!";
int position = sentence.indexOf("hate");
String ending = sentence.substring(position + "hate".length());

System.out.println("01234567890123456789012");

System.out.println(sentence);
System.out.println("The word \"hate\" starts at index " + position);
sentence = sentence.substring(0, position) + "adore" + ending;
System.out.println("The changed string is:");
System.out.println(sentence);

}
}

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 Example of String Class
public class StringProcessingDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String sentence = "I hate text processing!";
int position = sentence.indexOf("hate");
String ending = sentence.substring(position + "hate".length());

System.out.println("01234567890123456789012");

System.out.println(sentence);
System.out.println("The word \"hate\" starts at index " + position);
01234567890123456789012
sentence = sentence.substring(0, position) + "adore" + ending;
System.out.println("The Ichanged
hate string is:");
text processing!
System.out.println(sentence);
The word "hate" starts at index 2
} The changed string is:
I adore text processing!
}
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A note on comparing strings
• We cannot use the relational operators to compare
strings (<, ==, …)

• use the equals() method

• to determine if two strings have the same content

• ex: firstString.equals(secondString)

• returns a boolean:
• true if firstString has the same content as secondString
• false otherwise

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31
 Just checking...
■ What does the following code produce, given the input
String: This is a test

//. . .
String inputLine;

Scanner myKeyboard = new Scanner (System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a line of text: ");
inputLine = myKeyboard.next();
myKeyboard.close();

System.out.println("The text you entered is: " + inputLine);

//. . .

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 Arithmetic Expressions
■ An expression is a combination of one or more operands
and their operators
■ Arithmetic operators:

Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %

result = total + count / max - offset;

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 Associativity Rules
Precedence and

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 Just checking...
n What is the output of this program?
//. . .
int n, sum = 0;

for (n = 1; n < 10; n++)

{

System.out.println("n == " + n + " sum == " + sum);

//Above line is a trace.

sum = sum + n;

}
System.out.println("After loop");//trace
System.out.println("n == " + n + " sum == " + sum);//trace
System.out.println("1 + 2 + ...+ 9 + 10 == " + sum);
//. . .
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 Just checking...
n What is the output produced by the following?
//. . .
int number = 10;
while (number > 0) {

number = number - 2;

if (number == 4)
continue;

System.out.println(number);
}

System.out.println("The end.");
//. . .
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 Just checking...
n What is the output produced by the following?
import java.util.Scanner;

public class PowersOfTwo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner myKeyboard = new Scanner (System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
int n = myKeyboard.nextInt();

int i = 0; // count from 0 to N

int powerOfTwo = 1; // the ith power of two

// repeat until i equals n

while (i <= n) {
System.out.println(i + " " + powerOfTwo);
powerOfTwo = 2 * powerOfTwo;
i = i + 1;
}
}
‫}ﻲ‬
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Introduction to Arrays
• An array is an ordered list of elements of the same type.
Examples:
• 52 playing cards in a deck.
• 100 thousand students in an online class.
• 1 billion pixels in a digital image.

Array indices always start with zero

The entire array
has a single name Each value has a numeric index

a [0] a [1] a [2] a [3] a [4] a [5] a [6] a [7] a [8]

score 80.0 99.0 75.5 100 85.0 20.5 12.0 30.5 77.0

• This array holds 9 values that are indexed from 0 to 8.

• An array of size n is indexed from 0 to n-1
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Declaring and Creating Arrays
• Declaring the reference:
type_of_elements[] name_of_array;

double[] scores; int[] marks;

char[] vowels; Date[] sentence;

• Creating the elements:

name_of_array = new type_of_elements[size];
scores = new double[4];

• declaration + creation:
double[] scores = new double[4];

• An array is declared and created in almost the same way that objects
are declared and created.
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Initializing Arrays
• An array can be initialized when it is declared
double[] score = {80, 99.9, 75, 100, 85.5}

• The array length (size) is automatically set to the number

of values in the braces.
• Initializing array using for loop.
double[] mark = new int[20];
for(int i = 0; i < mark.length; i++)
mark[i] = 100;

• If you do not initialize the elements of an array, they will

automatically be initialized to the default value for their base
type.
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Using the score Array in a Program
import java.util.Scanner;

public class ArrayOfScores {

/* Enter 5 scores:
80 99.9 75 100 85.5
* Reads in 5 scores and shows how much each
The highest score is 100.0
* score differs from the highest score. The scores are:
*/ 80.0 differs from max by 20.0
public static void main(String[] args){ 99.9 differs from max by 0.09999999999999432
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); 75.0 differs from max by 25.0
double[] score = new double[5]; 100.0 differs from max by 0.0
int index; 85.5 differs from max by 14.5
double max;

System.out.println("Enter 5 scores:"); Every array has one

score[0] = keyboard.nextDouble();
max = score[0]; instance variable named
for (index = 1; index < score.length; index ++) { length
score[index] = keyboard.nextDouble();
if(score[index] > max) variable
max = score[index];
}
System.out.println("The highest score is " + max);
System.out.println("The scores are:");
for(index = 0; index < score.length; index++)
System.out.println(score[index] +
" differs from max by " + (max - score[index]));
}
}
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Common Programming Error Made When Using Arrays

• Array Index Out of Bounds:

What is wrong?
double[] a = new double[10];
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) No a[10] (and a[0] unused)
a[i] = 20.4;

• An out of bounds index will cause a program to

terminate with a run-time error message.
• ArrayIndexOutOfBounds exception is thrown.

• Uninitialized array:
What is wrong?
double[] a;
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
Never created the array
a[i] = 2.5;
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Multidimensional Arrays
• A one-dimensional array: stores a list of elements of simple type
(primitive or reference).
char[] a = new char[4]; v i e w

• A two-dimensional array: stores a list of elements, where each element

is a 1-D array of simple type.
char[][] aa = new char[4][9];
a

a[0] o n c e u p o n
aa[1][5]
a[1] a t i m e

a[2]
t h e r e w a s
a[3] a l i t t l e
‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 43
Using the length Instance Variable

char[][] page = new char[30][100];

• The instance variable length does not give the total number of indexed
variables in a two-dimensional array.

• page.length is equal to 30
• page[0].length is equal to 100

char[][] page = new char[30][100];

int row, column;
page.length = 30
for(row = 0; row < page.length; row++)
for(column = 0; column < page[row].length; column++)
page[row][column] = 'Z';

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 44

Classes and Objects
• A class is a type and you can declare variables of a
class type.

• A value of a class is called an objects. An object

has 2 components:
• Data (instance variables) - descriptive
characteristics

• Actions (methods) - what it can do (or what

can be done to it)

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Declaration of Classes

• A class contains: int x, y;

char ch;
Data
declarations

• 1. data declarations
(instance variables)
Method
declarations
• 2. action declarations
(methods)

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 Declaring Objects

• The new operator is used to create an object of

a class and associate it with a variable

• Example:
nameOfClass nameOfObject = new nameOfClass();

• nameOfClass nameOfObject ;

• nameOfObject = new nameOfClass();

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Next Class
Classes and object in Java

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