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Programing Language

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10 views

Programing Language

Uploaded by

royaosmanirb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ سید جمال الدین افغان‬: ‫موضوع‬

Class: 11 (B)
Subject: Computer
Computer programming is the process of
performing a particular computation (or
more generally, accomplishing a specific
computing result), usually by designing
and building an executable computer
program. Programming involves tasks
such as analysis, generating algorithms,
profiling algorithms' accuracy and
resource consumption, and the
implementation of algorithms (usually in
a chosen programming language,
commonly referred to as coding).The
source code of a program is written in
one or more languages that are
intelligible to programmers, rather than
machine code, which is directly executed
by the central processing unit. The
purpose of programming is to find a
sequence of instructions that will
automate the performance of a task
(which can be as complex as an
operating system) on a computer, often
for solving a given problem. Proficient
programming thus usually requires
expertise in several different subjects,
including knowledge of the application
domain, specialized algorithms, and
formal logic.
Tasks accompanying and related to
programming include testing, debugging,
source code maintenance,
implementation of build systems, and
management of derived artifacts, such
as the machine code of computer
programs. These might be considered
part of the programming process, but
often the term software development is
used for this larger process with the
term programming, implementation, or
coding reserved for the actual writing of
code. Software engineering combines
engineering techniques with software
development practices. Reverse
engineering is a related process used by
designers, analysts, and programmers to
understand an existing program and re-
implement its function.

History
Programmable devices have existed for
centuries. As early as the 9th century, a
programmable music sequencer was
invented by the Persian Banu Musa
brothers, who described an automated
mechanical flute player in the Book of
Ingenious Devices. In 1206, the Arab
engineer Al-Jazari invented a
programmable drum machine where a
musical mechanical automaton could be
made to play different rhythms and
drum patterns, via pegs and cams.In
1801, the Jacquard loom could produce
entirely different weaves by changing
the "program" – a series of pasteboard
cards with holes punched in them.
Code-breaking algorithms have also
existed for centuries. In the 9th century,
the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi
described a cryptographic algorithm for
deciphering encrypted code, in A
Manuscript on Deciphering
Cryptographic Messages. He gave the
first description of cryptanalysis by
frequency analysis, the earliest code-
breaking algorithm.
The first computer program is generally
dated to 1843, when mathematician Ada
Lovelace published an algorithm to
calculate a sequence of Bernoulli
numbers, intended to be carried out by
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.
Data and instructions were once stored
on external punched cards, which were
kept in order and arranged in program
decks.
In the 1880s Herman Hollerith invented
the concept of storing data in machine-
readable form.Later a control panel
(plug board) added to his 1906 Type I
Tabulator allowed it to be programmed
for different jobs, and by the late 1940s,
unit record equipment such as the IBM
602 and IBM 604, were programmed by
control panels in a similar way, as were
the first electronic computers. However,
with the concept of the stored-program
computer introduced in 1949, both
programs and data were stored and
manipulated in the same way in
computer memory.

Machine Language
Machine code was the language of early
programs, written in the instruction set
of the particular machine, often in binary
notation. Assembly languages were soon
developed that let the programmer
specify instruction in a text format (e.g.,
ADD X, TOTAL), with abbreviations for
each operation code and meaningful
names for specifying addresses.
However, because an assembly language
is little more than a different notation
for a machine language, two machines
with different instruction sets also have
different assembly languages.

Compiler languages
High-level languages made the process
of developing a program simpler and
more understandable, and less bound to
the underlying hardware. The first
compiler related tool, the A-0 System,
was developed in 1952 by Grace Hopper,
who also coined the term 'compiler'.
FORTRAN, the first widely used high-
level language to have a functional
implementation, came out in 1957, and
many other languages were soon
developed—in particular, COBOL aimed
at commercial data processing, and Lisp
for computer research.
These compiled languages allow the
programmer to write programs in terms
that are syntactically richer, and more
capable of abstracting the code, making
it easy to target for varying machine
instruction sets via compilation
declarations and heuristics. Compilers
harnessed the power of computers to
make programming easier by allowing
programmers to specify calculations by
entering a formula using infix notation.

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