DC - DC Converters

or
DC Choppers
 DC Choppers

 Converts a fixed-voltage dc source into a variable-voltage dc source. Also

known as dc-to-dc converters.

 Many industrial applications need dc power for smooth speed control of drives.
DC drive’s speed control is much more easy and flexible than ac drives.

 In some cases it is required dc source voltage to another voltage level and

sometimes need variable dc supply to control the speed, e.g. subway cars,
trolley, buses and battery operated vehicles.

Variable voltage can be obtained by

+ Constant DC to + (a) Resistance controller
DC input variable DC V2
(V1)
converter (b) Motor Generator set
- -
(c) Inverter-rectifier
(d) DC chopper
 DC Choppers
(a) Resistance controller  Simplest method
 Current carrying capacity of the
resistance should be same as
the current carrying capacity of
the drive. So, R is costly.
 But there is continuous power
loss in resistor
    not preferred.

(b) Motor – Generator set:  This needs 3 machines of same rating

 Cost 
 Two stage conversion
(electrical  mechanical  electrical)
 losses 
 Three machines make the system bulky.
 Slow response due to time constant of
field circuit.
Ward Leonard method
 DC Choppers
(c) Inverter – Rectifier:

Involves 3 stages:
Inverter Transformer Rectifier
 Costly, bulky and less efficient

Advantage: Transformer provides

isolation between load and source

(d) DC – DC converter or DC chopper:

It employs static devices to convert fixed dc input to a variable dc output voltage

directly with one stage conversion.

 High efficiency, smooth operation, fast response, less cost, low maintenance
and regeneration is also possible.

Applications: Speed control of dc motor in battery operated vehicles, electric

cars, subway cars, trolley cars, hoists etc.
 DC Choppers

They use high speed on/off switch

Power transistor  low and medium power
Forced commutated thyristor  high power applications

Ex: Step-down Chopper

vo

Ton T
Average output voltage, Vo  Vs  on Vs  Vs ...............(1)
Ton  Toff T
T = Chopping period
 = Ton/T = duty cycle Ton
(1) Vo  Vs  f .TonVs ...............(2)
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
From eq (2) average output voltage can be controlled by varying switching
frequency (f) or Ton i.e. 

(i) Time Ratio Control (TRC)

Ton
 is varied by varying either Ton or T.
T
(a) Constant frequency system: T is constant and Ton is varied.

Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width  pulse width modulation

(PWM) scheme

vo This is the most commonly

used method

Vo
Ton
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
From eq (2) average output voltage can be controlled by varying switching
frequency (f) or Ton i.e. 

(i) Time Ratio Control (TRC)

Ton
 is varied by varying either Ton or T.
T
(a) Constant frequency system: T is constant and Ton is varied.

Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width  pulse width modulation

(PWM) scheme

vo This is the most commonly

used method

Ton
Vo
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
From eq (2) average output voltage can be controlled by varying switching
frequency (f) or Ton i.e. 

(i) Time Ratio Control (TRC)

Ton
 is varied by varying either Ton or T.
T
(a) Constant frequency system: T is constant and Ton is varied.

Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width  pulse width modulation

(PWM) scheme

vo This is the most commonly

used method
Ton
Vo
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
From eq (2) average output voltage can be controlled by varying switching
frequency (f) or Ton i.e. 

(i) Time Ratio Control (TRC)

Ton
 is varied by varying either Ton or T.
T
(a) Constant frequency system: T is constant and Ton is varied.

Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width  pulse width modulation

(PWM) scheme

vo This is the most commonly

used method
Ton
Vo
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
From eq (2) average output voltage can be controlled by varying switching
frequency (f) or Ton i.e. 

(i) Time Ratio Control (TRC)

Ton
 is varied by varying either Ton or T.
T
(a) Constant frequency system: T is constant and Ton is varied.

Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width  pulse width modulation

(PWM) scheme

vo This is the most commonly

used method
Vo
Ton
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
From eq (2) average output voltage can be controlled by varying switching
frequency (f) or Ton i.e. 

(i) Time Ratio Control (TRC)

Ton
 is varied by varying either Ton or T.
T
(a) Constant frequency system: T is constant and Ton is varied.

Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width  pulse width modulation

(PWM) scheme

vo This is the most commonly

used method
Vo
Ton
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies: T is varied by keeping
(b) Variable frequency system: (Frequency Modulation) Ton or Toff constant.
vo

Ton Toff
t
T
vo Ton constant

Ton Toff Vo

t
T
vo

Toff Ton
t
T

vo Toff constant
Vo
Toff Ton
t
T
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:
(b) Variable frequency system: (Frequency Modulation)

Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation:

As chopping frequency has to be varied over a wide range to get variable output voltage,

 Filter design for wide variation of frequency is quite difficult.

 There is a possibility of interference with signalling and telephone lines.
 Large off-time in frequency modulation makes load current discontinuous.

Due to the above disadvantages, frequency modulation technique is not

used in practice.
 DC Choppers
Control Strategies:

(ii) Current – limit Control

Ton and Toff is controlled by the maximum and minimum values of load current (fixed).

When the current reaches Iomax , thyristor is turned off until it reaches Iomin.

Sensors are used to detect whether Iomax or Iomin is reached. As it needs feedback
loop, triggering circuitry is more complex.

Ripple current = (Iomax - Iomin)

To decrease the ripple, we need high switching frequencies. Hence, more switching
losses.
 PWM is used in practice.
 DC-to-DC Converters (Choppers) without Isolation

In such converters, the load impedance directly comes into contact with the input
dc voltage source or through a circuit element. Therefore, the load is not
electrically isolated from the input dc source. There are several thousand
topologies available for dc-to-dc converters. Four most common and simple dc-to-
dc converters without an electrical isolation:

i) Step-down or Buck converters

ii) Step-up or Boost converters
iii) Buck-boost converters
iv) Cuk converters
Step-down or Buck converters
vo

The average output voltage

1 Ton Vs Ton T
Vdc  Vo _ avg 
T 
0
Vs dt 
T
t 0  Vs on  Vs 
T

T = chopping period; Ton = on time,  = Ton/T = duty cycle

Ton
Vo _ avg  Vs  Ton f Vs
T

Chopping frequency
Step-down or Buck converters

vo
RMS value of output voltage,

1 Ton
Vo _ rms 
T 0
Vs2 dt

Vs2 Ton Vs2Ton

 t 
T 0 T
Ton
 Vs  Vs 
T

Ripple Factor (RF): Form Factor (FF):

Vo2_ rms  Vdc2 Vo _ rms Vs 1

RF  FF   
Vdc Vdc Vs 

Vs2   2Vs2   2 1
   1
Vs 2 
Step-down or Buck converters
Example 1: A step-down dc chopper uses dc source voltage Vs = 200V and resistive
load impedance of 20. The duty cycle of the chopper is 0.5. Calculate (a) average and
rms values of output voltage and current (b) average and rms thyristor current (c)
average source current and input voltage (d) input resistance of chopper (e) dc output
power delivered and input dc power (f) percentage chopper efficiency.

Solution: is io
+
Given data: Vs = 200V ZL = R = 20 T
D Vo R=20
 = 0.5 Vs=200V
-

Vo _ avg  Vdc  Vs  0.5  200  100V  VdcS vo

Vo _ rms  Vs  0.5  200  141.42V  VorS Vs

Vdc 100
I dc    5 A  I dcT  I dcS
R 20 io ,
Vo _ rms 141.42 iT ,
I o _ rms    7.071A  I orT  I orS is
R 20
Step-down or Buck converters
Example 1: A step-down dc chopper uses dc source voltage Vs = 200V and resistive
load impedance of 20. The duty cycle of the chopper is 0.5. Calculate (a) average and
rms values of output voltage and current (b) average and rms thyristor current (c)
average source current and input voltage (d) input resistance of chopper (e) dc output
power delivered and input dc power (f) percentage chopper efficiency.

Solution:

VdcT 100
Input resistance of chopper , Ri    20
I dcT 5

Vdc2 (100) 2
DC output power, Po  Vdc I dc    500W
R 20
2
VdcS
DC input power, Pi  VdcS I dcS   100  5  500W
Ri
Po
 %  100  100%
Pi
Step-down or Buck converters
Example 2: In the above example, if the voltage drop across switch, when ON, is 2
volts, calculate the efficiency of chopper.
+ 2V -
is , i T io
Solution:
+
T
Vdc  Vs  VT   Vo R=20
 ( 200  2)  0.5  99V Vs=200V
-
Vo _ rms   Vs  VT   0.5 ( 200  2)
 140V Average dc input voltage

V 99  Vs   200  0.5  100V

I dc  dc   4.95 A  I dcT  I dcS
R 20 Vdc2 (99) 2
Po    490.05W
Vo _ rms 140 R 20
I o _ rms    7A
R 20
Pi  VdcS  I dcS  100  4.95  495W
Po 490.05
 %  100  100  99%
Pi 495
 Buck-boost converter
By varying the duty cycle () we can operate as step-down or step-up chopper.
 Buck-boost converter

As the polarity of output voltage is always opposite to supply

voltage it is also known as “inverting converter”.
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
Choppers may be classified according to the number of quadrants of the vo – io
diagram in which they are capable of operating. They can be classified into five
types:

• Class A chopper vo vo vo
• Class B chopper
• Class C chopper
• Class D chopper
• Class E chopper io io io
0 0 0
Class-A Class-B Class-C
vo vo

0 io 0 io

Class-D Class-E
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(i) Class A chopper (First quadrant chopper or step-down chopper)

When CH1 is closed  v0 = +ve

i0 = +ve
CH1 is open  i0 = +ve
v0 = 0
Current passes through free
wheeling diode.

vo
Net power is +ve i.e. passes from source to load
 Can be used only in motoring mode.
0 io
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(ii) Class B chopper (2nd quadrant chopper)
 Load must contain a dc source E like battery or dc motor

0  t  Ton:
CH2 is closed. E supplies power to inductor
through CH2

v0 = 0
i0 = -ve
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(ii) Class B chopper (2nd quadrant chopper)
vo

0 io

Ton < t  T: v0 = +ve

i0 = -ve
CH2 is open.
Energy stored in L aids E to maintain the current
in same direction and hence supplies current to
source through D2.
 Class B chopper can operate only in
regenerative braking mode.
 Class A and Class B choppers have a
common –ve terminal between their input
and output terminals.
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iii) Class C chopper (1st and 2nd quadrant chopper)
 Class A and Class B choppers are connected in parallel.

CH1 & D1  Class A

CH2 & D2  Class B

CH1 and CH2 should not be turned on

simultaneously as it would lead to short circuit of
supply. vo
CH2, D2 CH1, D1
v0 = +ve or zero
i0 = +ve or -ve
0 io

 Can be used for both motoring and

regenerative braking of dc motor.
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iii) Class D chopper (3rd and 4th quadrant chopper)
Suitable for both motoring and regenerative braking.

CH1 & CH2 ON  v0 = +ve, i0 = +ve

CH1 & CH2 OFF  v0 = -ve, i0 = +ve

(D1 to load to D2 to Vs)

vo
VsTon  VsToff  > 0.5
Vo 
T
Vs Ton  Toff 
0 io
 < 0.5
Vo 
T
If Ton > Toff ,  > 0.5  V0 = +ve Ton

Ton < Toff ,  < 0.5  V0 = -ve T
Ton = Toff ,  = 0.5  V0 = 0
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

 It consists of 4 semiconductor
switches CH1 to CH4 and 4
diodes D1 to D4 in antiparallel.

 Numbering of switches
corresponds to their respective
quadrant of operation.
ex:- CH1 is switched on/off for
first quadrant.
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(a) First quadrant operation:

CH4 is permanently kept on, CH1 is

operated. D2 acts as a freewheeling
diode.
When CH1 is closed,
v0 = Vs, i0 is +ve
Inductor stores the energy.

When CH1 is off

v0 = 0, i0 is +ve
Inductor continues conduction through D2.
vo

It behaves as a Class A chopper.

0 io

As both average voltage and current are +ve  P0 = +ve  only motoring mode
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(b) Second quadrant operation:

 Load must contain a battery source or

motor (E)
 Only CH2 is operated.
 When CH2 is closed current passes from E
to L to CH2 to D4  inductor stores the
energy.

0  t  Ton:

v0 = 0
i0 = -ve
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(b) Second quadrant operation:

Ton  t  T:

When CH2 is off, inductor aids E to maintain

current in same direction.
 E to L to D1 to Vs to D4 to E  i0 is –ve
v0 = +ve
i0 = -ve It is similar to Class B chopper and supplies
vo power to source.

0 io
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(c) Third quadrant operation:

CH2 is permanently closed, CH3 is

operated.

0  t  Ton:
CH3 is ON

vo

v0 = -ve 0 io
i0 = -ve
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(c) Third quadrant operation:

CH2 is permanently closed, CH3 is

operated.

Ton  t  T:

CH3 is OFF
Current free wheels through D4 & CH2.

vo

v0 = 0 0 io
i0 = -ve
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(d) Fourth quadrant operation:

CH4 is operated and load should

have E as shown

When CH4 is ON, circuit free

wheels through CH4 & D2.
Inductor stores the energy.

D2

v0 = 0
i0 = +ve
 DC Choppers
Types of Chopper circuits:
(iv) Class E chopper (4 quadrant chopper)

(d) Fourth quadrant operation:

CH4 is operated and load should

have E as shown

When CH4 is OFF, inductor aids

E in maintaining same current
direction and hence supplies
power to source through D3 &
D4
vo

0 io

v0 = -ve
i0 = +ve
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Sometimes, several regulated dc output voltage of different levels are required (e.g.
to obtain different output ground and independent regulated dc voltage source, +5V,
+9V, +12V, -12V etc.).

Advantages of using isolated converters:

I. Safety Compliance: For converters powered from high and potentially

hazardous voltages (such as ac-dc converters powered from ac mains) isolation
separates the output from dangerous voltages on the input.

II. Breaking of Ground Loops: Because the input and output of isolated supplies
do not share ground, they can be used to break up ground loops. Circuits that
are sensitive to noise can benefit from this by having their ground broken up
and separated from noisy circuits that could cause problems.

III. Floating Outputs and Level Shifting: While having a fixed voltage between
output terminals, they don’t have a defined or fixed voltage relative to voltage
nodes in circuits from which they’ve been isolated, and are said to be floating. A
floating output may have one of its terminals connected to another circuit node
to fix it to that voltage. This fact can be used to shift or invert the output relative
to another point in a circuit.
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Sometimes, several regulated dc output voltage of different levels are required (e.g.
to obtain different output ground and independent regulated dc voltage source, +5V,
+9V, +12V, -12V etc.).

Advantages of using isolated converters:

iv. Obtain step-up/step-down: A step-up or step-down output can be obtained by

simply changing the turn ratio of the isolating transformer.

v. Elimination of o/p voltage reverse polarity: The limitation of original buck-

boost converter (reverse polarity output voltage) can be eliminated by simply
interchanging the isolating transformer secondary connection.

Four basic configurations:

a. Fly-back
b. Forward
c. Push-pull
d. Half-bridge/full-bridge
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation

Example of multiple isolated outputs (galvanically isolated)

D Vout1
Buck-boost: C R
T Ref1
D D Vout2
T
C R
Vin L C R  Vin Ref2
D Vout3

C R
Ref3
D Vout4

The inductor can be replaced by transformer C R

with single or multiple secondary windings Ref4
of same different winding ratio as per
desired output voltages.
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation

Usually two types of galvanically isolated dc-dc converters are common:

a) Forward converter
(Buck converter with ideal voltage gain
Vo N
 D 2 , where D is the duty cycle of the switching pulses and
Vin N1
N2
is the turn ratio of the transformer which
N1
replaces the inductor of buck dc-dc converter)

b) Flyback converter
(Buck-boost converter with ideal voltage gain
Vo D N2
 , where D is the duty cycle of the switching pulses and
Vin 1  D N1
N2
is the turn ratio of the transformer which
N1
replaces the inductor of buck-boost dc-dc
converter)
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
 It is the most commonly used SMPS circuit for low output power applications
(from few watts to less than 100 watts) where the output voltage needs to be
isolated from the input main supply.

 Input to the circuit is generally unregulated dc voltage obtained by rectifying

the utility ac voltage followed by a simple capacitor filter.

 The circuit can offer single or multiple isolated output voltages and can operate
over wide range of input voltage variation. In respect of energy-efficiency, fly-
back power supplies are inferior to many other SMPS circuits but its simple
topology and low cost makes it popular in low output power range.

 The commonly used fly-back converter requires a single controllable switch like,
MOSFET and the usual switching frequency is in the range of 100 kHz.

https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Fly_-
_Back_Type_Switched_Mode_Power_Supply.pdf
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Basic Topology of Flyback Converter

Fig. 4. Fly Back Converter

https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Fly_-
_Back_Type_Switched_Mode_Power_Supply.pdf
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Basic Topology of Flyback Converter

Input to the circuit may be unregulated dc

voltage derived from the utility ac supply
after rectification and some filtering.

The transformer, in Fig., is used for voltage

isolation as well as for better matching Fig. 4. Fly Back Converter
between input and output voltage and current
requirements.

Primary and secondary windings of the transformer are wound to have good coupling
so that they are linked by nearly same magnetic flux.

As will be shown later, the primary and secondary windings of the fly-back transformer
don’t carry current simultaneously and in this sense fly-back transformer works
differently from a normal transformer.

https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Fly_-
_Back_Type_Switched_Mode_Power_Supply.pdf
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Basic Topology of Flyback Converter
Since primary and secondary windings of
the fly-back transformer don’t conduct
simultaneously they are more like two
magnetically coupled inductors and it
may be more appropriate to call the fly-
back transformer as inductor- Fig. 4. Fly Back Converter
transformer.

The output section of the fly-back transformer, which consists of voltage rectification
and filtering, is considerably simpler than in most other smps circuits. As shown in Fig.
4, the secondary winding voltage is rectified and filtered using just a diode and a
capacitor. Voltage across this filter capacitor is the SMPS output voltage.
A more practical circuit will have provisions for output voltage and current feedback and
a controller for modulating the duty ratio of the switch. It is quite common to have
multiple secondary windings for generating multiple isolated voltages. Further, as will be
discussed later, a snubber circuit will be required to dissipate the energy stored in the
leakage inductance of the primary winding when switch ‘S’ is turned off.
https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Fly_-
_Back_Type_Switched_Mode_Power_Supply.pdf
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-I:
Switch ‘S’ is ON, the primary winding of the
transformer gets connected to the input supply with
its dotted end connected to the positive side. At this
Fig. 5(a) Current path during Mode-1
time the diode ‘D’ connected in series with the of circuit operation
secondary winding gets reverse biased due to the
induced voltage in the secondary (dotted end
potential being higher).

Thus with the turning ON of switch ‘S’, primary

winding is able to carry current but current in the
secondary winding is blocked due to the reverse
biased diode. The flux established in the
transformer core and linking the windings is entirely Fig. 5(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-1
due to the primary winding current.
Fig. 5(a) shows (in bold line) the current carrying part of the circuit and Fig. 5(b) shows the
circuit that is functionally equivalent to the fly-back circuit during mode-1.`
https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Fly_-
_Back_Type_Switched_Mode_Power_Supply.pdf
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-I:
Under Mode-1, the input supply voltage appears
across the primary winding inductance and the
primary current rises linearly. The following
Fig. 5(a) Current path during Mode-1
mathematical relation gives an expression for of circuit operation
current rise through the primary winding:
d
EDC  LPr i  iPr i ……………….(4)
dt

Linear rise of primary winding current during

mode-1 is shown in Fig. 8(a) and Fig. 8(b). The
waveforms in Fig. 8(a) and Fig. 8(b) correspond
to circuit operations in continuous and Fig. 5(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-1
discontinuous flux respectively.
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-I:
At the end of Mode-1, the energy stored in the
magnetic field of the fly back inductor-transformer
is equal to LPriI2P /2, where IP denotes the Fig. 5(a) Current path during Mode-1
magnitude of primary current at the end of of circuit operation
conduction period. Even though the secondary
winding does not conduct during this mode, the
load connected to the output capacitor gets
uninterrupted current due to the previously stored
charge on the capacitor.

Voltage stress across the diode connected to

secondary winding (which is now reverse biased) is
Fig. 5(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-1
the sum of the induced voltage in secondary and
the output voltage
Vdiode  Vo  EDC  N 2 / N1
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-II:
Switch ‘S’ is turned OFF after conducting for
some time.
Fig. 6(a) Current path during Mode-2
The primary winding current path is broken and of circuit operation
according to laws of magnetic induction, the
voltage polarities across the windings reverse.
Reversal of voltage polarities makes the diode in
the secondary circuit forward biased.

The secondary winding immediately starts

conducting such that the net mmf produced by
the windings do not change abruptly.
Fig. 6(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-2

For the idealized circuit considered here, the secondary winding current abruptly rises
from zero to IPN1/N2 (shown in Fig. 8(a) and Fig. 8(b)) as soon as the switch ‘S’ turns
OFF.
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-II:
The secondary winding current charges the output
capacitor. The output capacitor is usually
sufficiently large such that its voltage doesn’t
Fig. 6(a) Current path during Mode-2
change appreciably in a single switching cycle but
of circuit operation
over a period of several cycles the capacitor
voltage builds up to its steady state value.

Capacitor voltage magnitude will stabilize if during

each switching cycle, the energy output by the
secondary winding equals the energy delivered to
the load.
As seen from Fig. 8(a) and Fig. 8(b), the secondary
winding current decays linearly as it flows against Fig. 6(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-2
the constant output voltage (VO). The linear decay
of the secondary current can be expressed as
follows: Voltage stress across switch ‘S’ is
d
LSec  iSec  VO ……………….(5) Vswitch  EDC  Vo  N1 / N 2
dt
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-II:
The secondary winding, while charging the output
capacitor (and feeding the load), starts
transferring energy from the magnetic field of the Fig. 6(a) Current path during Mode-2
fly back transformer to the power supply output in of circuit operation
electrical form. If the off period of the switch is
kept large, the secondary current gets sufficient
time to decay to zero and magnetic field energy is
completely transferred to the output capacitor
and load. Flux linked by the windings remain zero
until the next turn-on of the switch, and the circuit
is under discontinuous flux mode of operation.
Alternately, if the off period of the switch is small,
the next turn on takes place before the secondary Fig. 6(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-2
current decays to zero. The circuit is then under
continuous flux mode of operation.
 DC-TO-DC Converters with Isolation
Flyback Converter:
Principle of Operation
Mode-III:

Fig. 6(a) Current path during Mode-2

***It is not completed. of circuit operation

Please see in the pdf

file supplied***

Fig. 6(b) Equivalent circuit in Mode-2