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ENGLISH LECTURE - 04
Part Contents Page
REVIEW TEST 03

01 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

• VERBS 05
• TENSES
• PREFIX AND SUFFIX

02 TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT
• VOCABULARY-4 16
• LIST OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS-4

TM

e d u c a t i o n s t u d y a b r o a d
 REVIEW TEST

Time: 15 mins Score: ___________

Identify one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be
correct. Then circle the letter that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.

1. Water insects have multitudes of little branching tubes within them bodies which are always full of air.
A B C D
2. It was Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain, who discovered Alaska on its voyage to Russia in
A B C D
1741.
3. Coconut oil produces a soap whom will lather in salt water as well as fresh.
A B C D
4. Today we know that the earth is one of nine planets who orbit the sun.
A B C D
5. Every student makes up their own study list of the classes he is going to take at the beginning of
A B C
the quarter.
D

Choose the best answer:

6. Sazid prefers to watch movies ______ make him cry.

a) who b) which c) what d) that
7. I'm very tall, but guess what! Rafid is taller than _____ .
a) Her b) I c) me d) myself
8. The defendant claimed he heard voices that told him ________ he should kill next.
a) who b) which c) whom d) that
9. You may give this money to ____________ you please.
a) who b) whoever c) whom d) whomever
10. I talked to the girl ______car had broken down in front of the shop.
a) that b) whom c) whose d) her
11. Each person in the room turned ____________ head to the front when the teacher entered.
a) his b) their c) those d) theirs
12. Anika and Ezaz often write e-mails to _________ because they're good friends.
a) one another b) each other c) nobody d) each
13. One should not avoid _______ responsibilities.
a) His b) one’s c) her d) their
14. None of Neelim’s students_______ failed in the test.
a) Is b) are c) has d) have
15. No student of Rokeya Hall______ allowed to stay outside the hall after 12 AM.
a) is b) are c) had d) has

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Identify the sentences below as CORRECT (C) OR INCORRECT (I).
1. My cousin, who keeps track of fashion trends, says they are wearing shorter skirts this fall.
2. As always, if an offer sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
3. When little Miss Muffer ate her curds, she was eating something similar to cottage cheese.
4. Maureen uses a memory typewriter-printer, a computer, a laser printer, and a multiple-function
telephone, which has created some confusion.
5. Raisa is using a toothbrush to clean the grout between the bathroom tiles, but it is old.
6. Bees collect nectar and use it as food.
7. Harry and Rich will always remember his birthday celebrations.
8. If the coiled wire inside a regular light bulb were spread out, it would be about two feet long.
9. Sazid's mother wants him to go into nursing, but he doesn't want to become one.
10. Tailors recommend that suit pants for men be just long enough so that their socks don't show
when they walk.

Fill in the following blanks with the right word from the options below.

1. The _____________ of the king in running the country motivated the parliamentarians to usurp the
throne and execute him; hence Oliver Cromwell was named Lord Protector of the realm.
a) compliance b) concurrence c) conviction d) credulity e) complacency
2. The Kenyan myth posits that Barack Obama was born on foreign, rather than American soil; the
claim attracts the fancy of fringe activists despite being _____________ time and again by
Reuters.
a) debunked b) debated c) condoned d) destroyed e) argued
3. The Russian royal family was executed by the Red Army in 1917 and buried near an old mine;
witness claims were _____________ by the discovery of human remains at the site upon the
dissolution of the Soviet Union.
a) converged b) corroborated c) discounted d) contracted e) contended
4. Freddie Mercury was one of the most vibrant personalities of the last century; in late life, however,
his charisma was diminished by the _____________ effects of AIDS.
a) enhancing b) debilitating c) culpable d) complementary e) cryptic
5. The _____________ that light propagates through an invisible medium called ether was widely
held to be true; it was, however, decisively disproved by Michelson and Morley in a celebrated
experiment.
a) theory b) conjecture c) deference d) dogma e) belief

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 PART I: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

VERBS

SENTENCE CONTAINS A VERB

The verb may consist of a single word, or it can be a compound verb consisting of a main verb and
one or more auxiliary words (Aux-words).
(A) A verb can indicate a state of being (what the subject is) or location.
Betty is intelligent. R obin and Donald are doctors. Mickey is at work.
(B) A verb can indicate what the subject is like or becomes.
That child seems frightened. The book had become obsolete.
(C) A verb can indicate an action (what the subject is doing).
The students will finish in time My neighbor has bought a new car. Down with the king!

ITEMS INVOLVING VERB PROBLEMS

The answer choices for this type of problem are all or almost all different forms of the same verb. From
the context of the sentence stem, you‘ll have to decide which form works best in the sentence.
Distracters are generally incorrect for one of these reasons: subject-verb agreement, unnecessary
element before verb, active/passive voice, transitive/intransitive verbs, infinitive / gerund / participle
treated as main verb, tense errors and others.

In subject-verb agreement errors, the verb does not agree with its subject. Singular subjects require
singular verbs; plural subjects require plural verbs.

There can also be errors due to an unnecessary element coming before the verb. Personal
pronouns (he, she, it), relative pronouns (who, which, that, and so on), or conjunctions (and, but, and
so on) may be used unnecessarily before verbs in some sentences.

VERB – TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Use the following rule to form the simple present tense.
subject + present form of the verb + …

The most interesting thing about simple present tense is that this tense is NOT used to indicate
present time. Generally, this tense is used in the following three cases:
1. Simple present is used to indicate present time (now) with the following stative verbs. The verbs
listed in the following list are almost never used in the present or past progressive (continuous),
although it is possible in some cases.

know believe hear see smell wish

understand hate love like want sound
have need appear seem taste own

The coffee tastes delicious.

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2. Simple present is used to indicate a regular or habitual action.
Symun walks to school everyday.

3. Simple present is also uses to indicate a universal truth.

Our teacher told us last class that the earth revolves around the sun.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE

Use the following rule to form the present progressive tense.
subject + (am/is/are) + [verb + ing] + …

The present progressive is used in the following two cases.

1. The present progressive is used to indicate present time (now) with all but stative verbs listed
previously.
Shila is eating dinner now.

2. It is also used to indicate future time.

We are leaving for the movie at seven o’clock.
(It is not seven o’clock now and we haven’t left for the movie yet.)

Exercise 1: Choose either the simple present or the present progressive form for the verbs in
parentheses.
1. Most of the people in Korea (play) a sport.
2. He (understand) everything the teachers says.
3. When the party (end), we'll all go home by bus.
4. His sister (go) to work by train every day.
5. The boss (need) more time to work on project right now.
6. Her father (wear) his winter coat today.
7. That old sweater (look) new.
8. I'll wait for you until the movie (begin).
9. Most students (make) career plans before they graduate.
10. The students in my class this semester (make) a lot of progress in learning English.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the verb from parentheses.

1. This food (is smelling / smells) delicious.
2. He (is going / goes) to the gym every week.
3. Right now Tony (is washing / washes) his car.
4. Laurie always (goes / is going) to work at seven.
5. He usually (phones / is phoning) in the evening.
6. We (go / are going) to the movies at six tonight.
7. It may sound strange but I (believe / am believing) his story.
8. I (remember / am remembering) my first day at school.

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Use the following rule to form the present perfect tense.
subject + (has/have) + [verb in past participle] + …

The present perfect is used to indicate the following three actions:

1. An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.
Tyrion has traveled around the world.
(We don’t know exactly when.)
2. An action that happened more than once in the past.
Joey has watched this movie three times.
3. An action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present.
Kramer has lived in the same house for twenty years.
(He still lives there.)
OR
Kramer has lived in the same house since 1997.
(He still lives there.)

since 1997 for 20 years 2017 (now)

YET / ALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasn’t happened)
at an unspecified time in the past. These adverbs are often usd with the present perfect tense.

Already – affirmative sentences

Yet – negative sentences and questions

NOTE: Already usually appears between the auxiliary and the main verb; however, it can appear at
the beginning or end of the sentence. Yet appears at the end of the sentence.
subject + (has/have) + already + [verb in past participle] + …

Subject + (has/have) + not + [verb in past participle] + … + yet …

Examples of yet and already:

We have already written our reports.
We haven’t written our reports yet.

NOTE: Another option with the use of yet is sometimes possible. In this case, the verb is positive and
the adverb yet does not appear at the end of the sentence.
subject + (has/have) + yet + [verb in infinitive] + …

We have yet to write our reports.

= We haven’t written our reports yet.
This use of yet should not be confused with the coordinating conjunction yet, which means but.
I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer.

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE
Use the following rule to form the present perfect progressive tense.
subject + (has/have) + been + [verb + ing ] + …

The present perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that began in the past and is still
occurring in the present (present perfect rules, third item).
Marium has been living in the same house for twenty years.
= Marium has lived in the same house for twenty years.

FOR / SINCE
Use for + duration of time
for five hours, for thirty years, for ten minutes
Use since + beginning time
Since 1997, since five o’clock, since January

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Use the following rule to form the simple past tense.
subject + past form of the verb + …

The simple past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. The
italicized words in the previous sentence are important because they show that simple past is not the
same as past progressive or present perfect.
Shahnila went to Sylhet last year.
Tarique bought a new bicycle yesterday.

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE

Use the following rule to form the past progressive tense.
subject + (has/have) + been + [verb + ing ] + …

The past progressive is used to indicate the following three actions:

1. An action that was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action. In this case, the
general rule is:

when + subject1 + simple past tense + subject2 + past progressive

OR
subject1 + past progressive + when + subject2 + simple past tense

When Redoy came home, Shaila was watching television.

OR
Shaila was watching television when Redoy came home.

2. Two actions occurring at the same time in the past. In this case, the following rules usually apply.

subject1 + past progressive + while + subject2 + past progressive …

OR
while + subject1 + past progressive + subject2 + past progressive …

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Jon was watching television while Sam was reading a book.
OR
While Sam was reading a book, Jon was watching television.

NOTE: The following construction is also possible, but it is not as common as the preceding two.
while + subject1 + past progressive + subject2 + simple past …

While Jon was watching television, Sam read a book.

3. An action that was occurring at some specific time in the past.

Jon was watching television at seven o’clock last night.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct form of the verb from parentheses.

1. At three o'clock in the morning Mary (was reading / read).
2. I (was calling / called) Linda at ten last night.
3. While I (watched / was watching) TV, I heard a strange noise.
4. When Nabil (arrived / was arriving) everyone was eating.
5. While I was studying, my roommate (listened / was listening) to the radio.
6. Mahin (bought / was buying) a new car last month.
7. When I heard the knock on the door, I (opened / was opening) it.
8. He (went / was going) to the library when he suddenly met her pass by.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Use the following rule to form the past perfect tense.
Subject + had + [verb in past participle] + …

The past perfect tense is used in the following two cases:

1. An action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two actions in the
sentence.
Tom had gone to the store before he went home.
1st action 2nd action
Stephen told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1970.
2nd action 1st action

past perfect simple past now

1st action 2nd action

The past perfect is usually used with before, after, or when. Study the following formulas.

subject + past perfect + before + subject + simple past tense

Tom had gone to the store before he went home.

subject + simple past tense + after + subject + past perfect

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Tom went home after he had gone to the store.

before + subject + simple past tense + subject + past perfect

Before Tom went home, he had gone to the store.

after + subject + past perfect + subject + simple past tense

After Tom had gone to the store, he went home.

NOTE: The adverb when can be used in place of before or after in any of these four formulas without
any changes in meaning. We still know which action happened first because of the use of past perfect.

2. A state that continued for a time in the past, but stooped before now. Note that there is no
connection with the present.
Adiba had lived in Sylhet for ten years before she moved to Dhaka.

ten years moved now

Exercise 4: Select either the past simple or the past perfect form for the verbs in parentheses.
1. She (feel) sick after she (eat) a whole box of chocolates.
2. After the doctor (examine) the child he (have) a talk with the mother.
3. When I (call) on my friend, he (go) out.
4. Samara (finish) her homework when her father (come) home from his office.
5. I (throw) away the newspaper after I (read) it.
6. After she (spend) all her money she (ask) her father to help her.
7. The teacher (give) back the exercise books after he (correct) them.
8. The sun (rise) when the farmer (start) work.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE

Use the following rule to form the past perfect progressive tense.
Subject + had + been + [verb + ing] + …

The past perfect progressive tense is used to indicate a state that continued for a time in the past, but
stooped before now. Note that there is no connection with the present. This concept is also conveyed
by the past perfect tense.
Saba had been living in Sylhet for ten years before she moved to Dhaka.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Use the following rule to form the simple future tense.
Subject + shall/will + present form of the verb + …

The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty.
Jim will leave for the movie at seven o’clock tonight.

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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE
Use the following rule to form the future progressive tense.
Subject + shall/will + be + [verb + ing] + …

The future progressive refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later
than now. The future progressive is used for the following two purposes.
1. The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future.
This time next week I will be sunbathing in Bali.
By Christmas, I will be skiing like a pro.
2. The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.
Ted will be coming to the party, I hope.
You will be missing the rain once you leave Bangladesh.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Use the following rule to form the future perfect tense.
Subject + shall/will + have + [verb in past participle] + …

The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are
projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some
time later than now. It is most often used with a time expression.
By the time you receive my letter, I will have left for Sylhet.
Ella will have reached Dhaka by five o’clock tomorrow.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE

Use the following rule to form the future perfect progressive tense.
Subject + shall/will + have + been + [verb + ing] + …

Like the future perfect, this form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers
to events or actions in a time between now and some future time. It is most often used with a time
expression.
By 2018, Anny will have been living in Dhaka for ten years.
Next year Junayed will have been teaching at Mentors’ for two years.

Exercise 5: Use correct future tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1. I (finish) my homework by the time I go out.
2. When my brother (arrive) we will have a party.
3. At this time next year he (live) in Hawaii.
4. As soon as it stops raining we (leave).
5. By the time you come, he (study) for two hours.
6. Arefin (buy) a house next year.
7. He (come) late.
8. They (play) for three hours by the time we have dinner.

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TENSE MATRIX
Present Past Future

Simple  Stative verbs  A completed action at a  Facts or certainty

The flower smells nice. specific time in the past I will leave for the
 Regular or habitual I watched Avatar last movie after one
action month. hour.
Meraj wakes up early
in the morning.
 Universal truth
Man is mortal.
Progressive  Present time  One action was  Projecting
Parsa is talking to her happening in the past ourselves into the
friend now. when another action future
 Future time interrupted the first action. This time
Parsa is coming to my The interrupted action tomorrow I will be
place tomorrow. takes the past watching Avatar.
progressive.  Predicting about
I was watching Avatar future events
when Parsa called me. Parsa will be
 Two actions happening at watching Avatar
the same time in the past. with me, I guess.
I was watching Avatar
while Parsa was studying.
 An action happening at a
specific time in the past.
I was watching Avatar at
seven o’clock last
evening.

Perfect  An action at an  Two actions happened in  A completed

indefinite time in the the past, one after action in the
past another. The first action future.
I have watched Avatar. takes the past perfect and By the time you
 Repeated action in the the second takes the come to my
past simple past. house tomorrow, I
I have watched Avatar I had finished watching will have finished
five times. Avatar before Parsa watching Avatar.
 Action started in the called me.
past and continuing in  An action that continued
the present for some time in the past
I have studied for but stopped before now
tomorrow’s exam since Sharif had watched
5 o’clock. Avatar for 1 hour before
he turned off the
television.

Perfect  Action started in the  Just like the second rule  Just like the future
Progressive past and continuing in of the past perfect perfect
the present Sharif had been watching By next year,
I have been studying Avatar for 1 hour before Sharif will have
for tomorrow’s exam he turned off the been living in
since 5 o’clock. television. Dhaka for 10
years.

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Exercise 6: Most of the sentences contain one mistake. Write CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT (I).
Correct mistakes.
1. The coffee is smelling wonderful.
2. Last year we visited the States.
3. The ship sank because the engineer wasn't calling for help until it was already sinking.
4. The reason I get fat is that I'm always tasting things while I'm cooking.
5. How is Jennifer? Does her health improve?
6. You're quite right. I'm completely agreeing with you.
7. What did you do after you left school?
8. Now I understand what you're trying to say!
9. I can't imagine why you were believing all those rumors.

10. Rocky looked forward to a peaceful weekend, when his brother arrived with all his friends from
the football club.
11. Fairuz heard the result of the election as he was driving to work, so he called me when he got
there.
12. Oh, I'm sorry, I've spilt some tea. Where are you keeping the paper towels?

PREFIX
inter-
The prefix inter- means “between.”

Examples Meanings
The new interstate highway is wonderful. The new highway between two or more states is
wonderful.
His major is really interdisciplinary. His major is between two or more disciplines.
Larry tried to talk to Heidi during the Larry tried to talk to Heidi during the period
intermission. between acts.
The interlineal comments were difficult to The comments written between the lines were
decipher. difficult to decipher.

intro-
The prefix intro- means “into.”

Examples Meanings
The chemical was introduced to the solution The chemical was placed into the solution
through a tube. through a tube.
She is suffering because she is very introverted. She is suffering because she is not outgoing (not
extroverted); she focuses her attention into
herself rather than onto other people.

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per-
The prefix per- means “through.”

Examples Meanings
The substance can permeate only this type of The substance can pass through only this type
blotting paper. of blotting paper.
This is a perennial process. This is a process that lasts through the year.
The pieces of broken glass perforated the The pieces of broken glass passed through the
canvas. canvas.
He persisted in attempting to convince his He followed through in attempting to convince
employers to use more technology and fewer his employers to use more technology and fewer
people. people.

post-
The prefix post- means “after.”

Examples Meanings
This postwar era brought the realization that the The era after the war brought the realization that
victory was not as meaningful as previously the victory was not as meaningful as previously
believed. believed.
Maria postponed the party. Maria rescheduled the party after the originally
scheduled time.
It’s not proper to add a postscript in this type of It’s not proper to add a short paragraph after the
letter. body of this type of letter.
George and Helen signed a postnuptial George and Helen signed an agreement after
agreement. they were married.

pre-
The prefix pre- means “before” or “prior.”.

Examples Meanings
She says that she had a premonition that he She says that she had a prior warning that he
was not going to arrive today. was not going to arrive today.

Harry and Mary signed a prenuptial agreement. Harry and Mary signed an agreement before
they were married.
The students took a pretest the first day of the The students took a test before the course to
course. determine their knowledge at that time.
The doctors hope that with this vaccine, they’ll The doctors hope that with this vaccine, they’ll
be able to prevent her from getting the disease be able to take prior action to avoid her getting
her mother has. the disease that her mother has.
Bob read the preview but not the actual Bob read the short description before the
homework that he was assigned. chapter but not the actual homework that he was
assigned.

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SUFFIX
Adjective Endings
The following endings normally indicate that the word is an adjective: -less, -ful, -al, -ous, -ious,
-eous, -ed, -en (past participle), -ive, -able, and -ible.
You normally add all the previous suffixes to nouns, except -able, -ible, and -ive, which you add to
verbs.

Root Suffix Verb

Hope -less Hopeless
Thoughtless
Hope -ful Hopeful
Thoughtful
Origin -al Original
Functional
Danger -ous Dangerous
Labor -ious Laborious
Gas -eous Gaseous
Cook -ed Cooked
Beat -en Beaten
Attract -ive Attractive
Aggressive
Agree -able Agreeable
Digest -ible Digestible

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 PART – II: TAKE-HOME EXERCISE

Use the present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect or the past perfect
continuous tense of the verbs given in the parentheses.
1. She (study) since six o'clock this morning.
2. Helen (leave) by the time we arrived.
3. John (be) to Italy.
4. The teacher returned the papers we (prepare) for her.
5. I (know) him for many years.
6. He (work) there for six years when he decided to quit.
7. She (make) ten long-distance telephone calls this morning.
8. David (write) letters all morning.

Choose the simple or progressive form of the verb.

1. Sara always (buys / is buying) a lot of clothes.
2. He (looked / was looking) at the picture when we saw him.
3. Somebody (was breaking / broke) two windows last night.
4. He (thought / was thinking) about his mother when the door opened.
5. The President (thought / was thinking) that the war should stop.
6. How long is it since you (were buying / bought) that coat?
7. Shut up, Morty! You (are / are being) very noisy today!
8. I can't remember all the film, but I'm sure I must (have seen / have been seen) it before.
9. I'll give you a ring when I'm in Paris. Where (will you stay / will you be staying)?
10. I don't know where Henry is. He should (have arrived / have been arriving) long before this.

Write the form of the verb specified in parentheses.

1. Before Mr. Kaufman's fourth child was born he (buy / past perfect) a heavy-duty clothes washer.
2. Unfortunately, Adam (forget/ past perfect) to attend his memory skills seminar.
3. By this time tomorrow, Tim (drive / future perfect) across four states.
4. Ira showed me the rubber snake he (win / past perfect) at the state fair.
5. Scientists (measure / present perfect) winds of more than 150 miles an hour during severe
thunderstorms.
6. Over the summer Raisa (leam / past perfect) to dance the rumba, the tango, and the lambada.
7. By Tuesday I (spend / future perfect) my whole pay check.
8. Arthur (take / present perfect) four days off this week in order to participate in a croquet
tournament.
9. By next year Eloise and Isaac (build / future perfect) their own log cabin.
10. Carmel's mathematics professor (inspire / present perfect) her to become a math major.

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 Vocabulary Section

LIST OF VOCABULARY - 4

deleterious ADJ. harmful. If you believe that detached ADJ. emotionally removed; calm
smoking is deleterious to your health (and the and objective; physically unconnected. A
Surgeon General certainly does), then quit! psychoanalyst must maintain a detached point
of view and stay uninvolved with his or her
delineate V. portray; depict; sketch. Using only
patients’ personal lives. To a child growing up
a few descriptive phrases, Austen delineates
in an apartment or a row house, to live in a
the character of Mr. Collins so well that we can
detached house was an unattainable dream.
predict his every move. delineation, N.
deterrent N. something that discourages;
denounce V. condemn; criticize. The reform
hindrance. Does the threat of capital
candidate denounced the corrupt city officers
punishment serve as a deterrent to potential
for having betrayed the public’s trust.
killers? deter, V.
denunciation, N.
detrimental ADJ. harmful; damaging. The
deplore V. regret; disapprove of. Although I
candidate’s acceptance of major financial
deplore the vulgarity of your language, I
contributions from a well-known racist
defend your right to express yourself freely.
ultimately proved detrimental to his campaign,
depose V. dethrone; remove from office. The for he lost the backing of many of his early
army attempted to depose the king and set up grassroots supporters. detriment, N.
a military government.
devious ADJ. roundabout; erratic; not
deposition N. testimony under oath. He made straightforward. The Joker’s plan was so
his deposition in the judge’s chamber. devious that it was only with great difficulty we
depravity N. extreme corruption; wickedness. could follow its shifts and dodges.
The depravity of Caligula’s behavior came to devise V. think up; invent; plan. How clever he
sicken even those who had willingly must be to have devised such a devious plan!
participated in his earlier, comparatively What ingenious inventions might he have
innocent orgies. devised if he had turned his mind to science
deride V. ridicule; make fun of. The critics and not to crime.
derided his pretentious dialogue and refused to diffidence N. shyness. You must overcome
consider his play seriously. derision, N. your diffidence if you intend to become a
derivative ADJ. unoriginal; derived from salesperson.
another source. Although her early poetry was diffuse ADJ. wordy; rambling; spread out (like
clearly derivative in nature, the critics thought a gas). If you pay authors by the word, you
she had promise and eventually would find her tempt them to produce diffuse manuscripts
own voice. rather than brief ones. diffusion, N.
desiccate V. dry up. A tour of this digression N. wandering away from the
smokehouse will give you an idea of how the subject. Nobody minded when Professor
pioneers used to desiccate food in order to Renoir’s lectures wandered away from their
preserve it. official theme; his digressions were always
despondent ADJ. depressed; gloomy. To the more fascinating than the topic of the day.
dismay of his parents, William became digress, V.
seriously despondent after he broke up with
Jan; they despaired of finding a cure for his
gloom. despondency, N.

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diminution N. lessening; reduction in size. Old disperse V. scatter. The police fired tear gas
Jack was as sharp at eighty as he had been at into the crowd to disperse the protesters.
fifty; increasing age led to no diminution of his dispersion, N.
mental acuity.
disputatious ADJ. argumentative; fond of
discerning ADJ. mentally quick and arguing. Convinced he knew more than his
observant; having insight. Though no genius, lawyers, Alan was a disputatious client, ready
the star was sufficiently discerning to tell her to argue about the best way to conduct the
true friends from the countless phonies who case. disputant, N.
flattered her.
disseminate V. distribute; spread; scatter (like
disclose V. reveal. Although competitors seeds). By their use of the Internet,
offered him bribes, he refused to disclose any propagandists have been able to disseminate
information about his company’s forthcoming their pet doctrines to new audiences around
product. disclosure, N. the globe.
discordant ADJ. not harmonious; conflicting. dissent V. disagree. In the recent Supreme
Nothing is quite so discordant as the sound of Court decision, Justice O’Connor dissented
a junior high school orchestra tuning up. from the majority opinion. also N.
discount V. disregard; dismiss. Be prepared distill V. extract the essence; purify; refine. A
to discount what he has to say about his ex- moonshiner distills mash into whiskey; an
wife. epigrammatist distills thoughts into quips.
discourse N. formal discussion; conversation. divergent ADJ. differing; deviating. Since
The young Plato was drawn to the Agora to graduating from medical school, the two
hear the philosophical discourse of Socrates doctors have taken divergent paths, one going
and his followers. also V. on to become a nationally prominent surgeon,
the other dedicating himself to a small family
discrepancy N. lack of consistency;
practice in his home town. divergence, N.
difference. The police noticed some
discrepancies in his description of the crime doctrine N. teachings, in general; particular
and did not believe him. principle (religious, legal, etc.) taught. He was
so committed to the doctrines of his faith that
disdain V. view with scorn or contempt. In the
he was unable to evaluate them impartially.
film Funny Face, the bookish heroine
disdained fashion models for their lack of dogmatic ADJ. opinionated; arbitrary;
intellectual interests. also N. doctrinal. We tried to discourage Doug from
being so dogmatic, but never could convince
disinclination N. unwillingness. Some
him that his opinions might be wrong.
mornings I feel a great disinclination to get out
of bed. dubious ADJ. questionable; filled with doubt.
Many critics of the SAT contend the test is of
dismiss V. put away from consideration;
dubious worth. Jay claimed he could get a
reject. Believing in John’s love for her, she
perfect 2400 on the new SAT, but Ellen was
dismissed the notion that he might be
dubious: she knew he hadn’t cracked a book
unfaithful. (secondary meaning)
in three years.
disparity N. difference; condition of
inequality.Their disparity in rank made no
difference at all to the prince and Cinderella.

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 LIST OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS - 4

 Lay off Put out of work

 Learn the ropes Become familiar with; get used to; get the hang of
 Leave out Not include; omit
 Leave someone/something alone Not disturb
 Let someone down Disappoint
 Let up Decline in intensity (rain, for example)
 Look after Take care of; mind
 Look for Try to locate
 Look forward to Anticipate (with pleasure)
 Look into Investigate
 Look like Resemble
 Look out (for) Examine; read
 Look over Examine; read
 Look up (1) find information (especially in a reference book);
(2) try to locate someone

 Look up to Respect; admire

 Make ends meet Balance a budget
 Make a fool of oneself Act embarrassingly
 Make a point of Make a special effort
 Make sense (of) Be logical and clear; understand
 Make up Invent, create
 Make up one’s mind Decide
 Make way for Allow space for; provide a path for
 Mean to Intend to
 Mixed up Confused
 Music to one’s cars Something that sounds pleasant
 Next to nothing Very little (money, for example); cheap
 No doubt about it Certainly; definitely
 No harm done There was no damage done
 Not at all Not in any way; not to any degree
 Not believe one’s cars (or eyes) Be unable to believe what one hears (or sees)
 Not think much of Not like; not have a good opinion of

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