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Lesson 11111

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21 views19 pages

Lesson 11111

notes

Uploaded by

Maria Kapiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

MATLAB
T.N.Kaputu

1
How to Represent a Discrete Time Signal in MATLAB

• The correct representation of a discrete time signal in


Matlab takes 2 vectors

• One vector is used to indicate the location of the time samples

• The other vector is used to indicate the amplitude (value) of


the signal at the corresponding temporal locations

Example: 𝑥 𝑛 = {2,1, −1, 0, 1,4,3,7}

>> n=[-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4];

x=[2,1,-1,0,1,4,3,7];
2
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Unit sample sequence:

n = -10:10; % create a vector of sample indices


x = (n==0); % creates a ’1’ where n=0, and a ’0’ elsewhere
stem( n, x ); % display using a stem diagram
xlabel( ’n’ ); % mark the x-axis
ylabel( ’x[n]’ ); % mark the y-axis

3
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Unit sample sequence:

function [x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2)


% Generates x(n) = delta(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2
% ----------------------------------------------
% [x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2)
%
n = [n1:n2];
x = [(n-n0) == 0];

4
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Unit step sequence:

n = -10:10; % create a vector of sample indices


x = (n>=0); % creates a ’1’ where n>=0, and a ’0’ elsewhere
stem( n, x ); % display using a stem diagram
xlabel( ’n’ ); % mark the x-axis
ylabel( ’x[n]’ ); % mark the y-axis

5
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Unit step sequence:

function [x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2)


% Generates x(n) = u(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2
% ------------------------------------------
% [x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2)
%
n = [n1:n2];
x = [(n-n0) >= 0];

6
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Real-valued exponential sequence:

n = [0:10];
x = (0.9).^n;
stem(n,x)

7
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Sinusoidal sequence:

example

3 cos 0.1 𝜋𝑛 + 𝜋/3 + 2sin(0.5𝜋𝑛)

n = [0:10];
x = 3*cos(0.1*pi*n+pi/3) + 2*sin(0.5*pi*n);
stem(n,x)

8
OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES

Another basic operation is to add up a sequence of consecutive samples. For


instance, we could add samples with time indices ranging from 𝑛1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 as
follows

𝑛2

𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑥 𝑛1 + 𝑥 𝑛1 + 1 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛2
𝑛=𝑛1

Note that the result of this type of sample summation is a scalar value, not a
signal (i.e. the time index is lost since we’ve summed over it). Summation is
performed in Matlab using the “sum” function. For instance

y=sum(x)

will give the sum of all the samples stored in the vector x

9
OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES
Signal addition:
This is a sample-by-sample addition given by
𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛
function [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)

% implements y(n) = x1(n)+x2(n)


% [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% y = sum sequence over n, which includes n1 and n2
% x1 = first sequence over n1
% x2 = second sequence over n2 (n2 can be different from n1)

n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); % duration of y(n)


y1 = zeros(1,length(n));
y2 = y1; % initialization
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1; % x1 with duration of y
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=x2; % x2 with duration of y
y = y1+y2; % sequence addition
10
OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES

It is implemented in MATLAB by the


Signal multiplication
array operator .*.
𝑥1 𝑛 ∙ 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 ∙ 𝑥2 𝑛

function [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)

% implements y(n) = x1(n)*x2(n)


% [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% y = product sequence over n, which includes n1 and n2
% x1 = first sequence over n1
% x2 = second sequence over n2 (n2 can be different from n1)

n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); % duration of y(n)


y1 = zeros(1,length(n));
y2 = y1;
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1; % x1 with duration of y
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=x2; % x2 with duration of y
y = y1 .* y2; % sequence multiplication
11
OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES

Scaling:
In this operation each sample is multiplied by a scalar α.
𝛼 𝑥𝑛 = 𝛼{𝑥(𝑛)}

12
OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES
Shifting
In this operation, each sample of 𝑥(𝑛) is shifted by an amount 𝑘 to obtain a
shifted sequence 𝑦(𝑛).

𝑦[𝑛] = {𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)}

If we let 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘, then 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑘 and the above operation is given by

𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑘 = {𝑥(𝑚)}

function [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,k)

% implements y(n) = x(n-k)


% [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,k)

n = m+k;
y = x;
13
OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES

Folding:
In this operation each sample of x(n) is flipped around n = 0
to obtain a folded sequence y(n)

𝑦 𝑛 = {𝑥(−𝑛)}

In MATLAB this operation is implemented by fliplr(x) function for sample values


and by -fliplr(n) function for sample positions as shown in the sigfold function

function [y,n] = sigfold(x,n)


% implements y(n) = x(-n)
% -----------------------
% [y,n] = sigfold(x,n)
%
y = fliplr(x); n = -fliplr(n);

14
Exercise 1

Generate and plot each of the following sequences over the indicated interval.

15
Exercise 2

16
Homework

17
Homework

18
19

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