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Handouts - CPE 126 - Chapter01 - Introduction To AI

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27 views28 pages

Handouts - CPE 126 - Chapter01 - Introduction To AI

Uploaded by

Athea Louisse Rasonable
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CPE 126

Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 01

WMSU
Engr. Monira O. Kamlian, MEngEd-ICT
College of Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering

For instructional purposes only


Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• define artificial intelligence;
• determine why there is a need to study AI;
• compare human intelligence from machine
intelligence;
• examine the composition of intelligence; and
• identify some applications of AI.
What is Artificial intelligence ?

The science and engineering of making


intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs”.
- John McCarthy
What is AI?
• Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a
computer, a computer-controlled robot, or
a software think intelligently, in the similar
manner the intelligent humans think.
What is AI?
• AI is accomplished by studying how
human brain thinks and how humans
learn, decide, and work while trying to
solve a problem, and then using the
outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and
systems.
Can a machine think and
“
behave like humans do?”
Why study AI?
• AI can learn through data
– In our daily life, we deal with huge amount of
data and human brain cannot keep track of so
much data.
– That is why we need to automate the things.
– For doing automation, we need to study AI
because it can learn from data and can do the
repetitive tasks with accuracy and without
tiredness.
Why study AI?
• AI can teach itself
– It is very necessary that a system should
teach itself because the data itself keeps
changing and the knowledge which is derived
from such data must be updated constantly.
– We can use AI to fulfill this purpose because
an AI enabled system can teach itself.
Why study AI?
• AI can respond in real time
– AI with the help of neural networks can
analyze the data more deeply.
– AI can think and respond to the situations
which are based on the conditions in real
time.
Why study AI?
• AI achieves accuracy
– With the help of deep neural networks, AI can
achieve tremendous accuracy.
– AI helps in the field of medicine to diagnose
diseases such as cancer from the MRIs of
patients.
Why study AI?
• AI can organize data to get most out of it
– The data is an intellectual property for the
systems which are using self-learning
algorithms.
– We need AI to index and organize the data in
a way that it always gives the best results.
What is Intelligence?
What is Intelligence?
• The ability of a system to
– calculate
– reason
– perceive relationships and analogies
– learn from experience
– store and retrieve information from memory
– solve problems
– comprehend complex ideas
– use natural language fluently
– classify, generalize
– adapt new situations.
Types of Intelligence
• Linguistic intelligence
– The ability to speak, recognize, and use
mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds),
syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).
– Narrators, Orators

• Musical intelligence
– The ability to create, communicate with, and
understand meanings made of sound,
understanding of pitch, rhythm.
– Musicians, Singers, Composers
Types of Intelligence
• Logical-mathematical intelligence
– The ability to use and understand relationships in the
absence of action or objects. It is also the ability to
understand complex and abstract ideas.
– Mathematicians, Scientists

• Spatial intelligence
– The ability to perceive visual or spatial information,
change it, and re-create visual images without
reference to the objects, constructs 3D images ad to
move and rotate them.
– Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists
Types of Intelligence
• Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
– The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve
problems or fashion products, control over fine and coarse
motor skills, and manipulate the objects.
– Players, Dancers

• Intra-personal intelligence
– The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings,
intentions, and motivations.
– Gautam Buddhha

• Interpersonal intelligence
– The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other
people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions.
– Mass Communicators, Interviewers
What is Intelligence Composed Of?
Reasoning
• It is the set of processes that enable us to provide basis
for judgement, making decisions, and prediction.
Learning
• The ability of learning is possessed by humans,
particular species of animals, and AI-enabled
systems.
– Auditory Learning
• It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students
listening to recorded audio lectures.
– Episodic Learning
• To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has
witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.
– Motor Learning
• It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example, picking
objects, writing, etc.
Learning
– Observational Learning
• To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child tries to
learn by mimicking her parent.
– Perceptual Learning
• It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. For
example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.
– Relational Learning
• It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on the
basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For
Example, Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that
came up salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon
of salt.
Problem Solving
• It is the process in which one perceives and
tries to arrive at a desired solution from a
present situation by taking some path, which
is blocked by known or unknown hurdles.

• Problem solving also includes decision


making, which is the process of selecting the
best suitable alternative out of multiple
alternatives to reach the desired goal.
Perception
• It is the process of acquiring, interpreting,
selecting, and organizing sensory
information.

• Perception presumes sensing. In humans,


perception is aided by sensory organs.

• In the domain of AI, perception mechanism


puts the data acquired by the sensors
together in a meaningful manner.
Linguistic Intelligence
• It is one’s ability to use, comprehend,
speak, and write the verbal and written
language.
• It is important in interpersonal
communication.
What’s Involved in AI?
• Machine Learning
– The basic concept of this filed is to make the machine
learning from data as the human beings can learn
from his/her experience. It contains learning models
on the basis of which the predictions can be made on
unknown data.
• Logic
– It contains rules and facts to perform pattern
matching, semantic analysis, etc.
• Searching
– This field of study is basically used in games like
chess, tic-tac-toe.
What’s Involved in AI?
• Artificial neural networks
– This is a network of efficient computing systems the central
theme of which is borrowed from the analogy of biological neural
networks. ANN can be used in robotics, speech recognition,
speech processing, etc.

• Genetic Algorithm
– help in solving problems with the assistance of more than one
program. The result would be based on selecting the fittest.

• Knowledge Representation
– It is the field of study with the help of which we can represent the
facts in a way the machine that is understandable to the
machine. The more efficiently knowledge is represented; the
more system would be intelligent.
Applications of AI
• Gaming
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
• Vision Systems
• Speech Recognition
• Handwriting Recognition
• Intelligent Robots
Activity #1:
• Group yourselves with 3 members each
(making 7 groups of 3 and one group of 2
members)
• I’ll be assigning each group with a topic
(Applications of AI)
• To be presented on _______________
• Softcopy of the presentation should be
submitted on the classroom/teams on or
before the said schedule.
References
• Artificial Intelligence with Python.2016.Tutorials Point
(I).Pvt.Ldt.
• Chapter 1, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 3rd
Edition (2010) by Stuart J. Russel and Peter Norvig

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