‫ مروان عطية بن حليم‬: ‫اعداد‬

232080212 : ‫رقم القيد‬

‫ دمحم الشريف‬.‫ أ‬: ‫اشراف‬
Electric Circuits 2 Lab

Experiment # 5

Series & Parallel Resonance

Abstract:

In this experiment we will study series and parallel resonance in electrical circuits. Resonance is
a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of an AC signal matches the natural frequency of
the circuit. Resonance circuits are one of the important circuits to be studied. In series resonance,
the circuit consists of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor connected in series, whereas in
parallel resonance, the circuit consists of the same components connected in parallel. The
experiment aims to measure the resonant frequency, bandwidth and quality factor of both types
of circuits (parallel - series) using an AC signal generator, an oscilloscope and a multimeter. By
analyzing the results, students can learn how resonance affects the behavior of circuits, how to
calculate resonance frequency and quality factor, and how to use this knowledge in designing
and optimizing circuits for various applications. The experience also provides insights into the
practical applications of resonance in areas such as radio communications and sound systems .

Objectives:
 Investigate series and parallel resonance.

Required Materials & Equipment:

 AC voltage source.
 AC current source.
 Resistors, inductor and capacitor.
 Current and voltage probes.

Theory:
Resonance: In an electrical circuit, the condition that exists when the inductive reactance and the
capacitive reactance are equal in magnitude, causing electrical energy to oscillate between the
magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor. The oscillation occurs
because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings
that charges the capacitor and the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds
the magnetic field in the inductor, and the process is repeated infinitely (ideally).

Resonant circuits exhibit ringing and can generate higher voltages and currents than are fed into
them. They are one of the most important circuits used in electrical and electronic circuits. They
can be found in various forms such as in AC mains filters, noise filters and also in radio and
television tuning circuits producing a very selective tuning circuit for the receiving of the
different frequency channels.

When R-L-C are connected in series, the impedance is written as

Series Resonant Circuit Parallel Resonant Circuit

At resonant frequency

Notice that the impedance is purely resistive ( ), and the current in this case is
maxima.

Also, the power at resonance is written as

When the frequency is varied until the power is reduced to its half-maxima, the frequencies
are culled half-power or cut-off frequencies & .
 ( )
( ) √
√
The cut-off frequencies are calculated from

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

√( )
√( )

√( )
√( )

Where
√

The width of the response curve depends on the bandwidth BW, which is defined as the
difference between the two half-power frequencies

The “sharpness” of the resonance in a resonant circuit is measured quantitatively by the

quality factor Q.

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

 Current Amplitude vs frequency for Series Voltage Amplitude vs frequency for Parallel
Resonant Circuit Resonant Circuit

Experiment Procedures:

PART I: Series Resonance

1. Connect R, L, C and the voltage source in series as shown in the following figure.

2. Select the AC Sweep mode and adjust its parameters for the shown values.

3. Run your simulation and, if necessary, adjust its scale.

4. Use the cursors to move across the plot the resonant (peak) frequency ( ).
5. Also, use the cursors to determine the cut-off frequencies & .
6. Set the power source frequency to resonant frequency, run the simulation in the
interactive mode and record , & .

2.904 2.8015 3.0138 212.3

Measured 13.68 10 V 9.47 V 128 V 131 V
kHz kHz kHz Hz
2.9046 2.803 3.015 136.93 136.93
Calculated 212 Hz 13.693 10 V
kHz kHz kHz V V
Note: Support your results with the graphs.
PART II: Parallel Resonance:

1. Connect R, L, C and the current source in parallel with each other as shown in the
following figure.
 2. Repeat steps from 2 to 5.
3. Set the current source frequency equal to the resonant frequency, run the simulation in
the interactive mode and record , & .

32.5087 23.2635 45.3685 22.105 707 707 1.05 1.02

Measured 1.469
Hz Hz Hz Hz mA mA A A
23.275 45.39 22.115 707 1.04 1.04
Calculated 32.5 Hz 1.47
Hz Hz Hz mA A A

Note: Support your results with the graphs.

We find the previous values analytically :

Part 1 : series resonance :

=√ = 18257.418 rad/sec
√

f0 = = = 2904.6 Hz = 2.9046 Hz

ωc1 = +√ = 17602.92 rad/sec

fc1 = = = 2803 Hz = 2.803 kHz

ωc2 = +√ = 18936.25 rad/sec

fc2 = = 3015 Hz = 3.015 kHz

BW = fc2 – fc1 = 3.015 - 2.803 = 0.212 Hz = 212 Hz

Q = (ω0L/R) = = 13.693

Now , we find the voltages ( Vs , VR , VL , VC )

Xc = (1/ jω0C) = - j547.72 ohm

XL = j ω0L = j547.72
VR = Vs * = = 10 V

VL = Vs * = 10 * = 136.93 V

VC = Vs * = 136.93 V

Part 2 : Parallel Resonance :

ωo= =√ = 204.124 rad/sec

√

fo= = 32.5 Hz

ωc1 = - +√ = 146.17 Hz

fc1 = = 23.275 Hz

ωc2 = +√ = 285.058 Hz

fc2 = = 45.39 Hz

BW = fc2 – fc1 = 45.39 – 23.275 = 22.115 Hz

Q = (R/ωoL) = = 1.47

Now , we find the currents ( Is , IR , IL , Ic )

Xc = (1/jωoC) = -j40.825 ohm

XL = jωoL = j40.825 ohm

IR= IS(rms) = = 0.707 A = 707 mA

√

IL = Q * IS(rms) = 1.04 A

IC = IL = 1.04 A
Observation & Discussion

1- In a parallel resonant circuit, the current at the inductor is approximately equal to the
current at the capacitor . In the series resonance circuit, the value of the voltage at the
capacitor is equal to the value of the voltage at the inductor .
2- For the series circuit, the impedance was a minimum at resonance Z=R, producing a
significant current that resulted in a high output voltage for VC and VL .
3- For the parallel resonant circuit, at the resonant frequency the currents L 𝑎𝑛𝑑 C are large
compared to the source current.
4- We can define each cutoff frequency as the frequency at which the input impedance is
0.707 times its maximum value.

Conclusions

the experiment on series and parallel resonance provides a comprehensive understanding of the
behavior of electrical circuits under resonance conditions. The knowledge gained from this
experiment can be applied to various applications in electronics, such as in radio communication,
audio systems .. elc .

Assignment:

1. In series resonance, what is the relationship between the quality factor and the voltage
across the inductor or the capacitor?
The voltage across the inductor or capacitor in a series resonant circuit depends on the Q
factor. At resonance, the voltage across the capacitor is at a maximum, while the voltage
across the inductor is at a minimum. The ratio of the voltage across the capacitor to the
voltage across the inductor is given by the Q factor: Q = VC/VL
This means that the higher the Q factor, the higher the voltage across the capacitor and
the lower the voltage across the inductor. Conversely, a lower Q factor results in a lower
voltage across the capacitor and a higher voltage across the inductor .

2. What is the phasor relation between voltage and current at resonant frequency, before and
after?
3. For the following circuit, calculate , , , and .
In the following figure, an equivalent drawing of the previous circuit :

= 1414.2 red / sec

√

fo = (ωo/2 π ) = = 225.19 Hz

BW = 1/RC = = 1.06667 rad/sec

Q = (R/ ωoL) = = 1325.837

At Q 10

c1 = ωo - = 1414.2 - = 1413.667

fc1 = (ωc1/2π) = = 225.1 Hz

ωc2 = ωo + = 1414.2 + 1414.7334

fc2 = (ωc2/2π) = = 225.27 Hz

Evaluation Table (for instructor use only):

Section Percentage Grade

Abstract 20%
Measurements 20%
Discussion & Observation 20%
Conclusion 20%
Assignment 20%
Total 100%