THE INDIAN SCHOOL, KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN
CHAPTER 5 - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE- 2020- 2021
1. Define a cell.
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
2, What are the contributions of the following?
a. Robert Hooke – discovered cell
b. Leeuwenhoek – discovered free living cells
c. Robert Brown – discovered nucleus
d. Purkinje – coined the term protoplasm
e. Schlieden & Schwann – presented the cell theory
f. Virchow – modified cell theory
g. Camillo Golgi – discovered Golgi bodies
3. What are the different types of organisms based on number of cells?
a. Unicellular – single cell constitute the whole body. Eg. Amoeba,
Paramecium etc
b. Multicellular- body made up of many cells. Eg. Humans, Mango tree etc
4. What are the different types of cells based on their nuclear region?
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
a. Size: generally small Size: generally large
b. Nuclear region not well defined, Nuclear region is well defined and
not surrounded by a nuclear surrounded by a nuclear membrane
membrane and is called a nucleoid
c. Chromosome : Single Chromosome : More than one
d. Membrane bound cell organelles Membrane bound cell organelles
absent present
5. Name the major regions of the cell.
1. CELL MEMBRANE – made of lipids and proteins, is selectively permeable
(Cell wall – present only in plants , bacteria and fungi)
2. NUCLEUS – has a double layered membrane called nuclear membrane, nuclear
membrane has pores, contains chromosomes which has information for inheritance
of characters from parents to next generation, Functions : Cellular reproduction,
controls all activities of the cell.
3. CYTOPLASM – the fluid content inside the cell, contains cell organelles.
6. Name the different cell organelles and give its structure and functions
ORGANELLE STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS
Large network of 1. Serve as a channel
membrane bound tubes for transport of
and sheets, long tubules materials between
or round or oblong bags. nucleus and
Types – cytoplasm
a. RER or rough 2. Cytoplasmic
endoplasmic framework for some
reticulum –have of the biochemical
ribosomes on it& activities
ENDOPLASMIC
helps in the 3. SER in liver cells of
RETICULUM
synthesis of vertebrates help in
proteins detoxifying many
b. SER or smooth poisons and drugs
endoplasmic 4. Helps in the
reticulum – have formation of lipids
no ribosomes & and proteins
helps in the
synthesis of
lipids.
A system of membrane 1. Storage,
bound vesicles arranged modification and
parallel to each other in packaging of
stacks called cisterns. products in vesicles.
2. Complex sugars
GOLGI APPARATUS may be made from
simple sugars.
3. Formation of
lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs 1. Breaks down
filled with digestive foreign materials
enzymes entering the cells as
they contain
powerful digestive
enzymes. (Digestive
bags )
LYSOSOMES
2. Burst and digest
their own cells using
enzymes when the
cell gets damaged.
( Suicidal Bags)
Has a double membrane Site of production of
with the inner membrane energy required for
MITOCHONDRIA folded, have their own chemical activities needed
DNA and ribosomes for life.
Present only in plants, 1. Chloroplast contains
consists of numerous chlorophyll which
membrane layers helps to trap
embedded in a material sunlight for
called the stroma photosynthesis.
PLASTIDS
Two types – 2. Leucoplasts stores
Chromoplast and materials like
leucoplast starch, oils and
protein granules.
3.
Storage sacs 1. In plant cells –
provide turgidity
and rigidity to the
cell.
2. Stores important
substances like
amino acids, sugars
and various organic
VACUOLES acid
3. In Amoeba food
vacuole contains
food materials
4. In some unicellular
organisms, vacuoles
help in expelling
excess water and
waste materials
8. Draw the following diagrams:
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL :
PROKARYOTIC CELL:
9. Differentiate between a Plant cell and an animal cell.
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
.1. Outermost boundary is cell wall Outermost boundary is cell membrane
2. Plastids present Plastids absent
4. Nucleus in the periphery Nucleus in the centre
5. Usually single large vacuole Vacuole absent or small and many
6. Cytoplasm not dense Cytoplasm dense
10. Differentiate between Cell Membrane and Cell wall.
CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL
1. Present in all cells Present only in plant cell, bacteria and
fungi
2. Made of lipids and proteins Made of cellulose (plant) peptidoglycan
(bacteria) and chitin (fungi)
3. It is selectively permeable It is permeable
4. It is living It is dead
5. It is flexible It is rigid
11. Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
1. Helps in growth and repair Helps in the formation of gametes during
reproduction
2. Mother cell divides to form 2 Mother cell divides into 4 daughter cells
daughter cells.
3. Only 1 division 2 divisions take place
4. Chromosome number remains the Chromosome number reduces to half.
same. (hence called Equational (hence called Reductional division)
division)
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