Lesson 1.

The Evolving Concept of

Life
Objectives enumerate theories that
1 explain how life emerged
At the end of on Earth; and
this lesson,
you should explain how life formed
be able to: 2 and evolved.
 Learn about it!

Life Science
● This is a collection of
disciplines that is made up of
theories and principles that
tackle the structure and
function of living thing starting
from the molecular level up to
the entire ecosystem.
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Life Science or Biological Science

● This field advances our

knowledge about the
anatomy, cell biology,
molecular biology and
physiology of all living
thing on Earth.
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Branches of Life Science

Zoology Botany Microbiology

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7 Characteristics of Organisms
• Organisms belonging to different kind share the following
characteristics that allow us to identify that they are living:
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1. Made of Cells
● All organisms are made of cells which are the basic units of life.
How can you identify
an organism as a
living organism?
Learn about it!

Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Type of Organism based on cell structure

● Any cell or organism that ● Any cell or organism that
posses a clearly defined lacks a distinctive
nucleus. nucleus and other
● Contains organelles. organelles due to the
● Animal, plant, fungi & absence of internal
protists. membrane..
● May be unicellular or ● Bacteria and archea
multicellular. ● unicellular
Eukaryote Prokaryote
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2. Growth and Development

● Growth is an increase in size, development is the differentiation of
cells for specialization.
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3. Capable of Reproduction
● Reproduction refers to the creation of offspring.

Sperm and egg cell

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Types of Reproduction
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4. Exhibit Metabolism
● Metabolism refers to the total chemical reactions in an organism
that allow it to function properly.
Learn about it!
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5. Response to Environment
● Living things respond to changes around them to survive.
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6. Maintain Homeostasis
● Homeostasis is the body’s state of equilibrium.
 Learn about it!

Characteristics of Organisms
1. Made up of cells.
2. Growth and Development
3. Capable of Reproduction
4. Exhibit Methabolism
5. Response to Environmetn
6. Maintain Homeothasis
 Let’s Think!

Activity 1: Is it or Is it Not?
● In a your orange filler notes, write a 2 paragraph essay
answering the questions:

Is a Virus considered a living organism?

● To be submitted on October 8 (Tuesday).
Have you been curious of when and where did life
possible start on Earth?

There are several theories as to how life on Earth

began.
 Learn about it!

Special Creation Theory

● Many people believe that
everything in this world was
created by a supreme
being. Is evident through
the existence of different
creation theories across
different culture.
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Theory of Spontaneous Generation

● described that life comes
from lifeless or non-
living material through a
mysterious process.

Spontaneous generation
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Anaximander
● The theory is assumed to be
popularize by him.

Aristotle
● Explained in this book The History
of Animals, that some organisms
appeared from inanimate object
spontaneously.
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Francesco Redi (1668)

● Challenged the
idea by using the
concept that
maggots came
from rotting meat.
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John Needham (1745)

● Conducted an
experiment on boiled
broth to support
spontaneous
generation theory.
 Learn about it!

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1768)

● Modified Needham’s
experiment by excluding
the possibility of
contamination factor prior
sealing the bottle after
boiling.
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Louis Pasteur (1859)

● Made an experiment
to disprove
spontaneous
generation theory.
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Theory of Panspermia
● Proposed by Fred Hoyle.
● This states that life on
Earth was seeded from a
celestial source.
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Primordial Soup Theory

● Proposed by Alexander Oparin and John Haldance.
● According to this theory, life started in a primordial soup of
organic molecules.
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Primordial Soup Theory

1. The surface of Earth was very hot, There were lots of volcanoes
that erupted frequently and spewed gases.
2. Gases in the early atmosphere are expose to high voltage from
lighting, radioactive materials and high ultraviolet radiation.
3. Because of exposure to high energy particles the molecules
reacted, forming larger complex molecules.
 Learn about it!

Primordial Soup Theory

4. Temperature cool down, the water vapour condense forming
fogs and clouds.
5. Droplets fell to Earth’s surface and gradually formed more highly
concentrated molecular pools in ponds and cracks.
6. From the primitive soup bowl all building blocks of life were
assumed to have condensed to form life on Earth.
Lesson 15.2

Classical Experiments That

Led to the Discovery of First
Life
 enumerate classical
experiments that explain
Objectives 1 early life formation on
Earth; and
At the end of
this lesson,
students describe how these
should be classical experiments
2 proved the formation of
able to:
early life forms.
 Several scientists conducted different
experiments that modeled conditions which may
have enabled the first life forms to evolve.
 Learn about it!

Electrical Discharge
Experiment
● This experiment is by
Miller and Urey.
○ Stanley Miller was a
chemist, while Harold
Urey was a physical
chemist.
Stanley Miller Harold Urey
(1930-2007) (1983-1981)
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Miller and Urey’s Experiment

• They were able to prove the
formation of amino acids and
carbohydrates from the
mixture of organic
substances.
• The purpose was to explore
the conditions of the early
Earth.
Miller and Urey’s setup
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Thermal Synthesis
Experiment
● Sidney W. Fox demonstrated the
origin of life in his experiment
using a specific mixture of pure,
dry amino acids.

Sidney W. Fox (1912-1998)

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Fox’s Experiment
• After heating the mixture,
an aqueous solution was
formed and cooled into
microscopic globules called
proteinoid microspheres.

Proteinoid microspheres
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Fox’s Experiment
• The structures seemed to be
budding, which is a form of
reproduction seen in some
microorganisms.

• protocells — spherical
materials that looked like
cells, and even multiplied
through division like true Proteinoid microspheres
cells.
 Learn about it!

The Protocell Experiment

● Jack Szostak built lipid sacs made in
fatty acids and a replicase — an RNA
molecule that catalyzes its own
replication in a test tube.

Jack Szostak
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Stostak’s Experiment
• The lipid sacs with more RNA grew faster. This suggested that
the early forms of life with just a single gene which is an RNA
gene.

Protocell growth and replication

Lesson 15.3

Early Forms of Life

Objectives 1
identify early life forms on
Earth; and
At the end of
this lesson, describe the course of
students 2 evolution for these
should be organisms.
able to:
Learn about it!

Evidence of Early Life

The Earth was formed for about 4.5 billion years ago
while the first life form emerged 3.7 billion years ago.

Stromatolites
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The Timeline of Life

Notable events:

• 3.5 bya: photosynthetic organisms

• 1.85 bya: eukaryotes

• 525 mya: Cambrian explosion

The timeline of life

Some early life forms still exist today, or have
descendants still seen today.
 Learn about it!

Cyanobacteria
• Cyanobacteria or the blue
green algae are prokaryotic
organisms that lack nuclei in
their cells.

• They are photosynthetic.

Cyanobacteria bloom
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Red Algae
• The first multicellular
organisms are thought to
be red algae that appeared
1.2 billion years ago.

Red algae
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Trilobites
• These are ancient
arthropods, and are now
extinct.

• Trilobites were the

dominant species during
the Cambrian.

Trilobite illustration
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Anomalocaris
• One of the most dominant
animals of the Cambrian
Period is the giant
Anomalocaris.

• These organisms reached

up to 6 feet in length.

A replica of the Anomalocaris.

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Plants
• 450 mya, plants began to
thrive on land.

• 430 mya, vascular plants

appeared.

• 300 mya, conifers

appeared.
Fern frond with spores
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Land Animals
• The most ancient
terrestrial vertebrates
were the walking fish.
• 400 mya, the first
tetrapods appeared.

Acanthostega
Lesson 15.4

Connections and
Interactions Among Living
Things
 describe how living
Objectives 1 organisms are connected in
an ecosystem; and
At the end of
this lesson, enumerate different kinds
students
should be
2 of interactions between
these organisms.
able to:
 Learn about it!

Ecosystems
● An ecosystem is
consist of biotic
and abiotic factors
in the
environment.

Relationships within an ecosystem

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Food Chains
● A food chain represents how energy is transferred across a
series of organisms in the form of food.

Food chain
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Food Sources

Autotrophs Heterotrophs
are also known as are also known as
producers since they can consumers since they
make their own food. consume other organisms
for food.
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Trophic Levels
● Organisms are
classified based
on their
hierarchy in the
food chain.

Trophic levels
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Food Web
● These are made up of
multiple food chains
linked together.

A food web
 Each organisms interact with one another to
survive in an ecosystem. This kind of interaction is
called Symbiosis. There are different types of
symbiotic relationships.
Learn about it!

Commensalism
is a form of symbiotic relationship wherein an organism of
a species benefits without affecting the other organism of
a different species.

Orchids and Trees Sharks and Remora Fish

Learn about it!

Mutualism
is a symbiosis where two organisms from different species
benefit from each other.

Bee and Flowers Clownfish and Sea Anemone

Learn about it!

Competition
is a symbiosis where two or more organisms fight for
the same source of food.

Interspecific Competition Intraspecific Competition

Learn about it!

Predatory
is a relationship of organism where in one organism
is hunt down to be a source of food for the other.

Bear and Fish Tiger and Deer

Learn about it!

Parasitism
is an interaction where one organism of a certain species
harms an organism of another species to benefit from the
relationship.

Dogs and Tick Humans and Tapeworm