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Presentation 2-Insulation Breakdown and Partial Discharge Theory

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28 views30 pages

Presentation 2-Insulation Breakdown and Partial Discharge Theory

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Đỗ Hồng Sơn
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The breakdown theory can be divided into three parts.


The most common one is the breakdown in air.
The other two are only of theoretical interest, often referring to the first one.

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phân biệt, làm cho nổi bật

đồng nhất

The breakdowns in air can be divided into two different mechanisms, depending on the type of the electric field.
A homogeneous field can be regarded as an ideal situation very rarely occurring under test conditions.
trạng thái lý tưởng

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phân tử

1. In a homogenous field the generation of electrons starts at the cathode.


2. The start energy is delivered by photoionization or radiation.
3. In an electric field, the energy of the electron rises, thus the electron speeds up.
4. If the energy of the electron is high enough when hitting a neutral molecule, it splits up into a positive ion and an electron.

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phản ứng dây chuyền

1. This results in a chain reaction, starting at the cathode!


2. If hundreds of electrons reach the opponent electrode a channel is created.
liên tục 3. Consecutive electrons heat the channel up.
4. Thermo ionization is the last state before the breakdown.

That is the mechanism in am homogenous fields or in a week inhomogeneous field.

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In an homogenous field the electric field is constant.
The product of the electric field times the distance is equal to the voltage.

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Any test set up with an inhomogeneous field will create an electric field shown in the lower right corner.
The area below is still equal to the voltage.
In order to lower the electric field on one side of the electrode, the surface has to be changed on the side of the counter
electrode, creating a inhomogeneous field.

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Oxygen O - Atomic number 8
-> 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 electrons

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Breakdown voltage:
A positive tip leads to a higher global electric field, resulting in a lower breakdown voltage.
Thus breakdowns will occur first on a positive tip.

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Cone points, pikes or sharp edges on an insulator as well as a conductor with a minor diameter will lead to PD.
In practice, surface discharges often occur due to rabbles/scratches, rough surfaces, dirt disposal or conductive particles.
trầy nhám

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The next topic is the breakdown in liquids.

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Aging also includes changes in the H2O and gas concentration.

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dk cần

lan rộng

không đều, bất quy tắc

sự hiện diện bong bóng

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Tips and sharp wedges are less critical in liquids because of the higher electric strength (epsilon).
Gas bubbles and areas of gas should be avoided.
The same is true for moisture.
Tangential stress is critical for the insulation e.g. appears in pressboard.
tới hạn

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bên trong

xuất hiện tạm thời dâng, tràn

ko ổn định

Overview about breakdowns taking place in solid materials.

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The manufacturing process is important to guarantee an homogeneous insulation.

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hiện tượng

cấp số mũ

Heating causes higher losses in most materials.


The tan ϑ measures the dissipation losses. The graph shows the rising losses over the temperature.
First the dipole losses lead to an increasing of the tan ϑ.
lưỡng cực

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In the middle of an insulation the heat conduction is worse in comparison to the surrounding areas.

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Unfortunately the conductivity rises with the temperature.
This increases the problem and leads to a growing hot spot in the direction of the electrodes.
The process is accompanied by an increasing of the electric field at the channel ends.
dc thêm vào, cùng với

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kết quả

khuyết điểm

The reasons for the existence of PD are listed on this slide.

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In practice, due to a high electric strength of the insulation, PD starts at a fault.
Often diffusion processes cause voids, being the starting point for PD in the insulation
• Not fully vented resin creates gas bubbles
• Moisture due to reactions in the insulation
• Advancing erosion of the insulation
bóc tấm • Delamination of layers due to mechanic stress and creation of cracks and cleaving
• Voids arise in not fully impregnated layers

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A small air gap is always in front of the needle.
PD does not grow as long as the channel has a high conductivity.
If the conductivity decreases, the PD growth continues.
Creation of space charges in the area of low conductivity.
The aging process is stopped or lowered due to the space charges lowering the electric field strength in front of a failure.
PD in void: Pressure rises by PD activity => breakdown voltage is lowered (Paschen’s curve) => Treeing stops

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Depending on the test voltage, eletrical trees develop differently.
PDs create little tunnels inside of the plastic probe. The PD, a high energy discharge, burns plastic material. What is left behind is
gasous depris, resulting in a higher pressure inside the tunnel. Because of the law of Paschen, the next PD will extend the
tunnel, once the pressure is “back to normal”. Otherwise the next PD will happen somewhere else and might start a new tunnel.
The lower the frequency of the test voltage, the longer the time between the periods and the longer the time for the gasous debris
to expand and to lower the pressure again.
The result can be observed in the pictures above – an electrical tree with 0.1 Hz creates a small number of branches only.
An electrical tree created by a test voltage of 500Hz, shows much more branches – leaving a black spot on the photo.

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