Scribd
Upload
27 views34 pages

4 - Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Uploaded by

HIPEX--
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views34 pages

4 - Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Uploaded by

HIPEX--
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Cell cycle and cell division

Objectives

• List the stages of the cell cycle and state the purpose of each.
• List the phases of mitosis and explain what happen during
each phase.

• List the phases of meiosis and explain what happen during


each phase.

• Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.


The Cell Cycle

Cell cycle: a series of events that takes


place in a cell as it grows and divides.
➢ Has two parts:
1 Interphase
2 Cell division
1- Interphase
Most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase.

▪ The cell gets ready to dived, it grows larger,


the number of organelles doubles, and the
amount of chromatin doubles (DNA
replication)

▪ It is divided into three main stages:

G1, S, G2
Phases of interphase:
▪ G1 Stage:
• The cell doubles its organelles and accumulates the materials needed
for DNA synthesis.

▪ S Stage: DNA replication (makes a copy of its DNA).


• After the S stage, each chromosome consists of two identical
sister chromatids.

▪ G2 Stage: synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division.


2- Cell division
▪ Cell division following interphase and it has two stages: Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
1. Mitosis (M) stage: type of nuclear division , one copy of
the DNA is distributed into each of its daughter cells.
2. Cytokinesis: it is the division of the cytoplasm; the
cytoplasm divides and organelles are distributed
into the two new cells .
▪ Mitosis is balanced by the process of apoptosis or programmed
cell death.
▪ Apoptosis occurs when cells are no longer needed or have
become excessively damaged.
The Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Control
▪ The cell cycle is controlled by
checkpoints, which delay it until certain
conditions are met.
• They are G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and
mitotic checkpoint.
• Failure of the cell cycle control
mechanisms may result in unrestricted cell
growth, or cancer.
Cell division
• The body of each living individual consists of a large number of cells.
• Each multicellular organism starts its life as a single cell, the
fertilized egg or zygote.

• This cell undergoes successive divisions giving rise to the


whole individual.

• Two main types of cell division take place in higher organisms,


Mitosis and Meiosis.
Chromosome
s
▪ The nucleus holds all the genetic material
to direct all the functions in the body.
▪ DNA molecule is packaged into thread
like structure called chromosomes.
▪ Genes are pieces of DNA that contain
the instructions for building a protein and tell the
cell what to do and when to grow and divide.
▪ Chromosomes also contain proteins that assist
in the organizational structure of the DNA.
▪ Collectively, the DNA and proteins are
called chromatin.
Chromosomes
▪ When a cell is not undergoing division,
the chromatin appears to be a tangled mass of
thin threads.
▪ When a cell divides, chromatin condenses
to form chromosomes.
▪ In dividing cells, each chromosome is
composed of two identical parts called sister
chromatids attached by a centromere.
▪ These are said to be replicated or
duplicated chromosomes because the two
sister chromatids contain the same genes.
Chromosomes
▪ Human has 46 chromosomes, in 23 pairs.

• 22 of these pairs are called autosomes , found in both males and females.

• One pair is called the sex chromosomes, because they contain genes
that control gender.

• Males have the sex chromosomes X and Y (XY) , and females have two
X chromosomes (XX).
Mitosis

▪ Creates new cells in the developing embryo.


▪ Responsible for replacement of cells in adults.
▪ During mitosis, the cell that divides is called
the parent cell, and the new cells are called
daughter cells.
Phases of Mitosis
▪ Mitosis is divided into phases:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Prophase
▪ The centrosomes have duplicated and move
toward opposite ends of the nucleus.
▪ Spindle fibers appear.
▪ The nuclear envelope begins to fragment.
▪ The nucleolus disappears.
▪ The chromosomes condense (are now visible).
• Each is composed of two sister chromatids
held together at a centromere.
Prometaphase

▪ The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres


as the chromosomes continue to shorten and
thicken.

▪ Chromosomes are randomly placed in the


cell.
Metaphase
▪ The chromosomes, attached to spindle fibers,
line up at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase
▪ Centromeres divide and the sister chromatids
separate and move toward opposite poles of the
cell.
▪ Sister chromatids are now called chromosomes.
Telophase
▪ Begins when chromosomes arrive at the poles.
▪ Chromosomes become indistinct into
chromatin again.
▪ The spindle fibers disappear.
▪ The nuclear envelope reappears.
▪ The nucleolus reappears.
▪ Characterized by the presence of two daughter
nuclei.
Stages of Mitosis
Stages of Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis: it is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles ( overlaps with the
final stage of mitosis).
• Formation of the cleavage furrow.
• Actin filaments form a contractile ring; as the ring becomes smaller, the
cleavage furrow pinches the cell in half.
At the end of Mitosis you have:
Two daughter cells
• Each daughter cell gets a complete set of
chromosomes and is diploid (2n) (46
chromosomes).
• The daughter cells are genetically identical
to each other and to the parent cell.
Meiosis
Meiosis : reduction division.
▪ It has two cell divisions without an interphase in between.
▪ The two cell divisions of meiosis are called meiosis I and meiosis II.
▪ At the start of meiosis, the parent cell is diploid (2n), and the
chromosomes occur in pairs.
▪ The members of a pair are called homologous chromosomes, or
homologues.
• They look alike and carry genes for the same traits.
Meiosis I
First Meiotic Division
Prophase I
• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come
together in pairs to form a tetrad.

• Crossing over occur which is the exchange of


genetic material from homologous chromosomes.
This causes genetic variations.

• The nuclear membrane disappears, and the


spindle fibers are formed.
Synapsis and Crossing Over
Metaphase I :
▪ Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase
plate.

Anaphase I :
▪ The two chromosomes, each still consisting of two
chromatids, are drawn apart and pulled towards the
opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I :
Each set of chromosomes at one pole is surrounded
by a nuclear membrane.
At the end of Meiosis I
• You have 2 cells ; each cell contains a
haploid number of chromosomes (23
chromosomes).
Meiosis II
Second Meiotic Division
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis
Prophase II :
• Each centriole moves to the opposite poles of the cell.
• The spindle fibers are formed
• The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
• Each chromosome is still composed of two chromatids .
Metaphase II :
• The chromosomes become arranged along the metaphase plate .
Anaphase II :
• The centromere binding every 2 chromatids splits and each is moved towards the
corresponding pole of the cell.
Telophase II :
• The chromosomes elongate, become thinner and a nuclear membrane is formed around each
group containing half the original number of chromosomes (n).
Meiosis II
At the end of Meiosis II you have:
Four daughter cells
• Each daughter cell gets a haploid number of
chromosomes (n) (23 chromosomes).
• The daughter cells are genetically different to
each other and to the parent cell.
• The daughter cells mature into gametes
(sperm and egg).
o Fertilization restores the diploid number of
chromosomes in the zygote.
Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Thank You

You might also like