Quantitative Reasoning

19-09-2024
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Topic:
Basic Arithmetic Operations
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Objectives
● Understand basic arithmetic operations.
● Learn how to apply these operations in problem-solving.
● Explore real-life applications of arithmetic.
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

What is Arithmetic?
Definition:
• Arithmetic is a branch of mathematics that involves basic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• Refers to the basic mathematical operations from which all other mathematics is derived.
• The most basic operation is addition. This is where you add one value to another.
• The opposite of addition is subtraction. This is where you take one value from another.
• Next, we have multiplication, where you have several values that are all the same and work
out the total value.
• And finally, division, where you have one value that you wish to split into several portions,
each of equal value.
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Addition
• The most basic operation, addition, simply involves taking the total of two or more values.
• All mathematics is built upon the principle that 1 + 1 = 2.
• When working with particularly large or minimal numbers addition can be quite tricky.
• When adding large pools of numbers together it can be quite easy to make a simple clerical
error.
Examples
3+5=
83 + 25 =
23+5+9+12=
22+56+90+6=
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Real-Life Application
• You had five days until your brother was due to be coming over to stay. Unfortunately, he
has had to postpone for another full week. How many days will it be before he arrives?
Answer
• You receive a £60 fine in the post. You decide to take the matter to court but things go
badly. You are asked to pay the original fine plus £125 in court costs. How much are you
required to pay?
Answer
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Subtraction
• Simply involves counting one number off of another.
• Subtraction is literally the reverse of addition.
• Like addition, when dealing with large pools of numbers, clerical errors can easily occur.
• Subtraction can be tricky if the number you are subtracting from is smaller than the number
you are using to do the subtraction.
• Subtraction is something you are likely to use on regular basis when trying to budget.
Examples
3-5=
83 - 25 =
23 – 5 –12=
22 – 56 - 90=
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Real-Life Application
• You are cooking yourself dinner and following the recipe you place the casserole dish in the
oven at 150oC. The recipe says to leave the dish in the oven for 2 hours. If it has been in
the oven already for 25 minutes how long is left?
Answer
• You are at the swimming pool doing lengths. You have set yourself a target of 50 lengths
and have so far completed 36. How many more lengths must you complete to reach your
target?
Answer
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Multiplication
• Can be described as performing several additions simultaneously when all the values being
added together are the same.
• Another way to look at multiplication is to imagine you have several groups of equal value
and that you are trying to find the collective total value.
• When performing multiplication it doesn’t matter which way you look at it, the total value of
six groups of four is the same as the total value of four groups of six.
Examples
4×3 =
124×3 =
12× 5 =
7 ×7 =
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Real-Life Application
• You need to buy three packs of soft white rolls for a barbeque you are having. Each pack
costs $1.56, what is the total cost?
Answer
• Each pack contains twelve rolls. How many rolls would have in total? •
Answer
• You are making the rolls and then cutting them into four and putting them out on plates so
people can help themselves. How many portions are available?
Answer
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Division
• Is the reverse of multiplication, when you try to establish what number would be required to
be added together x number of times to arrive at your answer.
• Another way to look at division is to imagine you are trying to split a large value into a
number of groups of equal value.
• When performing division it does matter which way you look at it, splitting twenty four into
six groups is not the same as splitting six into twenty four groups.
Examples
12 ÷ 4=
25 ÷ 5 =
6÷4=
5÷2=
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Real-Life Application
• You are hosting a child’s birthday party for 32 children and have 4 cakes. How many
portions should each cake be split into?
Answer
• Your lottery syndicate of 12 members wins $96.12. How much should each member receive?
Answer
• You are trying to work out how much you would have to put aside each week to raise $1400
in three years. What is the correct amount?
Answer
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Exponentiation (^)
Repeated multiplication of a number by itself.
Examples
2^3=2×2×2 =
5^2=5×5 =
Use Case: Area calculations, scientific measurements.
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Real-Life Application
A real-life example of exponentiation is compound interest in finance.
Suppose you invest $1,000 in a savings account with an annual interest rate of 5%,
compounded yearly. After 3 years, the amount of money you have can be calculated using
exponentiation:
A=P(1+r)t
Where
A is the amount of money after interest,
P is the initial principal ($1,000),
r is the interest rate (5% or 0.05),
t is the time in years (3).
Using this formula:
A=1000(1+0.05)3=1000(1.05)3≈1157.63
So after 3 years, you would have approximately $1,157.63 due to the effect of compounding,
which is an exponentiation of the interest rate.
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Modulus (%)
The remainder is when one number is divided by another.
Examples
10 % 3=
15 % 4 =
22 % 3 =
Applications: Used in programming and computer science.
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Real-Life Application
• A real-life example of modulus can be found in timekeeping, specifically with a 12-hour clock.
Imagine it's 10:00 AM and you need to add 5 hours. Instead of saying it's 15:00 (which would be
military time), you use the modulus operation to "wrap around" the clock. When you add 5
hours to 10:00, you end up with 3:00 PM because:
(10+5) mod 12 = 3
This works because the modulus operation keeps numbers within a specific range, in this case
from 1 to 12, similar to how the clock resets after 12.

• Imagine you have 17 cookies and want to divide them equally among 4 friends. Each friend
will get 4 cookies, and there will be 1 cookie left over. That leftover cookie is the result of the
modulus operation:
17 mod 4=1
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Order of Operations (BODMAS)

Brackets, Orders (Exponents), Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction
Example
3+2×4=
3 + 19 ×2 – (1 – 3) =
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Practice Questions
● Addition: 15+8=?
● Subtraction: 25−1 = ?
● Multiplication: 7×6=?
● Division: 81÷9=?
● Exponentiation: 5^3=?
● Modulus: 28 % 9=
● Mix: (30 – 2) + 5 × 6 – 4 ÷ 2 = ?
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Example Example
You're planning a road trip and need to You and 3 friends go out to dinner, and
budget for fuel, food, and lodging. Fuel the total bill is $120.To find out how much
costs $3 per gallon, and your car needs 10 each person should pay:
gallons to fill the tank. 120÷4=30 (division: amount per person)
3×10=30 (multiplication: cost of fuel) You decide to add a 20% tip. First,
You plan to spend $50 on food and $100 calculate 20% of the bill:
on lodging. 120×0.2=24 (multiplication: tip amount)
30+50+100=180 (addition: total cost of the Now add the tip to the bill:
trip) 120+24=144 (addition: total bill with tip)
After the trip, you subtract this amount
from your budget of $250:
250−180=70 (subtraction: remaining
budget)
 www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad

Example Example
• If you have a square with a side length If the current time on a digital clock is 58
of 4 meters, the area of the square is minutes past the hour, and you add 15
calculated using exponentiation: minutes, you can use the modulus to find
Area=side2=42=16 square meters the correct minute within the hour:
So, the area of the square is 16 square Add minutes: 58+15=73
meters because 4×4=16, Since a clock only shows minutes
• today is Tuesday, and you want to between 0 and 59, calculate
know what day it will be in 10 days, the 73 mod 60=13
modulus can help. So, after 15 minutes, the clock will show 13
There are 7 days in a week. minutes past the hour.
Add 10 days to Tuesday: Tuesday+10mod
7= 3 (Thursday)
So, 10 days from Tuesday will be Thursday.
www.tuf.edu.pk
unioffaisalabad