Notespad

1. P.K. Indukala, U.G. Gosh, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, "IoT-Driven Microseismic Sensing
System and Monitoring Platform for Landslide Detection," IEEE, 2024.
2. Luca Piciullo, Vittoria Capobianco, Håkon Heyerdahl, "A first step towards an IoT-based local
early warning system for an unsaturated slope in Norway," Natural Hazards, 114:3377–3407,
2022. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-022-05524-3.
3. Ankita Saldhi, Subrat Kar, "Development of an Automated Monitoring and Warning System
for Landslide Prone Sites," Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.
4. Michele Calvello et al., "LandAware: A new international network on Landslide Early
Warning Systems."
5. Prapti Giri, Kam Ng, William Phillips, "Wireless Sensor Network System for Landslide
Monitoring and Warning," IEEE, Apr 2019.
6. T. Hemalatha, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, Venkat P. Rangan, "Effective and Accelerated
Forewarning of Landslides Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine Learning," Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham.
7. Filippo Catani, "Landslide detection by deep learning of non-nadiral and crowdsourced
optical images."
8. "Low-Cost Sensor-Based and LoRaWAN Opportunities for Landslide Monitoring Systems on
IoT Platform: A Review."
9. Ning Li et al., "A Deep-Learning-Based Algorithm for Landslide Detection over Wide Areas
Using InSAR Images Considering Topographic Features."
10. A. Valletta, Andrea Carri, Andrea Segalini, "Alert threshold assessment based on equivalent
displacements for the identification of potentially critical landslide events."

Introduction from reference paper:

1. P.K. Indukala, U.G. Gosh, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, "IoT-Driven Microseismic Sensing
System and Monitoring Platform for Landslide Detection," IEEE, 2024.

 “IoT-driven system for monitoring landslides using microseismic vibrations.

 Captures real-time data to provide early warnings for hazardous landslides”

2. Luca Piciullo, Vittoria Capobianco, Håkon Heyerdahl, "A first step towards an IoT-based local
early warning system for an unsaturated slope in Norway," Natural Hazards, 114:3377–3407,
2022. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-022-05524-3.

 “Proposed framework for IoT-based local landslide early warning system.

 Initial phases applied to study unsaturated slope in Norway.

3. Ankita Saldhi, Subrat Kar, "Development of an Automated Monitoring and Warning System
for Landslide Prone Sites," Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.

 “Detect landslides to reduce loss of life and infrastructure.

 Develop automated monitoring and warning system using camera surveillance.”

4. Michele Calvello et al., "LandAware: A new international network on Landslide Early

Warning Systems."
 “LandAware: international network on Landslide Early Warning Systems
 Founded in July 2020 by LEWS experts for collaboration and innovation”

5. Prapti Giri, Kam Ng, William Phillips, "Wireless Sensor Network System for Landslide
Monitoring and Warning," IEEE, Apr 2019.

 “Wireless sensor network system for landslide monitoring and warning.

 Incorporates IMU sensors for real-time data collection and analysis.”

6. T. Hemalatha, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, Venkat P. Rangan, "Effective and Accelerated

Forewarning of Landslides Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine Learning," Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham.

 “Machine learning enhances wireless sensor networks for landslide monitoring.

 Real-time data analysis improves early warning systems for landslides.”

7. Filippo Catani, "Landslide detection by deep learning of non-nadiral and crowdsourced

optical images."

 “The paper focuses on using deep learning for landslide detection.

 It presents convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automated recognition of landslides.”

8. "Low-Cost Sensor-Based and LoRaWAN Opportunities for Landslide Monitoring Systems on

IoT Platform: A Review."

 “Focus on low-cost sensor-based landslide monitoring using LoRaWAN technology.

 Reviews ground monitoring methods, sensor advancements, and WSN architecture
evaluation.”

9. Ning Li et al., "A Deep-Learning-Based Algorithm for Landslide Detection over Wide Areas
Using InSAR Images Considering Topographic Features."

 “Landslide detection using InSAR and deep learning for hazard prevention.
 MSFD-Net model improves accuracy by considering topographic features.”

10. A. Valletta, Andrea Carri, Andrea Segalini, "Alert threshold assessment based on equivalent
displacements for the identification of potentially critical landslide events."

 “Focus on landslide risk management and early warning systems.

 Emphasizes monitoring, analysis, and response capabilities for effective EWS.”
 Changes

References

1. P.K. Indukala, U.G. Gosh, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, "IoT-Driven Microseismic Sensing
System and Monitoring Platform for Landslide Detection," IEEE, 2024.
2. Luca Piciullo, Vittoria Capobianco, Håkon Heyerdahl, "A first step towards an IoT-based local
early warning system for an unsaturated slope in Norway," Natural Hazards, 114:3377–3407,
2022. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-022-05524-3.
3. Ankita Saldhi, Subrat Kar, "Development of an Automated Monitoring and Warning System
for Landslide Prone Sites," Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.
4. Michele Calvello et al., "LandAware: A new international network on Landslide Early
Warning Systems."
5. Prapti Giri, Kam Ng, William Phillips, "Wireless Sensor Network System for Landslide
Monitoring and Warning," IEEE, Apr 2019.
6. T. Hemalatha, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, Venkat P. Rangan, "Effective and Accelerated
Forewarning of Landslides Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine Learning," Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham.
7. Filippo Catani, "Landslide detection by deep learning of non-nadiral and crowdsourced
optical images."
8. "Low-Cost Sensor-Based and LoRaWAN Opportunities for Landslide Monitoring Systems on
IoT Platform: A Review."
9. Ning Li et al., "A Deep-Learning-Based Algorithm for Landslide Detection over Wide Areas
Using InSAR Images Considering Topographic Features."
10. A. Valletta, Andrea Carri, Andrea Segalini, "Alert threshold assessment based on equivalent
displacements for the identification of potentially critical landslide events."
11. Huggel, C., et al. (2013). "Landslides." Treatise on Geomorphology, 3, 177-222.
12. Sarkar, S., & Kanungo, D.P. (2004). "Landslide occurrence in the lesser Himalaya: A statistical
analysis." Geomorphology, 60(3-4), 213-223.
13. Frattasi, C., et al. (2018). "Real-time monitoring for landslide risk mitigation with wireless
sensor networks." Measurement, 113, 129-139.
14. Dai, F.C., et al. (2001). "GIS-based landslide susceptibility zonation in Liangshan County,
Sichuan, China." Engineering Geology, 58(3-4), 215-228.
15. Borrelli, L., et al. (2020). "Early warning systems for landslides and debris flows: A state-of-
the-art review." Earth-Science Reviews, 211, 103476.
16. Wu, L., et al. (2020). "Landslide detection methods based on deep learning in remote
sensing images." Remote Sensing, 12(3), 411.

Maths Equrion (old)

A. Equations

The specific equations used for pre-processing sensor data will depend on the type of sensors you choose for
TerrainGuard. Here are some examples:
 Rain Gauge: Rain gauges typically output rainfall amount over a specific time interval (e.g., millimeters per hour).
Pre-processing might not involve complex equations in this case.

 Tiltmeter:
o Raw data: Voltage readings from the sensor.
 o Conversion Equation (example):
 Tilt Angle (degrees) = (Sensor Output Voltage - Calibration Voltage) / (Sensitivity
* Reference Voltage)
 This equation converts voltage readings to tilt angles based on sensor sensitivity and reference
voltage provided by the manufacturer's datasheet.

 Seismic Sensors:
o Raw data: acceleration values in different directions (X, Y, Z).
o Conversion (depending on the analysis): You may need to convert acceleration to other units, such as
velocity or displacement, using the physical equations of motion.
o These equations would include concepts such as integration (acceleration to speed) or double integration
(acceleration to displacement) based on calculus.