Scribd
Upload
9 views5 pages

Plsdontdeleteveryprecious SQL

Uploaded by

jepexi9054
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views5 pages

Plsdontdeleteveryprecious SQL

Uploaded by

jepexi9054
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Deborshi and Surangan

8th July (1st day)

select * from <insert Table name here>;


select <insert column name>,...., from <insert Table name here>;

//these will allow you to get data from an existing table

create table STUDENT26(Name varchar2(50), Roll integer, Department varchar2


(20), Marks Number(4));

//this will allow you to create a table, where


STUDENT26 = name of table
Name, Roll, Department, Marks = name of columns
varchar2 (<insert size of String>) = for inserting Strings
integer = for integer value
Number(<insert size of Number>) = for integer value

Insert into STUDENT26(Name, Roll, Department, Marks)


values('A',1,'CSE',20); //this will insert 1 row at a time
OR
Insert into STUDENT26 values('A',2,'CSE',20) //this will also insert 1 row at
a time but we need to be aware of the data types to which we are adding the values.

//if we want to add multiple queries at once,

Insert into STUDENT26 values('&Name', &Roll, '&Department', &Marks);

//use / to continue inputting values


//use commit; to save to the database.

DESC STUDENT26;
//gives description of Table

--------------------------

15th July (2nd day)

//to select based on an attribute from the table:


select * from <Table name> WHERE <Column name> = '<Value>'
for eg: select Name,dept from S1 where Roll = '2'

//to order the column and display it in ascending or descending (for descending we
use desc keyword)
select * from <Table Name> ORDER BY <Column name> <use desc for descending sort>
for eg: select * from S1 ORDER BY Marks desc

//to rename a table:


rename <old table name> to <new table name>
for eg: rename Student to S1

// to find dept
select disctint dept from S1;

// to delete
delete from S1;
sql>drop table S1;
sql>trunquate table S1;
sql>delete from S1 where roll = "4";

//to update a value


update <Table Name> SET dept = 'CSE' //will convert every entry into CSE
OR
update <Table Name> SET dept = 'CSE' where Roll = '5'; //for converting only
specified field

//to change the schema of a table (i.e the column name)


we use ALTER
we can add, drop, modify using ALTER.

//to add a column:


ALTER table <table name> ADD (Gender Integer); //this will create the schema
but wont have the values inside it so we have to use "update"

//to drop a column:


ALTER table <table name> DROP Column Gender; //we have to specify that we are
dropping a column i,e, Colmn here.

//to modify a column


ALTER table <table name> MODIFY (Roll Number (10)); //we cannot change column
data type from 1 to another + we cannot change size from bigger to smaller value.

//to change name of column:


ALTER table <table name> Rename COLUMN <old colmn name> TO <new column name>;

-----------------------------------
----

22 July (3rd day)

//Pattern matching

we use LIKE keyword for pattern matching

//to see if a name starts with A


LIKE 'A%'
//to see if a name ends with A
LIKE '%A'
//to see if the middle contains AB
LIKE '%AB%'
//to see if start = A end = B
LIKE 'A%B'
//to see if 2nd character is A
LIKE _ (<--this is a blank space) A%

example: SELECT * from STUDENT26 where Name LIKE '%A'; //this will find name ending
with A.

//if there is a special symbol say @, how will we match the pattern?
----not in syll----
select * from STUDENT26 where REGEXP_LIKE (Name <i.e. the column name>,<insert
special char for which we need the pattern, in '[]'>, <insert 'i' or 'I' if you
want lowercase sensi or uppercase sensi of the other characters>)

//Logical Operators
//we have AND OR NOT BETWEEN

//for and & or


we use similar syntax
eg: SELECT * from STUDENT26 where Name LIKE '%A' <you can use AND OR here i'll use
and> AND Marks > 100;

//for not
SELECT * from STUDENT26 where NOT (Department = 'CSE');

//for between
SELECT * from STUDENT26 where marks BETWEEN 17 AND 200;

//Aggregate function
//we have MAX MIN AVG SUM COUNT

select MAX(marks) from S1;


select MIN(marks) from S1;
select AVG(marks) from S1;
select SUM(marks) from S1;

//count means we count the number of 'NON NULL ROWS' unless we specify *

select COUNT(Name) from S1; //for counting all non-null names


select COUNT(*) from S1; //for counting all names (even considering NULL)

-----------------------------------------------------------

29th July (4th day)

//we will do "group by" and "having" (having has same function as where)
group by --> will divide according to the group
eg:
select dept, COUNT(name) from S1 group by (dept) having COUNT(name) > 1;

//IN and NOT IN


select * from S1 where name IN('RAM','D'); //will only show names having these
names.
select * from S1 where name NOT IN('RAM','D'); //will show everything except the
names.

//UNION and INTERSECTION


-->UNION --> will combine all values and show distinct only//UNION ALL will show
all values
-->Intersect--> will show common values
-->MINUS-->

to union/intersect/minus:
select NAME from T1 UNION/UNION ALL/INTERSECT/MINUS select NAME from T2;

//SUB QUERY
//nested query has inner brackets and outer brackets. inner executes first and the
outer.
for eg:
select name from S1 where marks = <can write = or IN> (select MAX (Marks) from S1);

//To find details of a particular rank


select * from (select name, rollno ,marks, dense_rank() over (order by marks desc)
as Rank_NUM FROM S1) where Rank_NUM=5; //for 5th rank
//How to primary key table
to make a field mandatory we should add NOT NULL to it.
if table has a primary key, then no duplicates are allowed.
eg: roll number is primary key.

create table T1 (Name varchar2(20), Roll Integer primary key, Dept varchar(20) NOT
NULL);

//Foriegn Key links tables and normalizes the values and removes redundancies.
create table T2 (Roll Integer REFERENCES T1, Name varchar2(20),Dept varchar(20) NOT
NULL);

-----------------------------------------
---------------

5th August (5th day)

JOINING --> when normalisation is done to remove redundanies we use joining. We


need atleast 1 common field (i.e. primary & foreign key relation is required)
We will do:
Inner join
Outer join --> Left Right and FullOuterJoin

Inner join will show common portion


Left Join will show left table + common part
Right '' '' '' right table + common part
FullOuterJoin = join both left and right and gives common part too.

syntax:
Select S1.Name, S1.Roll, S2.d_id from S1 <Insert join name i.e. INNER JOIN, LEFT
OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN etc> S2 <show primary key relation with ON> ON S1.Roll
= S2.Roll <add where clause if needed>

PlSql:

Combination of Procedural lang + Structural Query Lang (i.e SQL)


4 sections:
DECLARE section = variables used are declared
BEGIN "" = write PLSQL code
Exception "" = same as OOPL
END "" = end the thing.

//Problem : Give account number + Check if balance is less than 5k then -100 as
fine.
\\Create table Acct-mstr with attri. Acct_no varchar(20) and cur_bal number (11,2)

Declare // first section


mcur_bal number (11,2); //,2 = . er por 2 toh ghor | since we are keeping cur_bal
value here, we need same data type + size like cur_bal.
mAcct_no varchar2(20);
mFine number (4):= 100;
mMin_bal constant number (7,2):= 5000.00;
Begin
mAcct_no:= &mAcct_no; //& is to take input through keyboard
select cur_bal INTO mcur_bal from Acct_mstr where Acct_no = mAcct_no; //into used
to select value from table to mcur.
IF mcur_bal <mMin_bal THEN update Acct_mstr set cur_bal = cur_bal - mFine where
Acct_no = mAcct_no;
END IF;
END;
/ \\slash is to run the command.

------------------------

2nd September (6th day)

#Create user.
create user <username> identified by <password>;

#Grant (to give access to enter to database)


grant create session to <username>;
grant all on <table name> to <username>;

#Revoke
revoke all on <table name> from <username>;

#
select * from <mother user>.<tablename> (this is to access the table OF mother
user. basically jekhane databse ache oita acess korte chae).

#to see system date:


select sysdate from dual;

You might also like