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Chapter 6 Magnetic Fields

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127 views18 pages

Chapter 6 Magnetic Fields

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quoccuongnguyen2258
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Dr. Pham Thi Hai Mien
Department of Applied Physics
Faculty of Applied Science
CHAPTER 6. MAGNETIC FIELDS
1. THE BIOT–SAVART LAW

2. GAUSS’S LAW OF MAGNETISM

3. AMPERE’S LAW
4. MAGNETIC FORCES

4.1. The magnetic force on a current

4.2. The magnetic force on a moving charged particle


1. THE BIOT–SAVART LAW
• Magnetic fields are produced by moving electrically charged
particles or electric currents.
• The direction of the magnetic field B at any location is the direction
in which a compass needle points at that location. We can represent
the magnetic field by means of drawings with magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field s surrounding a bar magnet / current loop , displayed with iron filings
• The Biot–Savart Law: the magnetic field
at a point P due to a length element d l of a
wire carrying a steady current I:

dB 

 0 Idl  r  (Tesla)
4 r3
µ 0 = 4π.10-7 H/m – permeability constant
• The magnitude of the magnetic field:
 0 I.dl.sin 
dB 
4 r2
• The direction of the magnetic field: use the
right hand rule.
• The net magnetic filed due to a current:
0 Idl  r
B   dB  
L
4  L
r 3
THE MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO SOME SPECIAL CURRENTS
1. A straight current
0 I
B  cos1  cos2 
4R
• An Infinitely long straight current: θ1 = 0, θ2 = 180o
0 I
B
2R
2. A circular current
 0 IS
BM 
2  R  z
2

2 3/2

0 I
BO 
2R
0 I
• A circular arc: BO  
4R
3. A toroid with N turns, inner radius R1 and
outer radius R2
  0 NI
  R1  r  R 2 
B   2r
0  r  R1 , r  R 2 

4. A solenoid: the length L is much greater than
the radius R of the turns, n = N/L is the
number of turns per unit length
 0 nI  r  R 
B
0 r  R 
5. An infinite charged surface with charge
density σ and speed v
v
B  0
2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
The wire carries a current i and consists of a circular arc of radius R
and central angle π/2 rad, and two straight sections whose extensions
intersect the center C of the arc. What magnetic field does the current
produce at C?
SOLUTION
• The currents along the length of straight
section 1 and 2 contributes no magnetic
field at point C.
• The magnitude of the magnetic field due to
section 3 at C:
0 I 0 I  0 I
B  
4R 4R 2 8R
• Applying the right-hand rule shows that the magnetic field is directed
into that plane.
2. GAUSS’S LAW OF MAGNETISM
• Magnetic flux  B is the number of magnetic field lines that pass
through a surface:
B
 B   BdS (Wb)
S

where: dS is the area vector, whose magnitude is the area dS and


whose direction is perpendicular to the surface element;
BdS  BdScos  is the scalar product;
α is the angle between B and dS .
• If the magnetic field is uniform:  B  BS
• Gauss’s law: the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is
always zero.
 BdS  0
S

(The magnetic field lines are closed lines  The number of lines entering the
surface equals the number leaving the surface)
3. AMPERE’S LAW
• When a current carrying conductor has high symmetry such as
planar, cylindrical or spherical symmetry, we can use Ampère’s law
to calculate the magnetic field it creates.
• Ampere’s law: The line integral of Bdl around any closed path (L)
equals μ0I, where I is the net current passing through any surface
bounded by the closed path.

 Bd l    I
(L)
0
i
i

B1
• Ii > 0 or Ii < 0 depending on its direction relative B2
to the line integral’s direction: Curl your right (L) Bd l  0 (I2  I1 )
hand around the loop, with the fingers pointing in
the direction of integration; A current through the
loop in the general direction of your outstretched thumb is assigned a
plus sign, and a current generally in the opposite direction is assigned
a minus sign.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A long, straight wire of radius R carries a steady current I that is
uniformly distributed through the cross section of the wire. Calculate
the magnetic field a distance r from the center of the wire in the regions
r<R and r < R.
SOLUTION
I I
Current density: j   2 R
S R I

 B.d
(C )
 B.2 r (1)
r

r  R : o  I i  o j r 2 (2) +
(C)

o jr
(1)  (2)  B.2 r  o j r 2  B 
2
r  R : o  I i  o j R 2  o I (3)
o jR 2 o I
(1)  (3)  B.2 r  o j R 2  o I  B  
2r 2 r
4. MAGNETIC FORCES
4.1. THE MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT
• The magnetic force that acts on a small segment
of wire in an external magnetic field:
dFB  Idl  B
FB
• The magnitude of the magnetic force:
dFB  I.dl.B.sin 
where α is the smaller angle between Idl and B .
• The direction of the magnetic force: use the right
hand rule.
• The total magnetic force acting on the wire:
FB   dFB   Idl  B
L L
• If the external magnetic field is uniform: FB  IL  B
• The net magnetic force acting on any closed
current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero.
THE MAGNETIC FORCE
BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS

• Parallel conductors carrying currents in the


same direction attract each other.
• Parallel conductors carrying currents in
opposite directions repel each other.
• The magnetic force per unit length on the
current:
o I1 I 2
F1  F2 
2 d
where d is the distance between the currents.
THE MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT LOOP
• Consider a rectangular loop of sides a and
b carrying a current I in the presence of a
uniform magnetic field.
• The magnetic dipole moment of the loop:
  IS
where S is the area vector. 
• The external magnetic field B is directed
at an angle α with  .
• The net magnetic force on the loop: F1  F2  F3  F4  0
• The two forces F1 and F2 produce a net torque:
b b
  F1 sin   F2 sin   IBab sin   Bsin       B
2 2
• The torque tends to rotate the loop so as to align its magnetic moment
with the direction of the magnetic field.
• The work done by the magnetic forces: W  I( B2   B1 )
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A straight, horizontal length of copper wire has a current i = 28 A
through it as shown. What are the magnitude and direction of the
minimum magnetic field needed to suspend the wire – that is, to
balance the gravitational force on it? The linear density (mass per unit
length) of the wire is 46.6 g/m.
SOLUTION
• To balance the downward gravitational force mg on
the wire, the magnetic force FB on the it must be
directed upward.
• Because the current is directed horizontally, B must
be horizontal and to give the required upward FB .
FB  iL  B  FB  IBL sin 
where θ is the angle between B and iL .
m g sin  900 mg 3 9.8
FB  mg  B    Bmin   46.6  10  1.6  102 T
L isin  L i 28
4.2. THE MAGNETIC FORCE
ON A MOVING CHARGED PARTICLE
• The magnetic force FB acting on a charged particle
moving in the magnetic field B with a velocity v : FB

FB  q v  B 
• The magnitude of the magnetic force:
FB  qvBsin 
where α is the smaller angle between v and B .
• The direction of the magnetic force: use the right
hand rule. FB
• FB exerted on +q is in the direction opposite the
direction of FB on –q moving in the same direction.
• When a charged particle moves parallel to the
magnetic field, the magnetic force acting on the
particle is zero.
• The magnetic force is perpendicular to both v and B .
• The magnetic force does no work when a particle is displaced
because the force is perpendicular to the displacement.
• The magnetic force does not change the particle’s speed and kinetic
energy.
• The magnetic force plays the role of a centripetal force and produces
a centripetal acceleration that changes the direction of particle’s
motion.
v2 mv
FB  ma n  qvBsin   m  R 
R qBsin 
a) If α = 900: the particle moves in a circular path.
FB
mv m qB
R T  2 
qB qB m
Radius Period Angular speed
b) If α ≠ 900: the particle moves in a helical path.
• The velocity vector can be resolved
into two components: parallel to B
and perpendicular to B . 
• The parallel component determines
the pitch p of the helix – that is, the
distance between adjacent turns:
mv
p  2 cos
qB
• The perpendicular component
determines the radius of the helix:
mv sin  2m
R T
qB qB 
REFERENCES

1. R.A. Serway and J.W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and


Engineers, 6th Ed., Thomson 2004.
2. Halliday, Resnick, Walker, Fundamental physics , 9th Ed., Wiley,
2011.
VIDEO LINKS
1. The Earth’s magnetic fields:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFzg9XH0dv8
2. Maglev trains: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-rNILcfTKM

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