TURBULENT MIXING 337

Chair of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

TUM Department of Mechanical Engineering
Technical University of Munich

Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2005.37:329-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

by WIB6105 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.
TURBULENT FLOWS
Summer term 2024
Figure 2 Liquid-phase turbulent-jet symmetry-plane slices of passive scalar field. Grey
scale (contrast-enhanced) codes jet-fluid mole fraction. Left: Re ≃ 2.5 × 103 , right: Re ≃
1.0 × 104 (Dimotakis et al. 1983).

Lecturer: origins must then be sought in the dynamics over the internal range of scales, i.e.,
for scales λ, such that λK ≪ λ ≪ δ.
The transition coincides with when energy spectra start to osculate an approxi-
• PD Dr.-Ing. habil. Stefan Adami mately −5/3 logarithmic slope with increasing Re, that may, in turn, be identified
with the emergence of an inertial inviscid range of eddies. This suggests that
the post-transition regime requires a sufficient scale separation to support quasi-
• Prof. Dr.-Ing. N.A. Adams inviscid dynamics. Expanding on the H. Liepmann idea on the similarity between
the Taylor scale and the viscous-layer scale dependence on Re, we define the
Liepmann-Taylor scale, λLT , as a laminar scale,
λLT = 5.0 δ Re−1/2 , (13)

where the numerical prefactor corresponds to the thickness of an internal laminar

Teaching assistant: shear layer developing across the δ extent of the flow, as well as for a Blasius
boundary layer (Dimotakis 2000). Because viscous effects span from the outer
scale, δ, to λLT and influence inner scales below λν ≈ 50 λK , inviscid dynamics
• M. Sc. Benedikt Biller require, at a minimum, room for λ-size eddies such that,
λLT 1/4 4
δ > λLT > λ > λν > λK ⇒ ! 0.1 Re ! 1 ⇒ Re ! 10 , (14)
λν
April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows in accord with observation. 1
General information
ORGANIZATION
Moodle
• Communication with lecturer/teaching assistant
• www.moodle.tum.de
• Self-check questions (starting from 3rd week)
• Manuscript (uploaded soon)

Lecture Exercise
• Room: Ludwig-Prandtl-Hörsaal, MW0250 • Room: Ludwig-Prandtl-Hörsaal, MW0250
• Thursdays, 12:45h • Thursdays, 14:30h

Exam – August 2nd, 2024: 11:30h – 13:00h Direct contact:

• 60 min. Short question • stefan.adami_AT_tum_DOT_de
• 30 min. Calculus part • benedikt.biller_AT_tum_DOT_de
• No auxiliary means

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 4

General information
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
Manuscript
• Moodle

Comprehensive book
• Stephen B. Pope, Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press

Similar notation as lecture / exercise

• Paul A. Libby, Introduction to Turbulence, Taylor & Francis

„Easy“ reading
• P.A. Davidson, Turbulence - An introduction for scientists and engineers, Oxford University Press

Focus on CFD
• David C. Wilcox, Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 5

General information
MOTIVATION

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 6

Table of contents
1. Introduction to turbulent flows
1. Statistical description
2. Isotropic turbulence
3. Kolmogorov theory, (Spectal) energy transfer
4. Transition
5. Transport equation of turbulent flows

2. Canonical flows
1. Round jet
2. Turbulent channel flow
3. Turbulent boundary layer

3. Statistical turbulence modeling

1. Turbulent-viscosity hypothesis
2. Algebraic turbulence models
3. One- and Two-equation models
4. Wall modeling
April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 7
Turbulent flows

„Big whirls have little whirls

that feed on their velocity,
and little whirls have lesser whirls
and so on to viscosity.“
Lewis F. Richardson (1881-1953)
Weather Prediction by Numerical Process (1922)

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 8

Turbulent flows
EXAMPLES
Nature Engineering
• Atmosphere • Aerospace
• Ocean • Automotive aerodynamics
• Artery flow • Process engineering
• Deposition of aerosols • Combustion
• …

Guadalupe Island im Pazifik vor der Küste Mexikos

Quelle: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=987

Grobstruktursimulation einer Profilumströmung, CFD-Code INCA,

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows Michael Meyer
9
 102004
0 Nov Nov 2004
13:1113:11AR ARAR235-FL37-13.tex
AR235-FL37-13.tex AR235-FL37-13.sgmLaTeX2e(2002/01/18)
AR235-FL37-13.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18)P1: IBD
P1: IBD

Turbulent flows
CHARACTERIZATION
TURBULENT
TURBULENT MIXING 337 337
MIXING
Properties
• Irregular, transient
• Seemingly random, chaotic
• Non-deterministic position of fluid elements

Effects
id Mech. 2005.37:329-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

C
• Increased mixing
05 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.
5 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.

C
• Higher resistance for flow detachment at positive
pressure gradients
D
• Increase of friction

Quelle:
Figure
Figure
Dimotakis
2 Liquid-phase
2 Liquid-phase
etturbulent-jet
al. (1983),
turbulent-jet
Phys.slices
symmetry-plane
symmetry-plane
Fluids
slices 26,
of 3185
passive
of passive scalarscalar
field.field.
GreyGrey
3 103 , right: Re ≃
scalescale (contrast-enhanced)
(contrast-enhanced) codescodes jet-fluid
jet-fluid molemole fraction.
fraction. Left:Left:
Re ≃Re2.5≃×2.5
10× , right: Re ≃
4 104 (Dimotakis et al. 1983).
1.0 ×1.0
10× (Dimotakis et al. 1983).

origins
origins mustmust
then then be sought
be sought in theindynamics
the dynamics
overover the internal
the internal rangerange of scales,
of scales, i.e., i.e.,
for scales
for scales λ, such
λ, such that
that λ K ≪λ Kλ≪ ≪ λδ.≪ δ.
The The transition
transition coincides
coincides withwith
whenwhen energy
energy spectra
spectra start start to osculate
to osculate an approxi-
an approxi-
April 18th,
mately 2024
mately
−5/3 −5/3 |logarithmic
1. Introduction
logarithmic slopeslope
withwith to turbulent
increasing
increasing Re, that flows
that may,
Re, may, in turn,
in turn, be identified
be identified 10
 102004
0 Nov Nov 2004
13:1113:11AR ARAR235-FL37-13.tex
AR235-FL37-13.tex AR235-FL37-13.sgmLaTeX2e(2002/01/18)
AR235-FL37-13.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18)P1: IBD
P1: IBD

Turbulent flows
CHARACTERIZATION
TURBULENT
TURBULENT MIXING 337 337
MIXING

Timescales of mixing:
id Mech. 2005.37:329-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org
05 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.
5 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.

Quelle:
Figure
Figure
Dimotakis
2 Liquid-phase
2 Liquid-phase
etturbulent-jet
al. (1983),
turbulent-jet
Phys.slices
symmetry-plane
symmetry-plane
Fluids
slices 26,
of 3185
passive
of passive scalarscalar
field.field.
GreyGrey
3 103 , right: Re ≃
scalescale (contrast-enhanced)
(contrast-enhanced) codescodes jet-fluid
jet-fluid molemole fraction.
fraction. Left:Left:
Re ≃Re2.5≃×2.5
10× , right: Re ≃
4 104 (Dimotakis et al. 1983).
1.0 ×1.0
10× (Dimotakis et al. 1983).

origins
origins mustmust
then then be sought
be sought in theindynamics
the dynamics
overover the internal
the internal rangerange of scales,
of scales, i.e., i.e.,
for scales
for scales λ, such
λ, such that
that λ K ≪λ Kλ≪ ≪ λδ.≪ δ.
The The transition
transition coincides
coincides withwith
whenwhen energy
energy spectra
spectra start start to osculate
to osculate an approxi-
an approxi-
April 18th,
mately 2024
mately
−5/3 −5/3 |logarithmic
1. Introduction
logarithmic slopeslope
withwith to turbulent
increasing
increasing Re, that flows
that may,
Re, may, in turn,
in turn, be identified
be identified 11
Turbulent flows
CHARACTERIZATION
Challenges for the simulation of turbulent flows:
• Large spatial and temporal scales
• Transient problem
• Current flow represents only „a“ possible state, varying with statistical mean

Modeling approaches for turbulent flows

Direct numerical simulation (virtual experiment)
• Max. computational effort
• Resolving all relevant temporal and spatial scales
• Exact representation of a current flow field realization
ACCURACY
EFFORT

Large Eddy Simulation (Grobstruktursimulation)

• Reduced computational effort
• Limited representation of temporal/spacial scales for a flow field realization

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations

• Smallest effort
• Representation of mean quantities
April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 13
Turbulent flows
CHARACTERIZATION
Subclassify complex flows into „canonical flows“

„De
tach
r“ e d bo
ary laye und
o und ary l
ayer
hed b “
„Attac
II III
„Stagnation
„Wake flow“
point flow“
I IV

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 14

Turbulent flows
CHARACTERIZATION

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 15

Turbulent flows
CHARACTERIZATION

April 18th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 16