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15 views10 pages

Database

Uploaded by

prem k
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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# Database Systems: Comprehensive Technical Notes

## 1. Fundamental Concepts

### 1.1 Database Basics

- Definition and purpose

- Data vs. Information

- Database Management System (DBMS)

- Data independence

- Logical independence

- Physical independence

### 1.2 Database Architecture

1. **Three-Schema Architecture**

- External Level (User View)

- Conceptual Level (Community View)

- Internal Level (Storage View)

2. **Client-Server Architecture**

- Two-tier

- Three-tier

- Multi-tier

## 2. Data Models

### 2.1 Hierarchical Model

- Tree structure

- Parent-child relationships

- Limitations and uses

### 2.2 Network Model


- Graph structure

- Many-to-many relationships

- CODASYL specification

### 2.3 Relational Model

1. **Components**

- Relations (Tables)

- Attributes (Columns)

- Tuples (Rows)

- Keys (Primary, Foreign)

2. **Properties**

- Atomic values

- Unique rows

- Column order irrelevance

- Row order irrelevance

3. **Integrity Constraints**

- Entity integrity

- Referential integrity

- Domain integrity

- User-defined integrity

### 2.4 Object-Oriented Model

- Objects and classes

- Inheritance

- Encapsulation

- Polymorphism

### 2.5 NoSQL Models

1. **Document Stores**
- MongoDB

- CouchDB

2. **Key-Value Stores**

- Redis

- DynamoDB

3. **Column-Family Stores**

- Cassandra

- HBase

4. **Graph Databases**

- Neo4j

- ArangoDB

## 3. Database Design

### 3.1 Entity-Relationship Model

1. **Components**

- Entities

- Attributes

- Relationships

- Cardinality

2. **Extended Concepts**

- Weak entities

- Aggregation

- Generalization

- Specialization

### 3.2 Normalization


1. **Normal Forms**

- 1NF (First Normal Form)

- 2NF (Second Normal Form)

- 3NF (Third Normal Form)

- BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)

- 4NF (Fourth Normal Form)

- 5NF (Fifth Normal Form)

2. **Denormalization**

- Performance considerations

- Trade-offs

- Implementation strategies

### 3.3 Physical Design

1. **Storage Structures**

- Files

- Pages

- Records

- Indexes

2. **Access Methods**

- Sequential

- Indexed

- Hashed

## 4. SQL (Structured Query Language)

### 4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)

- CREATE

- ALTER

- DROP
- TRUNCATE

- RENAME

### 4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

- SELECT

- INSERT

- UPDATE

- DELETE

- MERGE

### 4.3 Data Control Language (DCL)

- GRANT

- REVOKE

- DENY

### 4.4 Transaction Control Language (TCL)

- COMMIT

- ROLLBACK

- SAVEPOINT

### 4.5 Advanced SQL Features

1. **Views**

- Simple views

- Complex views

- Materialized views

2. **Stored Procedures**

- Parameters

- Error handling

- Return values
3. **Triggers**

- Before/After triggers

- Instead-of triggers

- Event handling

## 5. Transaction Management

### 5.1 ACID Properties

- Atomicity

- Consistency

- Isolation

- Durability

### 5.2 Concurrency Control

1. **Locking Mechanisms**

- Shared locks

- Exclusive locks

- Two-phase locking

- Deadlock handling

2. **Isolation Levels**

- Read uncommitted

- Read committed

- Repeatable read

- Serializable

### 5.3 Recovery Management

- Checkpoint mechanisms

- Log-based recovery

- Shadow paging

- Backup strategies
## 6. Database Security

### 6.1 Authentication

- User identification

- Password management

- Multi-factor authentication

- SSO integration

### 6.2 Authorization

1. **Access Control**

- Discretionary (DAC)

- Mandatory (MAC)

- Role-based (RBAC)

2. **Privileges**

- System privileges

- Object privileges

- Role management

### 6.3 Data Protection

- Encryption

- Auditing

- Data masking

- Privacy compliance

## 7. Database Performance

### 7.1 Query Optimization

1. **Query Processing**

- Parsing
- Optimization

- Execution

2. **Index Optimization**

- B-tree indexes

- Bitmap indexes

- Hash indexes

- Covering indexes

### 7.2 Performance Tuning

1. **System Parameters**

- Memory allocation

- I/O configuration

- Process management

2. **Query Tuning**

- Execution plans

- Statistics management

- Hints usage

## 8. Advanced Topics

### 8.1 Distributed Databases

1. **Architecture**

- Homogeneous

- Heterogeneous

- Fragmentation

- Replication

2. **Distribution Techniques**

- Horizontal partitioning
- Vertical partitioning

- Hybrid approaches

### 8.2 Data Warehousing

1. **Components**

- Fact tables

- Dimension tables

- Star schema

- Snowflake schema

2. **ETL Process**

- Extraction

- Transformation

- Loading

- Data quality

### 8.3 Big Data

1. **Technologies**

- Hadoop

- Spark

- NoSQL databases

- NewSQL systems

2. **Characteristics**

- Volume

- Velocity

- Variety

- Veracity

- Value

### 8.4 Modern Trends


1. **Cloud Databases**

- IaaS

- PaaS

- DBaaS

2. **In-Memory Databases**

- Architecture

- Use cases

- Performance benefits

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