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10 views9 pages

Apache

Uploaded by

prem k
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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# Apache Spark: Comprehensive Technical Notes

## 1. Fundamentals

### 1.1 Overview

- Unified analytics engine for large-scale data processing

- Built for speed, ease of use, and sophisticated analytics

- Supports multiple programming languages (Scala, Java, Python, R)

- In-memory data processing capabilities

### 1.2 Core Concepts

- Distributed Computing Framework

- Lazy Evaluation

- Data Persistence

- Fault Tolerance

- Data Partitioning

## 2. Architecture

### 2.1 Components

1. **Driver Program**

- Contains application's main function

- Creates SparkContext

- Coordinates task execution

2. **Cluster Manager**

- Standalone Scheduler

- YARN

- Mesos

- Kubernetes
3. **Worker Nodes**

- Execute tasks

- Cache data

- Return results to driver

### 2.2 Execution Model

1. **DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)**

- Logical execution plan

- Optimization opportunities

- Task scheduling

2. **Stage Generation**

- Pipeline operations

- Shuffle boundaries

- Task creation

3. **Task Scheduling**

- Data locality

- Resource allocation

- Load balancing

## 3. Core Abstractions

### 3.1 RDD (Resilient Distributed Dataset)

1. **Characteristics**

- Immutable

- Distributed

- Fault-tolerant

- Lazy evaluation

- Typed
2. **Operations**

- Transformations

- map

- filter

- flatMap

- union

- intersection

- Actions

- collect

- count

- first

- take

- reduce

3. **Persistence Options**

- MEMORY_ONLY

- MEMORY_AND_DISK

- DISK_ONLY

- MEMORY_ONLY_SER

- OFF_HEAP

### 3.2 DataFrame

1. **Structure**

- Named columns

- Schema definition

- Optimized execution

2. **Operations**

- select

- filter

- groupBy
- join

- union

- orderBy

3. **Optimization**

- Catalyst optimizer

- Code generation

- Predicate pushdown

### 3.3 Dataset

- Type-safe

- Object-oriented interface

- Encoder-based serialization

- Performance optimizations

## 4. Spark Components

### 4.1 Spark SQL

1. **Features**

- SQL interface

- Schema inference

- External data sources

- UDF support

2. **Data Sources**

- Parquet

- ORC

- JSON

- CSV

- JDBC
### 4.2 Spark Streaming

1. **DStream Abstraction**

- Micro-batch processing

- Windowed computations

- Stateful operations

2. **Input Sources**

- Kafka

- Flume

- Kinesis

- TCP sockets

3. **Output Operations**

- foreachRDD

- saveAsTextFiles

- saveAsHadoopFiles

### 4.3 MLlib (Machine Learning)

1. **Algorithms**

- Classification

- Regression

- Clustering

- Recommendation

2. **Features**

- Feature engineering

- Pipeline API

- Model persistence

- Evaluation metrics

### 4.4 GraphX


- Graph parallel computation

- Built-in algorithms

- Graph operators

- Graph builders

## 5. Performance Optimization

### 5.1 Memory Management

1. **Memory Architecture**

- Execution memory

- Storage memory

- User memory

- Reserved memory

2. **Tuning Parameters**

- spark.memory.fraction

- spark.memory.storageFraction

- spark.default.parallelism

### 5.2 Data Serialization

- Kryo serialization

- Java serialization

- Custom serializers

- Compression settings

### 5.3 Resource Configuration

1. **Executor Settings**

- Number of executors

- Executor memory

- Executor cores
2. **Driver Settings**

- Driver memory

- Driver cores

- Local directory

## 6. Best Practices

### 6.1 Data Partitioning

- Partition size

- Number of partitions

- Partition pruning

- Partition schemes

### 6.2 Join Optimization

- Broadcast joins

- Shuffle joins

- Sort-merge joins

- Join hints

### 6.3 Caching Strategy

- Cache levels

- Cache management

- Unpersist timing

- Memory pressure

## 7. Deployment

### 7.1 Cluster Setup

1. **Standalone Mode**

- Master configuration

- Worker configuration
- High availability

2. **YARN Mode**

- Client mode

- Cluster mode

- Resource allocation

3. **Kubernetes**

- Pod specification

- Service accounts

- Dynamic allocation

### 7.2 Monitoring

1. **Web UI**

- Job progress

- Stage details

- Storage usage

- Executor metrics

2. **Metrics System**

- JMX metrics

- Custom metrics

- Ganglia integration

- Graphite integration

## 8. Advanced Features

### 8.1 Structured Streaming

- Stream processing

- Continuous processing

- Watermarking
- State management

### 8.2 Dynamic Resource Allocation

- Automatic scaling

- Resource sharing

- Executor management

- Cost optimization

### 8.3 Security

1. **Authentication**

- Kerberos

- SSL/TLS

- ACLs

2. **Authorization**

- File permissions

- RPC authentication

- Web UI security

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