MSE Department – Faculty of Engineering – MSA University

Spring 2024
Course ID: MSE 365
Course Name: Introduction to Mechatronics

Report No.3

Control system

Student Name: Eslam Wael Husien

ID: 223243

Supervisor: Dr. Amgad M. Bayoumy

 Table of contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...3
-What is the system?..........................................................3
-What is the control system?..............................................3
-What are the control theories and algorithms?.................4
History and classifications of control system………………………………………………...5
Examples of control systems, their features, and applications…………………………………
7
References……………………………………………………………………………………10

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 Introduction

The effectiveness and efficiency of control systems are critical to the smooth functioning,
efficient use of resources, and achievement of organizational objectives in the dynamic world
of modern enterprises. Control systems act as the brains of many industries, including
manufacturing, engineering, finance, and others. They coordinate complex processes and
manage outputs to ensure that they meet predetermined standards and goals.

- What is system?

Systems are explored in systems theory and other sciences. They are composed of
interconnected parts that work together to produce a cohesive whole. Systems are shaped by
their surroundings and have boundaries, structure, and a purpose. A system is also a
configuration of components or parts that, when taken as a whole, show behavior or meaning
that the sum of their parts does not. In systems engineering, the terms "parts" and "elements"
are synonymous, however in certain fields, they have different meanings.

1- Components these are the part that make the system up.
2- Interconnection the components of a system are interconnection with each in some
way.
3- Objectives A system exists to achieve a specific objective. This could be to perform
a task, solve a problem, or fulfill a need.
4- Boundary A system boundaries that define what is included within the system and
what lies outside it.
5- Input\Output system typically interact with their environment by receiving inputs
and produce outputs.
6- Feedback\Control Many systems incorporate mechanisms for feedback or control
to regulate their behavior and maintain to achieve the desired outcomes.

- What is control system?

A control system consists of a group of mechanical or electrical parts that are connected by
control loops to regulate other parts or systems. Typically, control systems are computerized.
Control systems are essential to distribution and manufacturing in many industries.
Automation-related technology is critical to these systems. The control loop types that
oversee these operations include distributed control systems, supervisory control systems, and
data acquisition systems, among others.
Furthermore, a control system is a system that oversees, directs, instructs, or controls the
actions of other equipment. These systems are widely used in a variety of industries,
including electronics, automation, and engineering. as depicted in figure 1.
Control system consist of three main components which are input, controller, and output.
1- Input this is the signal that is fed into the system. It could be command, or a sensor
reading.
2- Controller the controller processes the input signals and determines the action to
achieve the desired outcomes.

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3- Output this is the result produced by the control system based on the input and the
controller decision.

- What are the control theories and algorithms?

The fields and methods that lead to an automated decision-making process to improve the
operation of a control system are the focus of control theory. The advancement of control
engineering is closely related to the development of actuator and sensor technologies, as well
as the theoretical approaches to controller design and the numerical methods employed in
real-time computing.
Fundamental ideas in control engineering, which focuses on creating systems that govern or
manage the behavior of other systems to accomplish goals, include control theories and
algorithms. Key control theories and algorithms include the following:

1- Classical control theory

- PID (proportional integral derivative) It is the single control that is frequently
employed in control strategies. Based on the proportional, integral, and derivative
terms of the error between the intended setpoint and the actual output, it modifies the
control effort.
- Root Locus root locus analysis is a graphical method used to analyze the behavior
of a system poles in the s-plane as a function of a parameter.
- Bode Plot It provides a graphical representation of a system frequency response,
showing how the magnitude and phase of the system transfer function vary with
frequency.
2- Modern control theory
- State-space Representation it is a mathematical framework used to describe the
behavior of dynamics systems in terms of state variables, inputs, outputs, and state
equations.
- Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) An optimal control method called LQR control
finds the control inputs that minimize control effort while achieving the required
performance by decreasing a quadratic cost function.
- Kalman Filter It is an optimal estimator used the estimate the state of a dynamic
system from noisy measurements.
These are but a few illustrations of the algorithms and control theories applied to engineering
control. Depending on the particular needs and features of a control challenge, engineers may
use a variety of approaches to accomplish the control objectives.

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 History and classifications of control system

 History of control system

The history of control systems is an interesting one that spans millennia, from simple
mechanical devices to intricate modern systems using computers and sophisticated
algorithms. Here's a brief overview:

1. Ancient control system

The earliest control systems were created in prehistoric times by windmills and water clocks,
which controlled the flow of water or wind for a number of purposes, such as grinding grain
and keeping time.

2. Industrial Revolution

As steam engines developed during the Industrial Revolution, sophisticated control systems
were required to regulate steam pressure and boost efficiency. James Watt's flyball governor
is a well-known early example of a feedback control device used to modify the speed of
steam engines.

3. Analog control system

Before digital computers were developed, control systems were based on analog principles.
During this time, analog controllers were invented, such as proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controllers, which are still widely used today because to their simplicity and efficiency.

4. Digital control system

5. With the introduction of digital computers in the middle of the 20th century, control
systems engineering changed. Digital control systems are more precise, adaptable,
and easier to use than analog control systems. The introduction of digital signal
processors (DSPs) has accelerated the uptake of digital control systems due to their
efficiency and ease of use.
6. Modern control theory

The concepts of state-space representation, optimal control, robust control, and adaptive
control, among others, have greatly advanced modern control theory. These theories provide
powerful tools for the study and design of complex control systems for a variety of industries,
such as aerospace and automotive.

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 7. Embedded system and automation

Automation in industry and domestic appliances now heavily relies on control systems due to
the increasing usage of microcontrollers and embedded systems. Control systems are
essential to the efficient operation of anything from autonomous cars to smart thermostats
because they regulate processes and achieve desired results.

All things considered, the history of control systems is a narrative of ongoing innovation
propelled by the pursuit of increased automation, dependability, and efficiency across various
engineering and technological domains.

 Classification of control system

In electronics, control systems are categorized into multiple types, each with unique features
and uses. They are essential in electronics engineering for ensuring precision, stability, and
optimal performance in a variety of applications as well as for managing dynamic systems.
Understanding their various roles is made easier by being aware of their classifications.

Different criteria can be used to classify control systems in different ways. Following are a
few typical classifications:

1. Based on system dynamics

- Continuous-time control system  This system operates continuously over time as in

figure 2.
- Discrete-time control system This system operates at discrete intervals of time.

2. Based on system response

- Open-loop control system It also called non-feedback systems, function without

thinking about the machine’s output as in figure 3. The controller sends commands to
the system, and the device responds without any feedback mechanism.
- Closed-loop control system Closed-loop manipulate structures, generally known as
feedback control structures, contain Feedback mechanisms to regulate the machine’s
output as in figure 4. The controller continuously checks the output and modifies its
input based wholly on the feedback received.

3. Based on system order

- First-order system systems whose dynamics are described by first-order differential

equation.
- Second-order system systems whose dynamics are described by second-order
differential equation.
- Higher-order system systems whose dynamics are described by higher-order
differential equation.

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 4. Based on system complexity

- Single-input single-output (SISO)it has one input and one output.

- multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)it has multiple input and multiple output.

5. Based on control strategy

- PID this system us a combination of proportional, integral, and derivative action

control.
- Systems with adaptive control These systems modify their structure or parameters
in response to system activity.
- Systems that maximize a given criterion such minimizing error or maximizing
efficiency, are known as optimal control systems.

Examples of control systems, their features, and applications

Here are some examples of various type of control system along with their features:

1. Open-loop control system

a. Features

- direct courting input and output.

- no feedback.
- simple and price powerful.

b. Applications

- Toaster -washing machine -traffic signal control

- Automated assembly lines

c. Advantage d. disadvantage
- simplicity - Lack of flexibility
-Cost-effectively -No error correction
-speed -limited accuracy
- less sensitivity to disturbance

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2. Closed-loop control system

a. Features

- Incorporates a comments mechanism.

- Has feedback - enhance balance and precision.

b. Applications

- Thermostat in heating system - Autopilot in aircraft

- -speed control in vehicle

c. Advantage d. disadvantage
- precision and accuracy. - cost
- Adaptability - Complexity
- error correction - sensor reliability

3. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Control Systems

a. Features

- Continuous-time operates on alerts that adjust constantly.

- Discrete-time structure function signals at discrete intervals.

b. Applications

- Temperature control in HVAC system - Robotics positioning

- water level regulation in tanks

c. Advantage d. disadvantage
- Accurate modeling - Noise sensitivity
- Analog and digital integration - Hardware requirements
- noise immunity - Quantization

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 6. Feedback Control Systems

a. Features

- Utilizes remarks loop for non-stop monitoring

- Adjust the system based totally on measured o\p

b. Applications

- Power grid voltage control - Industrial process control

- Temperature regulation in HVAC system

c. Advantage d. disadvantage
- Continues monitoring - Tuning challenges
- Stability - sensitivity to lag
- improved precision -complexity

Fig.1

Fig.2 Fig.3

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 Fig.4

References

 Tipsuwan, Y., & Chow, M. Y. (2003). Control methodologies in networked control

systems. Control engineering practice, 11(10), 1099-1111.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967066103000364
 Sillitto, H., Martin, J., McKinney, D., Griego, R., Dori, D., Krob, D., ... & Jackson, S.
(2019). Systems engineering and system definitions. Proceedings of the INCOSE,
Biarritz, France, 11-13. https://www.incose.org/docs/default-source/default-
document-library/final_-se-definition.pdf
 Kirvan, P. (2023, March 31). control system. Retrieved from
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/control-system
 Bars, R., Colaneri, P., de Souza, C. E., Dugard, L., Allgöwer, F., Kleimenov, A., &
Scherer, C. (2006). Theory, algorithms and technology in the design of control
systems. Annual Reviews in Control, 30(1), 19-30.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367578806000034
 G. (2024, February 27). Classification of Control Systems. Retrieved from
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classification-of-control-systems/

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