DSGT

PROPOSITIONAL
LOGIC
Predicates and
Quantifiers
PROF SNEHAL CHITALE

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Predicates
● The statement involving variable such as “ x>3 “ , “x=y+3” & “x+y=z” is not
a proposition but if we assigned a value for variable then it becomes
proposition.
● Here x>3 has two parts ;first the variable x which is subject to the
statement and second predicates is greater than three which refers to the
subject of the statement.
● Denote the above statement as P(x) where P notes predicate “ is greater
than 3” and x is variable.
● P(x) can also be called a function once a value is assigned to the variable
x.
● Hence will also have truth table.

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Quantifiers
1. All humans are mortal
2. Everything is perishable
3. Some people have pink hair
4. Nothing is perfect
5. There exist a cow

Sentences which contains a word indicating a quantity such as all ,every,

some, none ,one .Such sentences are called as propositions

They are classified as singular and general.

The words indicating quantity such as all ,every ,none, some ,one are called
quantifiers. 3
Types of quantifiers
Universal quantifier- tells us that all (every ,each )object posses the property.

It is denoted by an inverted A (∀) and read as for all ,for each ,for every.

Existential quantifier- tell us that some (at least one) objects posses the property.

It is denoted by backward E (∃) and read as for some there exist a or for at least one

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Symbolization of Quantifiers
Reference set is required as like U in set which said as Universe of Discourse.

For eg 1. set -some students

Universe of Discourse- set of all students

2.set -some mangoes

Universe of Discourse- set of all mangoes

Here Universe of Discourse = x (y or z)

The property possessed by x is denoted by P(x) and P(x) is called predicate.

The Predicate P(x) states the property the object x has.

For eg: P(x) : x is yellow ;P(x) : x is failed are predicates.

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Q. symbolize “all mangoes are yellow”
set -some mangoes

Universe of Discourse- set of all mangoes

P(x)- x is yellow ………………..property being yellow

“For every x, x is yellow”

Using universal quantifier :(∀ x ) (x is yellow)

OR

(∀ x ) P(x) where P(x)- x is yellow

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Truth value of quantifier
P(X ) is a predicate ,it only states the property and as such it is not true or
false.

But when it is quantified as (∀ x ) P(x) , (∃ x ) P(x) where X belongs to a

universe of discourse, it is true or false

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Q.If the universe of discourse is A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}.Determine truth value of
following propositions.
i) (∃x)(x+4=12) ii) (∀x)(x+4<12)
Solution: Since x +4 < 12 therefore x = 8
Since x +4 =12 therefore x = 8 Since x < 8 for all x belongs to A,
Since 8 doesnot belong to A, the the proposition is true.
proposition is false.
Therefore (∀x)(x+4<12) is true.
Therefore (∃x)(x+4=12) is false.

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Q . universe of discourse ={0,+1,-1,+2,-2}
i)(∀ x ) (x2 =1 )
Here x2 = 1
x2 - 1 = 0
X = +1 , -1
The equation is not satisfied by 0 ,+2 ,-2
Therefore (∀ x )(x2 =1 ) is false.

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Negate the proposition Q.All the integers are greater than 8
First write proposition (∀ integers x)(x>8)

Negation is ( ∃ an integer x)(x > 8 )

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Write english sentences corresponding to the following
Where P(X):X is even
Q(X) : X is prime no
R(X): X is even no
1.∀x ∃y R(x,y)

Solution :For all x there exist y ,such that x + y is even number

2.∃x ∀y R(x,y)

Solution : For all y there exist x ,such that x + y is even number

3.∀x(~Q(x))

Solution: For all x , x is not prime number

4.∀x P(x)

Solution: For all x, x is even

5.∃y(~P(y))

Solution : There exists y ,such that y is odd 11

Transcribe the following into logical notation let the
universe of discourse be the real number
1.For any value of x , x2 is non negative

2.for every value of x ,there is some value of y such that x.y = 1

3.there are positive value of x and y such that x.y > 0

4. There is a value of x such that if y is positive , then x + y is negative

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Solution
1.∀x (x2 >0 )
2.∀x ∃y (x .y=1 )
3.∃x ∃y [(x >0 ) ∧ ( y > 0 ) ∧ ( x.y >0 )
4.∃x ∀y[(y >0 ) → (x+y < 0)]

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Negate the following
1.∀x (x2 >=0 )
SOLUTION :There is value of x such that x2< = 0

∃x (x2 < = 0)

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D= { 1,2,3,4...9} determine truth value of following
statements
1. ( ∀X ∈ D ) x+4 < 15
Solution is true
For all values of x which belongs to D,satisfy x+4 <15

2.( ∀X ∈ D ) x+4 < 10

Solution is false
For x = 6 which belongs to D ,doesnot satisfy x+4 <10

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Thank you

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