(d) 4cos θ sin θ + 15 cos2θ = 10

2 × 2sinθ cos θ + 15cos 2θ = 10

2sin 2θ + 15cos 2θ = 10
2sin 2θ + 15cos 2θ = 0
Let t = tan θ
2t 1 t2
sin   and cos  
1 t2 1 t2
 2t  1 t2 
2 2 
 15  2 
 10
1 t  1 t 
4t + 15 – 15t2 = 10 + 10t2
25t2 – 4t – 5 = 0
4  (4) 2  4  25  (5)
t
2  25
t = 0.5343
t = -0.3743

For t = 0.5343
tan θ = 0.5343
θ = 28.1°
θ = 208.1°
For t = -0.3743, tan θ = -0.3743
θ = tan-1(0.3743)
θ = 159.5°, 200.5°
 28.1°, 208.1°, 159.5° and 200.5° are the solutions to the above equation

The R- Formula
The R-formula is used to solve equations of the form a cos  b sin   c.
Rcos(θ ± α) = c
Rsin(θ ± α) = c
Where R = a 2  b 2 and   tan 1  ba 
Example I
Solve the equation 3cosθ + 4sinθ = 2 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360°
Solution
R cos(   )  2
R (cos  cos   sin  sin  )  2
R cos  cos   R sin  sin   2
By comparison
R cos  cos   3cos 
R sin  sin   4sin 
 R cos   3 ……………………….. (i)
R sin   4 ……………………….. (ii)

Eqn (ii) ÷ Eqn (1);

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 4
 tan  
3
4
  tan 1  
 3
  53.1
R 2 cos 2   R 2 sin 2   32  42
R 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  25
R5
R cos(   )  2
5cos(  53.1)  2
2
  53.1  cos 1  
 5
θ – 53.1° = 66.4°, 293.6°
θ – 119.5°, 346.7°

Alternatively
3cos θ + 4sin θ = 2
Rcos(θ – α) = 2
R  a 2  b2
 (3) 2  42
5
b
  tan 1  
 
a
4
  tan 1  
3
α = 53.1
5cos(θ – 53.1) = 2
2
cos(θ – 53.1°) =
5
θ – 53.1° = 66.4°, 293.6°
θ = 119.5°, 346.7°

Example II
sin θ + 3 cosθ = 1 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360
Solution
R sin(   )  1
R  (1)2  ( 3)2  2
 3
  tan 1    60
 1 
R sin(θ + α) = 1
2sin(θ + 60°) = 1
1
sin(θ + 60°) =
2

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 θ + 60° = sin(½)
θ + 60° = 30, 150°
θ = -30, 90°
 θ = 90°, and 330°.

Example III
cos θ – 7sin θ = 2 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
Solution
cos θ – 7sin θ = 2
R cos(   )  2
R  12  (7) 2  50
7
  tan 1      81.9
 
1
50 cos(  81.9)  2
2
cos(  81.9) 
50
θ + 81. 9° = 73.6°, 286.4°
θ = -8.3°, 204.5°
 θ = 204.5°, 351.7°

Example IV
Solve: 5sinθ – 12cosθ = 6
Solution
Rsin(θ – α) = 6
R  52  12 2  13
 12 
  tan 1  
 5
  67.4
13sin(θ – 67.4) = 6
6
sin(θ – 67.4) =
13
θ – 67.4° = 27.5°, 152.5°
θ = 94.9°, 219.9°

Example V
Solve cosθ + sinθ = secθ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360°
Solution
1
cos  sin  
cos
cos   sin  cos  1..............................(i)
2

But cos 2θ = 2cos2θ – 1

1
 cos 2   (1  cos 2 )
2
Subsituting for cos2θ and sin θ cos θ in Eqn (i);
sin 2θ = 2sinθ cosθ

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 1
sinθ cos θ = sin2θ
2
1 1
(1  cos 2 )  sin 2  1
2 2
1 1 1
cos 2  sin 2 
2 2 2
cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 1
Rcos(2θ – α) = 1
R  12  12  2
1
  tan 1    45
1
2 cos(2  45)  1
1
cos(2  45) 
2
 1 
2  45  cos 1  
 2
2  45  45, 315, 405
θ = 45°, 180°, 225°

Example VI
Solve the equation 4cosθ sinθ + 15cos 2θ = 10
Solution
4cosθ sinθ + 15cos 2θ = 10
2(2sinθ cosθ) + 15cos2θ = 10
2sin2θ +15cos2θ = 10
R sin(2θ + α) = 10
R  22  152
 229
229 sin(2θ + α) = 10
 15 
  tan 1    82.4
2
229 sin(2θ + 82.4°) = 10
10
sin(2θ + 82.4°) =
229
 10 
2θ + 82.4° = sin 1  
 229 
2θ + 82.4° = 41.4°, 138.6°, 401.4°, 498.4°
θ = 339.5°, 28.1°, 159.5°, 208°

Example VII
Show that 3cosθ + 2sinθ can be written as 13 cos(θ – α). Hence find the minimum and maximum values
of the function, giving the corresponding values of θ from -180° to 180°
Solution
3cosθ + 2sinθ

325
 Rcos(θ – α)
R  a2  b2
R  32  2 2  13
2
  tan 1    33.7
  3
 3cosθ + 2sinθ = R cos(θ – α)
 13 cos(  33.7)
Let y  13 cos(  33.7)
For the maximum value of y, cos(  33.7)  1
 ymax  13
And for minimum value of y, cos(  33.7) = -1
 ymin   13
For ymax cos(θ – 33.7°) = 1,
 θ – 33.7° = cos-1(1)
θ – 33.7° = 0, 360°.
θ = 33.7°
For ymin cos(θ – 33.7°) = -1,
θ – 33.7° = 180°.
θ = 213.7°

Example VII
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following expressions, stating the value of θ for which
they occur (from 0° to 360°)
(g) 8cosθ – 15sinθ
(h) 4sinθ – 3cosθ
(i) sinθ – 6cosθ
(j) cos(θ + 60) – cosθ

Solution
(a) 8cosθ – 15sinθ
R cos(θ – α)
R  82  152  17
 15 
  tan 1    61.9
8
17cos(θ – 61.9°)
Let y = 17cos(θ – 61.9°)
For ymax, cos(θ – 61.9°) = 1
 ymax = 17
θ – 61.9° = cos-1(1)
θ – 61.9° = 0, 360°
θ = 61.9°

For ymin, cos(θ – 61.9) = -1

 ymin = -17
θ – 61.9° = cos-1(-1)
θ – 61.9° = 180°

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 θ = 241.9°

(b) 4sinθ – 3cosθ

R  42  32  5
R sin(θ – α)
5 sin(θ – α)
3
  tan 1    36.9
4
5 sin(θ – 36.9°)
Let y = 5 sin(θ – 36.9°)
ymin = -5
ymax = 5
For ymin, sin(θ – 36.9°) = -1
θ – 36.9° = 270°
θ = 306.9°
For ymax, sin(θ – 36.9°) = 1
θ – 36.9° = 90°
θ = 126.9°

(c) sinθ – 6cosθ

R  12  (6) 2  37
37 sin(θ – α)
6
  tan 1    80.5
1
y = 37 sin(θ – 80.1)
ymax = 37 and it occurs when sin(θ – 80.1) = 1
θ – 80.1° = 90°
θ = 170.5°
ymin =  37 and it occurs when
sin(θ – 80.1) = -1
θ – 80.1° = 270°
θ = 350.5°

(d) cos(θ + 60) – cosθ

= cosθ cos 60 – sinθ sin60 – cosθ
= 1 cosθ - sinθ 3 − cosθ
2 2
1 3
= cos  sin 
2 2
1 3 
y =   cos  sin  
2 2 
y =   R cos(   )
2 2
1  3
R       1
 2  2

327
 y =   cos(   )
  tan 1  3   60
y = -[cos(θ – 60)]
ymin occurs when cos(θ – 60) = 1
θ – 60° = 0, 360
θ = 60°
ymax = 1 and occurs when cos(θ - 60°) = -1
θ – 60° = cos-1(-1)
θ = 240°

Example VIII (UNEB Question)

Solve cos  3 sin  2 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
Solution
cos  3 sin  2
R cos(θ – α) = 2
R  12  ( 3)2  2
2 cos(θ – α) = 2
 
  tan 1 13  60
2 cos(θ – 60°) = 2
cos(θ – 60°) = 1
θ – 60° = cos-1(1)
θ – 60° = 0
θ = 60°


3
60 
Since 180 = π radians,    
180 3

Example IX (UNEB Question)

(a) Express 4cosθ – 5sinθ in the form R cos (θ + β), where R is a constant and β an acute angle.
Determine the maximum value of the expression and the value of θ for which it occurs
(b) Solve the equation 4 cos θ – 5 sin θ = 2.2,
for 00 < θ <3600.
Solution
4cosθ – 5sinθ
Rcos(θ + β)
β = tan 1  54   51.3
R  42  52  41
41 cos(θ + 51.3°)
Let y = 41 cos(θ + 51.3°)
ymax = 41 and it occurs when cos(θ + 51.3°) = 1
θ + 51.3° = 0
θ = -51.3°

328
  θ = 308.7° (00 < θ <3600)
4cosθ – 5sinθ = 2.2
 41 cos(θ + 51.3°) = 2.2
cos(θ + 51.3°) = 2.2
41
θ + 51.3° = 69.9°, 290.1°
θ = 18.6°, 238.8°

Example XI (UNEB Question)

Express y = 8cosx + 6sin x in the form R cos (x –  ) where R is positive and  is acute . Hence find the
1
maximum and minimum values of
8 cos x  6 sin x  15
Solution
8cosx + 6sin x = Rcos(x – α)
8cosx + 6sin x = R cos x cos α + R sin x sin α

By comparison
Rcos α = 8 …............………………… (i)
Rsin α = 6……………............……….(ii)

Eqn (i)2 + Eqn (ii)2;

R2 = 82 + 62 = 100
R = 10
Eqn (ii)  Eqn (i)
6
tan  
8
  36.87 0
Hence 8cosx + 6sinx = 10cos(x − 36.870)
1 1
Now 
8 cos x  6 sin x  5 10 cos  x  36.87   15
Note: For y to be maximum, the denominator must be minimum and for y to be minimum, the
denominator must be maximum.
1
Let m 
10 cos  x  36.87   15
1
M max 
10   1  15
1 1
   0.2
10  15 5
1
M min 
10  1  15
1
  0.04
25
1
The maximum and minimum values of are 0.2 and 0.04 respectively.
8 cos x   sin x  15 

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 Factor Formula
1. sin P + sin Q = 2sin( P 2Q ) cos( P 2Q )
2. sin P − sin Q = 2cos( P 2Q )sin( P 2Q )
3. cos P + cos Q = 2cos( P 2Q ) cos( P 2Q )
4. cos P – cos Q = - 2sin( P2Q )sin( P2Q )

Application of the factor formula

Example 1
Express the following in factors:
(a) sin 7θ + sin 5θ
(b) sin 4x – sin 2x
(c) cos 7x + cos 5x
(d) cos 3A – cos 5A
(e) sin(x + 30) + sin(x – 30)
(f) cos(x + 30) – cos(x – 30)
(g) cos 32 x – cos 2x
1
(h) + cos 2θ
2
(i) 1 + sin 2x
(j) Sin 2(x + 40) + sin 2(x – 40)
Solution
(a) sin 7θ + sin 5θ
From sin P + sin Q = 2sin ( P 2 Q )cos ( P 2 Q )
sin 7θ + sin 5θ = 2sin ( 7 2 5 )cos 7 2 5
= 2 sin 6θ cos θ
(b) sin 4x – sin 2x
From sin P – sin Q = 2cos P 2 Q sin P 2 Q
sin 4x – sin 2x = 2cos 4 x 2 2 x sin 4 x 2 2 x
sin 4x – sin 2x = 2cos 3x sin x
(c) cos 7x + cos 5x
From cos P + cos Q = 2cos ( P 2 Q ) cos ( P 2Q )
 Cos 7x + cos 5x = 2cos ( 7 x 2 5 x ) cos ( 7 x 25 x )
= 2cos 6x cos x
(d) cos 3A – cos 5A
From cos P – cos Q = -2sin P 2 Q sin P 2 Q
cos 3A – cos 5A = -2 sin ( 3 A25 A ) sin ( 3 A25 A )
= -2 sin 4A sin (−A)
= 2 sin 4A sin A
(e) sin(x + 30) + sin(x – 30)
= -2sin ( ( x  30) 2 ( x 30) ) cos ( ( x  30) 2 ( x 30) )
= -2 sin x cos 30
(f) cos(x + 30) – cos(x – 30)

330