SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Department of Mathematics
21MAB101T-Calculus and Linear Algebra
Lifelong Learning Assignment (Answer Key)
Academic Year- 2024-2025 (ODD)
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1. Find the extreme values of f (x, y) = x3 y2 (1 − x − y)

Solution : Given: f (x, y) = x3 y2 (1 − x − y)

fx (x, y) = 3x2 y2 − 4x3 y2 − 3x2 y3

f y (x, y) = 2x3 y − 2x4 y − 3x3 y2
A = fxx (x, y) = 6xy2 − 12x2 y2 − 6xy3
B = fxy (x, y) = 6x2 y − 8x3 y − 9x2 y2
C = f yy (x, y) = 2x3 − 2x4 − 6x3 y

fx = 0 fy = 0
3x2 y2 − 4x3 y2 − 3x2 y3 = 0 2x3 y − 2x4 y − 3x3 y2 = 0
x2 y2 [3 − 4x − 3y] = 0 x3 y[2 − 2x − 3y] = 0
⇒ x − 0, y = 0, 4x + 3y = 3 ⇒ x − 0, y = 0, 2x + 3y = 2

4x + 3y = 3 · · · (1) 2x + 3y = 2 · · · (2)

1
(1) − (2) ⇒ 2x = 1; x=
2
1
(1) − 2 × (2) ⇒ −3y = −1; y=
3
1 1 2 3
Therefore, the stationary points are (0, 0), ( , ), (0, 1), (0, ), ( , 0) and (1, 0)
2 3 3 4
Put x = 0 in (1), we get y = 1, i.e., the point is (0, 1).
Similarly, for x = 0 in (2), we get the point (0, 32 ).
For y = 0 in (1), we get the point ( 34 , 0).
For y = 0 in (2), we get the point (1, 0). Thus, ( 12 , 13 ) is a maximum point.
∴ Maximum value f (x, y) = f ( 21 , 13 ) = 432
1
.

1
 (0, 0) ( 21 , 13 ) (0, 1) (0, 23 ) ( 34 , 0) (1, 0)
A 0 − 19 < 0 0 0 0 0
1
B 0 − 12 0 0 0 0
C 0 − 81 0 0 27
128 0
144 > 0
1
AC − B2 0 0 0 0 0
Inconclusive Max. point Inconclusive Inconclusive Inconclusive Inconclusive

2. Find the maximum volume of the largest rectangular parallelopiped that can be in-
x2 y2 2
scribed in an ellipsoid a2
+ b2 + zc2 = 1

Solution: Let a vertiex of such parallelopiped be (x, y, z).

Then all other vertices will be (±x, ±, y, ±z).
Then, the sides of the solid be 2x, 2y, 2z (lengths)
Hence, the volume V = 8xyz . Let f = 8zyx

x2 y2 z2
ϕ(x, y, z) = + + −1 = 0
a2 b2 c2
2 y2 2
Let f (x, y, z, λ) = f + λϕ = 8xyz + λ( xa2 + b2 + zc2 − 1)
We have to maximmise V subject to the condition To find the stationary values From (1), (2)

∂F ∂F
Fx = ∂x
Fy = ∂y
Fz ∂F
∂z
2yλ
= 8yz + 2xλ
a2
= 8xz + b2 = 8xy + 2zλ
c2

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fz = 0
2yλ
8yz = − 2xλ
a2
8xz = − b2 8xy = − 2zλ
c2
4xyz x2 4xyz y2 4xyz z2
× x2 ⇒ −λ = a2
· · · (1) × x2 ⇒ −λ = a2
· · · (2) × x2 ⇒ −λ = a2
· · · (3)

and (3), we get

x2 y2 z2
= = · · · (4)
a2 a2 a2
x2 y2 2 3x2
Given: a2
+ b2 + zc2 = 1 ⇒
a2
= 1 by (4) ⇒ x = √a
3
Similarly, y = √b and z = √c .
3 3
The extremum point is ( √a , √b , √c ). This will not
give minimum V because when x = 0, V − 0
3 3 3
when the solid becomes a rectangular sheet. Hence, this gives only maximum value. ∴ Maxi-
mum V = 8( abc
√ )
3 3

2
3. Solve the simultaneous equations.
dx dy
+ 2x + 3y = 2e2t ; + 3x + 2y = 0
dt dt
Solution: Given:
dy
dx
dt + 2x + 3y = 2e2t · · · (A) dt + 3x + 2y = 0 · · · (B)
i.e., (D + 2)x + 3y = 2e2t · · · (1) i.e., 3x(D + 2)y = 0 · · · (2)

(1) × (D + 2) ⇒ (D + 2)2 x + 3(D + 2)y = 2(D + 2)e2t · · · (3)

(2) × 3 ⇒ 9x + 3(D + 2)y = 0 · · · (4)
(3) − (4) ⇒ [(D + 2)2 − 9]x = 2(D + 2)e2t
[D2 + 4D − 5]x = 8e2t
Its auxiliary equation is, m2 + 4m − 5 = 0 ⇒ m = −5, m = 1.
C.F. = Ae−5t + Bet
1 1
P.I. = 2 8e2t = 8e2t 2
D + 4D − 5 (2) + 4(2) − 5
8 2t
= e
7
x = C.F + P.I
8
x = Ae−5t + Bet + e2t · · · (6)
7
differentiation of (6) w.r.t. t
dx 16
= − 5Ae−5t + Bet + e2t · · · (7)
dt 7
dx
(A) ⇒ 3y = 2e2t − − 2x
dt
16 8
= 2e2t − [−5Ae−5t + Bet + e2t ] − 2[Ae−5t + Bet + e2t ] by (6) & (7)
7 7
6 2t
i.e., y = Ae − Be − e .
−5t t
7

4. Solve : x2 y′′ − 4xy′ + 6y = x2 + log x

Solution: (x2 D2 − 4xD + 6)y = x2 + log x Put x = ez , z − log x

xD = D′
x2 D2 = D′ (D′ − 1)
(D′ (D′ − 1) − 4D′ + 6)y = [ez ]2 + z
(D′2 − 5D′ + 6)y = e2z + z

3
The auxiliary equation is m2 − 5m + 6 = 0 ⇒ m = 2, m = 3.

C.F = Ae2z + Be3z

= Ax2 + Bx3
1
P.I1 = ′2 e2z
D − 5D′ + 6
1
= e2z [Ordinary rule fails]
4 − 10 + 6
1
=z ′ e2z
2D − 5
= − ze2z = −x2 log x
1
P.I2 = ′2 z
D − 5D′ + 6
1
= z
D′2 −5D′
6[1 + ( 6 )]
1 D′2 − 5D′
= [1 − ( )]z
6 6
1 5 1 5
= [z + ] = [log x + ]
6 6 6 6
y = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
log x 5
= Ax2 + Bx3 − x2 log x + +
6 36

5. Solve [(x + 1)2 D2 + (x + 1)D + 1]y = 4 cos [log (x + 1)]

Solution: Given: [(x + 1)2 D2 + (x + 1)D + 1]y = 4 cos [log (x + 1)]

Put 1 + x = ez
z = log (1 + x)
(x + 1)D = D′
(x + 1)2 D2 = D′ (D′ − 1)
∴ [D′ (D′ − 1) + D′ + 1]y = 4[cos z]
[D′2 + 1]y = 4 cos z

The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ±i

C.F = [A cos z + B sin z]

= A cos[log (x + 1)] + B sin[log (x + 1)]

4
 1
P.I = 4 cos z
D′2 + 1
1
= 4z ′ cos z
2D
Z
= 2z cos zdz

= 2 log (1 + x) sin[log (1 + x)]

y = C.F + P.I
y = A cos[log (x + 1)] + B sin[log (x + 1)] + 2 log (x + 1) sin[log (x + 1)].