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    IPCV2

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    Kishan chaudhary

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    IPCV2

    Uploaded by

    Kishan chaudhary
    5 views13 pages

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    5 views13 pages

    IPCV2

    Uploaded by

    Kishan chaudhary

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Image Processing and Computer Vision

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 1
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Elements of Visual Perception
    • The field of digital image processing is built on the foundation of mathematical
    and probabilistic formulation, but human intuition and analysis play the main role
    to make the selection between various techniques, and the choice or selection is
    basically made on subjective, visual judgments.

    • In human visual perception, the eyes act as the sensor or camera, neurons act as
    the connecting cable and the brain acts as the processor. The basic elements of
    visual perceptions are:

    •Structure of Eye
    •Image Formation in the Eye
    •Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 2
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Human Visual System

    Exposure
    Image formation Detection Processing
    Control

    •Cornea •Iris/pupil •Retina •Brain


    •Lens •Photoreceptor •Rods
    sensitivity •Cones

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 3
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Structure of eye

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 4
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Structure of eye
    • The human eye is a slightly asymmetrical sphere with an average diameter of the
    length of 20mm to 25mm.

    • It has a volume of about 6.5cc. The eye is just like a camera. The external object is
    seen as the camera take the picture of any object.

    • Light enters the eye through a small hole called the pupil, a black looking aperture
    having the quality of contraction of eye when exposed to bright light and is
    focused on the retina which is like a camera film.

    • The lens, iris, and cornea are nourished by clear fluid, know as anterior chamber.
    • The fluid flows from ciliary body to the pupil and is absorbed through the channels
    in the angle of the anterior chamber.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 5
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Structure of eye

    • The delicate balance of aqueous production and absorption controls pressure


    within the eye.

    • Cones in eye number between 6 to 7 million which are highly sensitive to colors.
    Human visualizes the colored image in daylight due to these cones. The cone
    vision is also called as photopic or bright-light vision.

    • Rods in the eye are much larger between 75 to 150 million and are distributed
    over the retinal surface.
    • Rods are not involved in the color vision and are sensitive to low levels of
    illumination.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 6
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Image Formation in the Eye

    • When the lens of the eye focus an image of the outside world onto a light-
    sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called retina the image is formed.

    • The lens of the eye focuses light on the photoreceptive cells of the retina which
    detects the photons of light and responds by producing neural impulses.

    • The distance between the lens and the retina is about 17mm and the focal length
    is approximately 14mm to 17mm.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 7
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination

    • Digital images are displayed as a discrete set of


    intensities.

    • The eyes ability to discriminate black and white


    at different intensity levels is an important
    consideration in presenting image processing
    result.

    • The range of light intensity levels to which the


    human visual system can adapt is of the order
    of 1010 from the scotopic threshold to the glare
    limit. In a photopic vision, the range is about
    106.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 8
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Image Sensing and Acquisition

    • There are 3 principal sensor arrangements (produce an electrical output


    proportional to light intensity).

    (i)Single imaging Sensor


    (ii)Line sensor
    (iii)Array sensor

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 9
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Image Acquisition using a single sensor

    • Example of a single sensor is a photodiode. Now to obtain a two-dimensional


    image using a single sensor, the motion should be in both x and y directions.
    • Rotation provides motion in one direction.
    • Linear motion provides motion in the perpendicular direction.
    • This is an inexpensive method and we can obtain high-resolution images with high
    precision control. But the downside of this method is that it is slow.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 10
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Image Acquisition using a line sensor
    (sensor strips)

    • The sensor strip provides imaging in one direction.

    • Motion perpendicular to the strip provides imaging in other direction.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 11
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Image Acquisition using an array sensor

    • In this, individual sensors are arranged in the form of a 2-D array. This type of
    arrangement is found in digital cameras. e.g. CCD array
    • In this, the response of each sensor is proportional to the integral of the light
    energy projected onto the surface of the sensor. Noise reduction is achieved by
    letting the sensor integrate the input light signal over minutes or ever hours.
    • Advantage: Since sensor array is 2D, a complete image can be obtained by focusing
    the energy pattern onto the surface of the array.
    • The sensor array is coincident with the focal plane, it produces an output
    proportional to the integral of light received at each sensor.
    • Digital and analog circuitry sweep these outputs and convert them to a video
    signal which is then digitized by another section of the imaging system. The output
    is a digital image.

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 12
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune
    Image Acquisition using an array sensor

    Prof.(Dr.) Deepali S. Jadhav


    7/11/2024 13
    Dept. of Information Technology, VIT, Pune

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