B.Sc.

(Semester - 6)
Subject: Physics
Course: US06CPHY01
Title: Quantum Mechanics

Question Bank
UNIT-1: Formulation of the Schrodinger Equation
Multiple choice questions:
(1) The concept of matter wave was suggested by_________
(a) Heisenberg (b) de Broglie
(c ) Schrodinger (d) Laplace
(2) The intensity of the diffraction pattern is proportional to ______ of the wave function
(a) forth power (b) cube
(c ) sixth power (d) square
(3) The function representing matter waves must be ________
(a) complex (b) real
(c ) zero (d) infinity
(4) The total probability of finding the particle in space must be __________
(a) zero (b) unity
(c ) infinity (d) double
(5) The normalized wave function must have ________ norm
(a) infinite (b) zero
(c ) finite (d) complex
(6) The Non-normalized wave function must have ________ norm
(a) infinite (b) zero
(c ) finite (d) complex
(7) For normalized wave function ψ→0 as r→___
(a) 0 (b)1
(c ) α (d) -1
(8) The square of the magnitude of the wave function is called_________
(a) current density (b) probability density
(c ) zero density (d) volume density
(9) The operator ∇ is called _______ operator
(a) Hamiltonian (b) Laplacian
(c ) Poisson (d) vector
(10) _________ principle states that the actual path taken by the light ray is one
which minimizes the integral
(a) Heisenberg (b) Hamilton’s
(c ) Maupertuis’ (d) Fermat’s

Short Questions:
1. State the de Broglie hypothesis
2. What is the Schrodinger’s postulate?
3. Define group velocity of the wave packet

Page 1 of 8
 4. State the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
5. State the Fermat’s principle
6. State the Maupertuis’ principle
7. Write the energy-momentum relation for a free particle
8. What is the boundary condition for normalized wave function?
9. What you mean by |ᴪ|
10. Write the three dimensional Schrodinger equation for free particle

Long Questions:
1. Discuss the concept of matter wave and show the experimental agreement for electron
2. Discuss the motion of a wave packet and derive the expression of group velocity of wave
packet
3. Discuss the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and show how it is introduced in the
process of measurement
4. Prove that motion of a wave packet in a slowly varying field is approximately the motion
of a classical particle
5. Derive the one dimensional Schrodinger equation for a free particle
6. Derive the three dimensional Schrodinger equation for the motion of a particle under
the action of a force using operator
7. Discuss the normalization and probability interpretation of a wave function
8. Discuss the Non-normalized wave function and box normalization

UNIT: 2 Stationary States and Energy Spectra

Multiple choice questions:
(1) The operator operating on the wave function should always standing on _____ side
(a) Middle (b) Right
(c) Left (d) Upper
(2) According to the wave function and it first partial derivative should be _______ functions
for all values of 
(a) Zero (b) Continuous
(c) Infinity (d) discontinuous
(3) If the particle moving in a _____ potential then the solution of the wave equation are
describe as a stationary states
(a) time independent (b) time dependent
(c) velocity dependent (d) velocity independent
(4) Any particle with energy _____ cannot enter in the regions I and III
(a)   0 (b)  ∝
(c) 0 (d)  0
(5) For bound state of a particle in a square well the energy is _______
(a)   0 (b)  ∝
(c) 0 (d)  0
(6) The limit of a region-I for a square well potential is __________
(a) ∝  0 (b)   ∝
(c)    (d) ∝  

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(7) The limit of a region-II for a square well potential is __________
(a) ∝  0 (b)   ∝
(c)    (d) ∝  
(8) The limit of a region-III for a square well potential is __________
(a) ∝  0 (b)   ∝
(c)    (d) ∝  

(9) is a measure the ________ of the potential
∆
(a) Height (b) Width
(c) Strength (d) Length
(10) There exists at least _______ bound state, however weak the potential may be
(a) Two (b) One
(c) Three (d) Infinite
(11) Any wave function having symmetry property is said to be of ______ parity
(a) Zero (b) Even
(c) Odd (d) Infinite
(12) Any wave function having anti-symmetry property is said to be of ______ parity
(a) Zero (b) Even
(c) Odd (d) Infinite
(13) For non-localized states of the square well potential ________
(a)   0 (b)  ∝
(c)  0 (d) 0
(14) For  0, the particle has a ______ kinetic energy
(a) Zero (b) Positive
(c) Negative (d) Infinity

Short Questions:
1. Define stationary states of the wave function
2. Write the time independent Schrodinger equation
3. State the physical significance of time independent Schrodinger equation
4. Write the admissible solution for a particle in a square well potential
5. Define square well potential
6. What is the condition of the total probability of the wave function

Long Questions:
1. Describe the stationary states and energy spectra of the quantum mechanical system
2. Derive the time independent Schrodinger equation and explain their physical
significance
3. Discuss the motion of a particle in a square well for bound state and derive the
admissible solutions of the time independent Schrodinger equations
4. Derive the expression of energy eigen values for a particle in a square well using the
admissible solutions
5. Derive the energy eigen function for a particle in a square well potential
6. Discuss the square well potential for non-localized states 0 with the physical
interpretation and suitable boundary conditions

Page 3 of 8
 UNIT: 3 General Formalism of Wave Mechanics
Multiple choice questions:
(1) For the wave functions ∅ and  and operator A the shorter notation of the integral
  ∗  ≡ ________
(a) ( ,  ) (b) ( ∗ , )
(c) ( ", #$ ) (d) (A , )
(2) For adjoint operator A, ( ,  )= __________
(a) ( #% ∅, $ ) (b) ( ∗ , )
(c) ( ,  ) (d) (A , )
(3) For the adjoint of the product of two operators A and B , ( AB)† = ______
(a) B+A+ (b) AB
(c) A B † † (d) 1
(4) If there exist only one eigen function corresponding to a given eigen value, then the eigen
value is called ____________
(a) Non degenerate (b) degenerate
(c) discrete (d) continuum
(5) If there exist more than one eigen function corresponding to a given eigen value, then
the eigen value is called ____________
(a) Non degenerate (b) degenerate
(c) discrete (d) continuum
(6) The set of eigen function &' ∅( + & (  forms __________ space
(a) configuration (b) eigen
(c) phase (d) imaginary
(7) If A is an operator and A is an adjoint operator of A then ( A†)† = ______
†

(a) A (b) A*
(c) A† (d) 1
(8) If A and B are non-commutative self adjoint operators then ( AB)† = ______
(a) BA (b) AB
(c) A† B† (d) 1
(9) Eigen values of a self adjoint operator is _______
(a) always 0 (b) infinite
(c) Real (d) imaginary
(10) For any operator A and a wave function ( if (  ( then  is called _______
(a) Eigen function (b) Eigen value
(c) Probability density (d) Probability amplitude
(11) Any two eigen functions belonging to unequal eigen values of a self adjoint operator are
_________
(a) Non orthogonal (b) parallel
(c) orthogonal (d) imaginary
(12) If *+,, is Kronecker delta function then *+,,  0 when _______
(a) - = . (b) - > .
(c) - < . (d) / ≠ 1
(13) If *+,, is Kronecker delta function then *+,, = 1 when _______
(a) / = 1 (b) - > .
(c) - < . (d) - ≠ .

Page 4 of 8
(14) An operator representing observable dynamical variable has ________ value
(a) always 0 (b) infinite
(c) real (d) imaginary
(15) Position operator in a momentum space is given by 345 = ________
(a) 678 99: (b) ;7345
= = = (d) 2m 9
 ) CD E
(c)
< >̂ )

= =@ =B 7
(16) According to general statement of uncertainty principle if ∆ and ∆H give the uncertainty
in the measurement of  and H then ∆ ∆H  I _______
(a) J
〈M#, NO〉Q
(b) ћ
K
(d) 1
〈M, H O〉
(c) iћ
2
(17) If A & B are a canonically conjugate pair of operator, then M, H O  _________
(a) Iћ/2 (b) iћ
(c) Ћ (d) 2iћ
(18) The same state of all the components of _____ operator is impossible
(a) S9 (b) T 9
(c) U 9 (d) V9
(19) The value of constant of integration for Box normalized momentum eigen function is
__________
(a) 1Y (b) JY
2√X √T
(c) 1Y (d) 1Y
√Z √2Z
(20) The value of constant of integration for δ function normalized momentum eigen function
is __________
(a) 1Y (b) 1Y
2√X √X
(c) 1Y (d) JY
√Z √Q[

Short Questions:
1. Explain adjoint and self adjoint operator
2. Write the properties of an adjoint operator
3. Define degenerate and non-degenerate eigen values
4. Explain briefly Dirac delta function
5. What is observable? Also state expansion postulate
6. Show that eigen value of a self adjoint operator is real
7. Show that if ( is eigen function of an operator A and an operator B is commuting with
the operator A then ( is also eigen function of the operator B
8. Obtain eigen function in momentum space
9. Show that if the components of angular momentum X and X@ have the same eigen
function than they are commutative operators
10. State the uncertainty principle for operators A and B

Page 5 of 8
Long Questions:
1. Discuss the adjoint of operator with their properties
2. Discuss the eigen value problem for degeneracy
3. Define self adjoint operator and describe its eigen values and eigen functions
4. Show that any two eigen functions belonging to distinct (unequal) eigenvalues of a self
adjoint operator are mutually orthogonal
5. Show that the eigen function belonging to discrete eigen values are normalizable and
the eigen functions belonging to continuous eigenvalues are of infinite norm.
6. Discuss the physical interpretation of eigen values, eigen functions and expansion
coefficients
7. Write a detailed note on Dirac delta function
8. Discuss the completeness and normalization of eigen functions for observables
9. Derive eigen function in momentum space and normalized it by box normalization
10. Derive eigen function in momentum space and normalized it by δ function
normalization method
11. State uncertainty principle and discuss it for quantum mechanical observables.
12. Prove that the same state of all the component of X 9 is impossible

UNIT: 4 Exactly Soluble Eigen Value Problem

Multiple choice questions:
(1) Time dependent Schrodinger equation in shorter form is given by Hu = _______
(a) Eu2 (b) E
(c) EH (d) Eu
(2) Force acting on the pendulum is proportional to _________
(a) velocity (b) displacement
(c) time (d) acceleration
(3) Hamiltonian operator for simple harmonic oscillator is \ = ___________
(a) ]Q J Q (b) `
) ^_
Q/ Q 2-
(c) 1  (d) `
C + C
2 2-
(4) Potential of harmonic oscillator is a  __________
(a) -bℎ (b) J Q
^_
Q
(c) ` (d) C
2-
(5) Energy eigen value of simple harmonic oscillator is given by E = _________
(a) Ћν (b) J
<1 + E ћg
Q
(c) Nћν (d) Ћω
(6) The zero point energy for simple harmonic oscillator is E = _________
(a) ћω (b) J
ћ⍵
Q
(c) 3 (d) 5
ћ⍵ ћ⍵
2 2

Page 6 of 8
(7) The ground state energy for simple harmonic oscillator is E = _________
(a) ћω (b) J
ћ⍵
Q
(c) 3 (d) 5
ћ⍵ ћ⍵
2 2
(8) Energy eigen value of an isotropic oscillator is given by E = _________
(a) Ћν (b) ћω
(c) Nћν (d) m
<1 + E ћg
Q
(9) Angular momentum is defined as X = ________
(a) 3 ∙ ` (b) 3 o `
(c) 9p o ]9 (d) -q
(10) In a rigid rotator distance between two particles is _______
(a) Variable (b) Zero
(c) Infinite (d) constant
(11) The quantum mechanical energy for a particle in one dimension square well potential is
___________
(a) rr ) 1ћ (b) tt + JћQ
= 
s Qu
(c) r ) 1ћ
(d) r + 1ћ
= 
s 2s
(12) Central potential is a function of __________
(a) 3 (b) v
(c) ∅ (d) p 1w x
(13) Energy of an isotropic oscillator is __________
(a) Continues (b) Discrete
(c) 0 (d) cy
(14) For a rigid rotator the differences of energy levels are govern by ∆  ________
(a) 1 (b) Nћν
<. + E ћω
2
(c) 3 (d) ћQ
<. ) E ћω t
2 u
(15) The energy eigen value for isotropic oscillator is E= _________
(a) 1 (b) r + 1ћ
<. ) E ћω 
2 2s
(c) m (d) r r ) 1ћ
<1 ) E ћg =
Q 2s

Short Questions:

1. Set up the Hamiltonian for simple harmonic oscillator

2. Write the dimension less Schrodinger equation for simple harmonic oscillator
3. Draw the energy level diagram of simple harmonic oscillator
4. Find the components of angular momentum
5. Write down expression for
 in spherical polar coordinates

Page 7 of 8
 6. Write the expression of angular momentum operator X in terms of spherical polar
coordinates
7. What is rigid rotator? State the expression for its energy level separation. What is
importance of studying rigid rotator?
8. Define central potential? Write down the expression for Hamiltonian of a particle
moving in a central potential field
9. Write the radial equation for a particle in central potential
10. Write the Hamiltonian for anisotropic oscillator
11. Write the energy eigen value for anisotropic oscillator
12. What is isotropic oscillator? Write down expressions for its energy

Long Questions:
1. Derive the dimension less Schrodinger equation for simple harmonic oscillator
2. Set up the Hamiltonian of simple harmonic oscillator and derive the expression of its
energy eigen value
3. Derive the expression of angular momentum operator X in terms of spherical polar
coordinates
4. Set up the Hamiltonian for a particle in one dimension square well and obtain its energy
eigen value
5. What is rigid rotator? Show that the spacing between two energy level is increases with
r
6. Derive the radial equation for a particle in central potential
7. Set up the Hamiltonian of anisotropic oscillator and derive its energy eigen value
8. What is an isotropic oscillator? Obtain the expression of its energy eigen value

Page 8 of 8
Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) A wave function is given by 1)

!(x) = 0 x<0
!(x) = Ax (L -x) 0 ≥x ≥L
!(x) = 0 x >L

The product of the normalization constant A and the quantity L 5/2 is equal to:
A) 24 B) 12 C) 30 D) 15 E) 20

2) The wave function for a particle must be normalizable because: 2)

A) the particle’s charge must be conserved.
B) the particle’s momentum must be conserved.
C) the particle cannot be in two places at the same time.
D) the particle’s angular momentum must be conserved.
E) the particle must be somewhere.

Situation 40.1
A set of five possible wave functions is given, where L is a positive real number.

!1 (x) = A e -x, for all x !2 (x) = A cos x, for all x

Ae x , 0 ≤ x ≤ L A, -L ≤ x ≤ L Ax, x ≥ L
!3 (x) = !4 (x) = !5 (x) =
0, all other x 0, all other x 0, all other x

3) In Situation 40.1, which of the five possible wave functions are normalizable? (There may be 3)
more than one correct choice.)
A) !4(x) B) !1(x) C) !5(x) D) !2(x) E) !3(x)

4) In Situation 40.1, the value of A required for normalization of !4 (x) is: 4)

A) 1/ L B) 1/2L C) 1/ 2L D) 1/L E) 1/L 2

1
 5) In Situation 40.1, the value of A required for normalization of !3 (x) is: 5)
2
A)
e 2L -1

1
B)
e L -1

2
C)
e 2L
1
D)
eL

2
E)
e 2L - 1

Situation 40.2
A particle is confined to a one-dimensional box on the x-axis between x = 0 and x = L. The potential height of the walls
of the box is infinite. The normalized wave function of the particle, which is in the ground state, is given by

2 sin πx
!(x) = 0 ≤x ≤L
L L

6) In Situation 40.2, the probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x = L/3, is closest to: 6)
A) 0.22 B) 0.26 C) 0.28 D) 0.20 E) 0.24

7) In Situation 40.2, the maximum probability per unit length of finding the particle is equal to: 7)
A) 1/ L B) 2/ L C) 1/L D) 2/L E) 2/ L

8) An electron is in an infinite square well that is 8.9-nm wide. The ground state energy of the 8)
electron is closest to:
A) 0.0066 eV
B) 0.0085 eV
C) 0.0057 eV
D) 0.0076 eV
E) 0.0047 eV

9) An electron is in an infinite square well that is 9.6-nm wide. The electron makes the transition 9)
from the n = 14 to the n = 11 state. The wavelength of the emitted photon is closest to:
A) 3400 nm B) 4100 nm C) 2800 nm D) 4700 nm E) 5300 nm

10) An electron is in an infinite square well that is 8.8-nm wide. The smallest value of the state 10)
quantum number n for which the energy level exceeds 100 eV is closest to:
A) 145 B) 144 C) 142 D) 143 E) 146

2
 11) An electron is bound in an infinite square-well potential on the x-axis. The width of the well is L 11)
and the well extends from x = 0 nm to x = 7.3 nm. In a given state, the normalized wave
function of the electron is given by:

!(x) = 2/L sin (2πx/L)

The energy of the state is closest to:

A) 0.028 eV
B) 0.035 eV
C) 0.014 eV
D) 0.0071 eV
E) 0.021 eV

12) An electron is bound in an infinite square-well potential on the x-axis. The width of the well is L 12)
and the well extends from x = 0 nm to x = 3.3 nm. In a given state, the normalized wave
function of the electron is given by:

!(x) = 2/L sin (2πx/L)

The probability per nm of finding the electron at x = 1.65 nm is closest to:

A) zero B) 1.1 C) 0.4 D) 1.3 E) 0.8

13) An electron is bound in an infinite square-well potential on the x-axis. The width of the well is L 13)
and the well extends from x = 0 nm to x = 7.3 nm. In a given state, the normalized wave
function of the electron is given by:

!(x) = 2/L sin (2πx/L)

The probability per nm of finding the electron at x = 0.30 nm is closest to:

A) zero B) 0.0063 C) 0.013 D) 0.024 E) 0.018

14) An electron is in the ground state (lowest energy level) of an infinite well where its energy is 5.00 14)
eV. In the next higher level, its energy would be closest to:
A) 20.0 eV B) 1.25 eV C) 10.0 eV D) 15.0 eV E) 2.50 eV

Situation 40.3
A particle of mass m is bound in a square-well potential of finite height. The well is on the x-axis and extends from
x = -L/2 to x = +L/2. There is only a single bound state, whose normalized wave function is given by:

!(x) = 1/ L π/4 +π exp(π/4) exp(+πx/2L) x ≤ -L/2

!(x) = 1/ L 2π/4 + π cos(πx/2L) -L/2 ≤ x ≤ +L/2
!(x) = 1/ L π/4 + π exp(π/4) exp(-πx/2L) x ≥ L/2

15) In Situation 40.3, denote the energy of the state by E. The ratio EmL 2/h 2 is closest to: 15)
A) 0.06 B) 0.03 C) 0.09 D) 0.12 E) 0.15

3
16) In Situation 40.3, the probability per unit length of finding the particle at the center of the well is 16)
closest to:
A) 0.92/L B) 0.80/L C) 0.84/L D) 0.88/L E) 0.76/L

17) In Situation 40.3, the smallest probability per unit length of finding the particle inside the well is 17)
closest to:
A) 0.66/L B) 0.44/L C) 0.61/L D) 0.55/L E) 0.50/L

18) In Situation 40.3, the probability of finding the particle outside the well is closest to: 18)
A) 0.24 B) 0.22 C) 0.20 D) 0.28 E) 0.26

19) An electron with kinetic energy 2.80 eV encounters a potential barrier of height U o = 4.70 eV. If 19)
the barrier width is 0.4 nm, what is the probability that the electron will tunnel through the
barrier?
A) 1.1 × 10 -1
B) 1.4 × 10 -2
C) 2.8 × 10 -2
D) 5.5 × 10 -2
E) 1.4 × 10 -1

20) How does the probability of an electron tunneling through a potential barrier vary with the 20)
thickness of the barrier?
A) It decreases inversely with thickness.
B) It decreases sinusoidally with thickness.
C) It decreases linearly with thickness.
D) It decreases exponentially with thickness.
E) It is independent of the barrier thickness.

21) Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the simple harmonic oscillator? 21)
A) The potential energy varies linearly with displacement from equilibrium.
B) The spacing between energy levels increases with increasing energy.
C) The wave functions are sinusoidal functions.
D) The spacing between energy levels decreases with increasing energy.
E) The number of nodes of the wave function increases with increasing energy.

22) A low density beam of 60 eV electrons is directed at a potential barrier 130-eV high and 0.12-nm 22)
wide. The transmission coefficient is closest to:
A) 7.1 × 10 -6
B) 1.4 × 10 -4
C) 2.8 × 10 -5
D) 2.8 × 10 -4
E) 1.4 × 10 -5

4
 23) A low density beam of 8.0-eV electrons is incident on a potential barrier 15.0 eV in height and 23)
0.80 nm in width. The fraction of the beam that is transmitted through the barrier is closest to:
A) 5.0 × 10 -7
B) 1.7 × 10 -9
C) 1.7 × 10 -6
D) 3.3 × 10 -5
E) 2.5 × 10 -8

Situation 40.4
A free electron that has a kinetic energy of 3.0 eV is incident on a square-well potential. The depth of the well is 5.0 eV
and the width is 4.0 nm.

24) In Situation 40.4, the wavelength of the wave function for the electron outside the well is closest 24)
to:
A) 870 pm B) 710 pm C) 430 pm D) 550 pm E) 330 pm

25) In Situation 40.4, the wavelength of the wave function for the electron inside the well is closest 25)
to:
A) 710 pm B) 330 pm C) 430 pm D) 550 pm E) 870 pm

Situation 40.5
The atoms in a nickel crystal vibrate as harmonic oscillators with an angular frequency of 2.3 × 1013 rad/s. The mass of a
nickel atom is 9.75 × 10-26 kg.

26) In Situation 40.5, the effective interatomic force constant for nickel is closest to: 26)
A) 57 N/m B) 42 N/m C) 37 N/m D) 52 N/m E) 47 N/m

27) In Situation 40.5, the spacing of the vibrational energy levels of nickel is closest to: 27)
A) 0.019 eV B) 0.031 eV C) 0.023 eV D) 0.027 eV E) 0.015 eV

28) The lowest energy level of a certain quantum harmonic oscillator is 5.00 eV. The energy of the 28)
next higher level is closest to:
A) 7.50 eV B) 10.0 eV C) 50.0 eV D) 15.0 eV E) 20.0 eV

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

29) The lowest energy level of a particle confined to a one-dimensional region of space with 29)
fixed dimension L is E o (i.e., a "particle in a box"). If an identical particle is confined to
a similar region with fixed distance (1/9)L, what is the energy of the lowest energy level
that the particles have in common? Express your answer in terms of E o .

30) Consider a particle in a box of width L and let the particle be in a state n = 14. What is the 30)
first value of x, larger than 0, where the probability of finding the particle is highest?

5
31) An electron is bound in an infinite well of width 0.10 nm. If the electron is initially in 31)
n = 8 and falls to n = 7, find the wavelength of the emitted photon.
Note: (c = 3.0 × 108 m/s, m e = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, and h = 6.626 × 10-34 j ∙ s)

32) A lithium atom, mass 1.17 × 10-26 kg, is vibrating with simple harmonic motion in a 32)
crystal lattice, where the force constant k is 64.0 N/m.
(a) What is the ground state energy of this system in eV?
(b) What would be the wavelength of the photon that could excite this system to the
n = 1 level?

33) An electron in an infinite potential well makes a transition from the n = 3 level to the 33)
ground state (lowest energy level) and in so doing emits a photon of wavelength 20.9
nm.
(a) What is the width of this well?
(b) What wavelength photon would be required to excite the electron from its original
level to the next higher one?
(electron mass = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, ħ = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s)

6
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED2

1) C
2) E
3) A, E
4) C
5) E
6) D
7) D
8) E
9) B
10) B
11) A
12) A
13) E
14) A
15) B
16) D
17) B
18) D
19) B
20) D
21) E
22) B
23) B
24) B
25) C
26) D
27) E
28) D
29) 81E o
30) L/28
31) 2.2 × 10 -9 m
32) (a) 2.44 × 10 -2 eV
(b) 2.55 × 10 -5 m
33)

7
PHYS 280 Practice Final Exam Summer 2016

Name:

Multiple Choice
Choose the better choice of all choices given.

1. Which of the following isn’t a truth about quantum mechanics?

A. Physicists are at a consensus about an interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.
B. An electron can seem to interfere with itself when passing through double slits.
C. Energy is quantized.
D. Momentum is quantized
E. A particle has a chance to be found in a region which should classically be
impossible for it to be found in.

2. The square of the Schrödinger wave function is

A. Equal to one.
B. Not integrable.
C. A probability density.
D. Has no physical meaning.
E. Is only physical at relativistic speeds.

3. Which of the following problem in physics was created by quantum mechanics?

A. The particle/wave duality.
B. The ultraviolet catastrophe of blackbody radiation
C. The twin paradox
D. The barn-door paradox
E. The contradiction between the universal speed of light and Galilean transforms.

4. Suppose I have an atom that has 4 electrons with spin up and 3 electrons with spin
down. If I’m able to ionize this atom by adding another electron, what spin will that
electron be? Hint: How many electrons can one have in each shell?
A. Spin up
B. Spin down.
C. Neutral spin.
D. It is not possible to add another electron.
E. You have to add two electrons, not one.

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 2 of 10 Summer 2016

5. Which of the following experiments could never show quantum mechanics?

A. Taking thousands of measurements and forming probabilistic models of those
measurements.
B. Taking thousands of identically prepared particles and measuring them one at
a time
C. Sending one electron at a time through a double-slit apparatus so that the
electron can interfere with itself, and measuring the screen.
D. Sending one electron at a time through a double-slit apparatus and measuring
which slit it goes through, so that the electron won’t interfere with itself.

6. If I know the position of a subatomic particle precisely, then

A. I know nothing about the particle’s momentum.
B. I known a very limited amount about the particle’s momentum.
C. The particle must be at rest.
D. The particle can’t be at rest.

7. Einstein’s term “spooky action at a distance” was referring to:

A. The idea of entanglement, that two quantum particles could have connected
natures no matter how far away they are from each other.
B. The idea from relativity that two observers in different inertial frames could
age differently.
C. The idea from quantum mechanics that a particle could interfere with itself.
D. The ghost that was throwing Einstein’s dishes around his kitchen when he
wasn’t around.

8. In the Quantum Eraser Experiment, the interference pattern vanishes when...

A. The detection screen is widened.
B. The detection screen is shortened.
C. The path the photon took is known.
D. The path the photon took is unknown.

9. Low temperature superconductors occur due to:

A. Electrons interacting with a lattice flow smoother
B. A quantum effect where paired electrons act as bosons
C. A quantum effect where paired electrons act as fermions
D. Isolated electrons resist thermal kicks

10. According to the Dirac comb model, some materials are conductors and some materials
are insulators due to:

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 3 of 10 Summer 2016

A. If the atoms are closer together, the thermal kicks are harder.
B. The solution to the Schrodinger equation for the Dirac comb requires that
some energy bands be empty due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principal.
C. A classical effect in which thermal kicks are too effective for certain ranges of
energy.
D. | cos(θ)| ≤ 1 restriction on the solution to Schrodinger’s equation in the Dirac
comb results in gaps in possible energy levels for electrons.

11. Why does doping of certain insulators turn them into semiconductors?

12. In the double slit experiment with electrons, where one electron at a time is shot at a
double slit and then passes through and shows up on a screen, we can see an interference
pattern in the distributions of where the electrons hit the screen. How can we cause this
experiment to not show interference? That is, what can we change about the experiment
to destroy the unique interference pattern?

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 4 of 10 Summer 2016

Problems
13. Suppose a particle is confined to the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 3 in a quantum energy
well. A quantum physicist measures the particle’s position and write it down. She
flushes out the particle so that the well is empty and then she puts in another particle
with the identical set up as the first one, measures its position, writes it down, and so
on. Eventually she gets enough data such that she can determine the probability density
for finding the particle between x = 0 and x = 3, which is found to

7x6
P (x) =
2187
(a) What is the wave function for the position of this particle?
(b) What is the probability of finding the particle between x = 2 and x = 3?

(c) What is the probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x = 2?

(d) Suppose that when the scientist measured the electron, her readings had an un-
certainty of ∆x = 1.0 × 10−9 m. What is the smallest uncertainty that she could
possibly have in her measurement for the particles velocity? Given: The mass of
this particle is 3.5 × 10−19 kg and ~ = 1.05 × 10−34 m2 kg/s

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 5 of 10 Summer 2016

14. Suppose an electron in a Hydrogen atom is in the n = 2 state.

(a) What must be the minimal energy of a photon to ionize this atom (that is, to
liberate the electron)?

(b) Now suppose that a photon with energy 4.4 eV hits the electron. The electron is
liberated, how fast will it be going far from the hydrogen atom? Given: me =
9.11 × 10−31 kg and 1eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J. Hint: If there is extra energy left over after
liberation of the electron, that extra energy is converted into Kinetic Energy.

(c) This electron flies off of the hydrogen atom and encounters an energy barrier of 3eV .
This is more than the kinetic energy of the electron, so classically, that electron
should just bounce off and go back from whence it came. But in our interesting
universe, there is a small chance that the electron will tunnel through the barrier!
If the barrier has a width of 2.5 × 10−10 m, what is the probability that the electron
will tunnel past the barrier? Hint: The energy E of the electron is the kinetic energy
you found above, and U is the potential barrier 3eV .

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 6 of 10 Summer 2016

15. 5 points An HCL molecule vibrates with a frequency of 5.1 × 1013 Hz. Given h =
6.626 × 10−34 J · s.
(a) What is the smallest possible change of energy that this molecule could experience?

(b) Suppose photons, each with energy 3.07 × 10−21 J, are used to excite this molecule
to the next energy state. How many such photons would be needed?

(c) What is the frequency and wavelength of these photons?

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 7 of 10 Summer 2016

16. (a) How much mass does a hydrogen atom gain or lose when it transitions from the
n = 5 to the n = 1 state (in other words, ∆m)? Given c = 3.0 × 108 m/s and
1eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J.

(b) How much mass does a hydrogen gain or lose when it transitions from the n = 5
to the n = 7 state (in other words, ∆m)? Given c = 3.0 × 108 m/s and 1eV =
1.6 × 10−19 J.

(c) Where does that gained or loss mass come from or go?

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 8 of 10 Summer 2016

17. Scientist A measures a quantum system by injecting an electron into an infinite po-
tential well, measuring its position with a laser beam. After each measurement of its
position, Scientist A flushes the electron out and repeats the measurement thousands
upon thousands of times.
(a) 4 points At what point in the experiment will the scientist find proof of quantum
effects?

(b) 1 point If the scientist were also to obtain some information about the momen-
tum of the particle, what equation relates how accurately we can determine its
momentum and position?

(c) 5 points After doing this thousands of times, the scientist finds that the probabil-
ity of locating the particle in the well is:
1
P (x) = x2 + x + 1
4
What is the quantum wave function for the electron in this well, ψ(x)? Just a note,
this wave function isn’t physically realistic.

(d) 5 points Set up an equation to solve for the length of the well. You do not need
to fully solve for L, just set up the equation. Hint: Assume that the left side of the
well starts at x = 0 and recall that the probability over the entire well has to equal
1.

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 9 of 10 Summer 2016

Please go on to the next page. . .

PHYS 280 Practice Final 10 of 10 Summer 2016

Equation Sheet
Some or all of these equations may be useful for the final exam.

E = nhf, n = 1, 2, · · ·
∆E = ∆mc2
~
∆x∆p ≥
2
−13.6 eV
En =
n2
!
1 1
∆En = −13.6 eV 2
− 2
nf ni
−~2 d2 ψ(x)
+ U ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
2m dx2
Z ∞
ψ 2 (x)dx = 1
−∞

P (x) = ψ 2 (x)
Z b
P (a ≤ x ≤ b) = ψ 2 (x)dx
a
1
KE = mv 2
2
r
2m(U − E)
C=
~2
T ≈ e−2CL
p = mv
∆p = m∆v
c = λf

End of exam
 

  



 
 

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
1. Isostructural species are those which have the same shape and hybridisation.
Among the given species identify the isostructural pairs.
(i) [NF3 and BF3]
– +
(ii) [BF4 and NH4 ]
(iii) [BCl3 and BrCl3]
–
(iv) [NH3 and NO3 ]
2. Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on
electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of
the following has the highest dipole moment?
(i) CO2
(ii) HI
(iii) H2O
(iv) SO2
+ – +
3. The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in NO 2 , NO3 and NH4 respectively are
expected to be
(i) sp, sp3 and sp2
(ii) sp, sp2 and sp3
(iii) sp2, sp and sp3
(iv) sp2, sp3 and sp
4. Hydrogen bonds are formed in many compounds e.g., H2O, HF, NH3 . The
boiling point of such compounds depends to a large extent on the strength
of hydrogen bond and the number of hydrogen bonds. The correct decreasing
order of the boiling points of above compounds is :
(i) HF > H2O > NH3

16-04-2018
 (ii) H2O > HF > NH3
(iii) NH3 > HF > H2O
(iv) NH3 > H2O > HF
3–
5. In PO4 ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P–O bond is
(i) +1
(ii) –1
(iii) – 0.75
(iv) + 0.75
–
6. In NO3 ion, the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen
atom are
(i) 2, 2
(ii) 3, 1
(iii) 1, 3
(iv) 4, 0

7. Which of the following species has tetrahedral geometry?

–
(i) BH4
–
(ii) NH2
2–
(iii) CO3
+
(iv) H3O

8. Number of π bonds and σ bonds in the following structure is–

(i) 6, 19
(ii) 4, 20
(iii) 5, 19
(iv) 5, 20

9. Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired electrons?
+
(i) N2
(ii) O2
2–
(iii) O2
(iv) B2

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 40

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10. In which of the following molecule/ion all the bonds are not equal?
(i) XeF4
–
(ii) BF4
(iii) C2H4
(iv) SiF4

11. In which of the following substances will hydrogen bond be strongest?

(i) HCl
(ii) H2O
(iii) HI
(iv) H2S

12. If the electronic configuration of an element is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2, the
four electrons involved in chemical bond formation will be_____.
(i) 3p6
(ii) 3p6, 4s2
(iii) 3p6, 3d2
(iv) 3d2, 4s2

13. Which of the following angle corresponds to sp2 hybridisation?

(i) 90°
(ii) 120°
(iii) 180°
(iv) 109°

The electronic configurations of three elements, A, B and C are given below.

Answer the questions 14 to 17 on the basis of these configurations.

A 1s 2 2s 2 2p6
B 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p3
C 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p5

14. Stable form of A may be represented by the formula :

(i) A
(ii) A2
(iii) A3
(iv) A4

15. Stable form of C may be represented by the formula :

(i) C
(ii) C2

41 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

16-04-2018
 (iii) C3
(iv) C4

16. The molecular formula of the compound formed from B and C will be
(i) BC
(ii) B2C
(iii) BC2
(iv) BC3

17. The bond between B and C will be

(i) Ionic
(ii) Covalent
(iii) Hydrogen
(iv) Coordinate

18. Which of the following order of energies of molecular orbitals of N2 is correct?

(i) (π2py ) < (σ2pz) < (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )
(ii) (π2py ) > (σ2pz) > (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )
(iii) (π2py ) < (σ2pz) > (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )
(iv) (π2py ) > (σ2pz) < (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )

19. Which of the following statement is not correct from the view point of molecular
orbital theory?
(i) Be2 is not a stable molecule.
+
(ii) He2 is not stable but He2 is expected to exist.
(iii) Bond strength of N2 is maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic
molecules belonging to the second period.
(iv) The order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2 molecule is
σ2s < σ* 2s < σ2pz < (π2px = π2py ) < (π* 2px = π* 2py) < σ*2pz

20. Which of the following options represents the correct bond order :
– +
(i) O2 > O2 > O2
– +
(ii) O2 < O2 < O2
– +
(iii) O2 > O2 < O2
– +
(iv) O2 < O2 > O2

21. The electronic configuration of the outer most shell of the most electronegative
element is
(i) 2s22p5
(ii) 3s23p5
(iii) 4s24p5
(iv) 5s25p5
Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 42

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22. Amongst the following elements whose electronic configurations are given
below, the one having the highest ionisation enthalpy is
(i) [Ne]3s23p1
(ii) [Ne]3s23p3
(iii) [Ne]3s23p2
(iv) [Ar]3d104s24p3

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

In the following questions two or more options may be correct.

23. Which of the following have identical bond order?

–
(i) CN
+
(ii) NO
–
(iii) O2
2–
(iv) O2

24. Which of the following attain the linear structure:

(i) BeCl2
(ii) NCO+
(iii) NO2
(iv) CS2

25. CO is isoelectronic with

+
(i) NO
(ii) N2
(iii) SnCl2
–
(iv) NO2

26. Which of the following species have the same shape?

(i) CO2
(ii) CCl4
(iii) O3
–
(iv) NO2
2–
27. Which of the following statements are correct about CO3 ?
(i) The hybridisation of central atom is sp3.
(ii) Its resonance structure has one C–O single bond and two C=O double
bonds.
(iii) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units.
(iv) All C–O bond lengths are equal.
43 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

16-04-2018
 28. Dimagnetic species are those which contain no unpaired electrons. Which
among the following are dimagnetic?
(i) N2
2–
(ii) N2
(iii) O2
2–
(iv) O2

29. Species having same bond order are :

(i) N2
–
(ii) N2
+
(iii) F2
–
(iv) O2

30. Which of the following statements are not correct?

(i) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the
solid state.
(ii) In canonical structures there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms.
(iii) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals.
(iv) VSEPR Theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.

III. Short Answer Type

31. Explain the non linear shape of H2S and non planar shape of PCl3 using valence
shell electron pair repulsion theory.

32. Using molecular orbital theory, compare the bond energy and magnetic
+ –
character of O2 and O2 species.

33. Explain the shape of BrF5.

34. Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below :

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 44

16-04-2018
 (a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolecular hydrogen bonding
and which compound is expected to show intramolecular hydrogen
bonding.

(b) The melting point of a compound depends on, among other things, the
extent of hydrogen bonding. On this basis explain which of the above
two compounds will show higher melting point.

(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form hydrogen

bonds with water. Which of the above compounds will form hydrogen
bond with water easily and be more soluble in it.

35. Why does type of overlap given in the following figure not result in bond
formation?

36. Explain why PCl5 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF 5 is square pyramidal.

37. In both water and dimethyl ether ( CH3 — Ο — CH3 ), oxygen atom is central
atom, and has the same hybridisation, yet they have different bond angles.
Which one has greater bond angle? Give reason.

38. Write Lewis structure of the following compounds and show formal charge
on each atom.
HNO3, NO2, H2SO4

39. The energy of σ2pz molecular orbital is greater than π2px and π2py molecular
orbitals in nitrogen molecule. Write the complete sequence of energy levels in
the increasing order of energy in the molecule. Compare the relative stability
and the magnetic behaviour of the following species :
+ – 2+
N2, N2 , N2 , N2

40. What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N2 and O2?
+ +
(i) N2 → N2 + e– (ii) O2 → O2 + e–

41. Give reasons for the following :

(i) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-
directional.
(ii) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is
linear.
(iii) Ethyne molecule is linear.
45 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

16-04-2018
 42. What is an ionic bond? With two suitable examples explain the difference
between an ionic and a covalent bond?

43. Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character giving
reason.
N—H, F—H, C—H and O—H
2–
44. Explain why CO3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. How
can it be best represented?

45. Predict the hybridisation of each carbon in the molecule of organic compound
given below. Also indicate the total number of sigma and pi bonds in this
molecule.

46. Group the following as linear and non-linear molecules :

H2O, HOCl, BeCl2, Cl2O
47. Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively. (i) Write
the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these elements individually
with hydrogen. (ii) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole
moment?

48. Draw the resonating structure of

(i) Ozone molecule
(ii) Nitrate ion

49. Predict the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of hybridisation.
BCl3, CH4, CO2, NH3
2–
50. All the C—O bonds in carbonate ion (CO3 ) are equal in length. Explain.

51. What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy? Why is there difference in
bond enthalpy of O—H bond in ethanol (C2H5OH) and water?

IV. Matching Type

52. Match the species in Column I with the type of hybrid orbitals in Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) SF4 (a) sp3d2
(ii) IF5 (b) d2sp3
+
(iii) NO2 (c) sp3d
+
(iv) NH 4
(d) sp3
(e) sp
Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 46

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53. Match the species in Column I with the geometry/shape in Column II.

Column I Column II
+
(i) H3O (a) Linear
(ii) HC ≡ CH (b) Angular
–
(iii) ClO 2
(c) Tetrahedral
+
(iv) NH 4
(d) Trigonal bipyramidal
(e) Pyramidal

54. Match the species in Column I with the bond order in Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) NO (a) 1.5
(ii) CO (b) 2.0
–
(iii) O2
(c) 2.5
(iv) O2 (d) 3.0

55. Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) Hydrogen bond (a) C
(ii) Resonance (b) LiF
(iii) Ionic solid (c) H2
(iv) Covalent solid (d) HF
(e) O3

56. Match the shape of molecules in Column I with the type of hybridisation in
Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) Tetrahedral (a) sp2
(ii) Trigonal (b) sp
(iii) Linear (c) sp3

V. Assertion and Reason Type

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.

57. Assertion (A) : Sodium chloride formed by the action of chlorine gas on
sodium metal is a stable compound.
Reason (R) : This is because sodium and chloride ions acquire octet in
sodium chloride formation.

47 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

16-04-2018
 (i) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.

58. Assertion (A) : Though the central atom of both NH3 and H2O molecules are
sp3 hybridised, yet H–N–H bond angle is greater than that of
H–O–H.
Reason (R) : This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and oxygen
atom has two lone pairs.
(i) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.

59. Assertion (A): Among the two O–H bonds in H2O molecule, the energy
required to break the first O–H bond and the other O–H bond
is the same.
Reason (R) : This is because the electronic environment around oxygen is
the same even after breakage of one O–H bond.
(i) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.

VI. Long Answer Type

60. (i) Discuss the significance/ applications of dipole moment.
(ii) Represent diagrammatically the bond moments and the resultant dipole
moment in CO2 , NF3 and CHCl3.

61. Use the molecular orbital energy level diagram to show that N2 would be
expected to have a triple bond, F 2, a single bond and Ne2, no bond.

62. Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation by taking
an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy changes taking place
in the formation of dihydrogen?

63. Describe hybridisation in the case of PCl5 and SF6. The axial bonds are longer
as compared to equatorial bonds in PCl5 whereas in SF6 both axial bonds and
equatorial bonds have the same bond length. Explain.

64. (i) Discuss the concept of hybridisation. What are its different types in a
carbon atom.

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 48

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 (ii) What is the type of hybridisation of carbon atoms marked with star.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple choice questions.

Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option.

Molecular orbitals are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Two atomic orbitals
combine to form two molecular orbitals called bonding molecular orbital (BMO)
and anti bonding molecular orbital (ABMO). Energy of anti bonding orbital is raised
above the parent atomic orbitals that have combined and the energy of the bonding
orbital is lowered than the parent atomic orbitals. Energies of various molecular
orbitals for elements hydrogen to nitrogen increase in the order :
σ1s < σ * 1s < σ 2s < σ * 2s < ( π 2 p x ≈ π 2 py ) < σ 2 pz < ( π * 2 px ≈ π * 2 py ) < σ * 2 pz and
for oxygen and fluorine order of energy of molecular orbitals is given below :
σ1s < σ * 1s < σ 2s < σ * 2s < σ 2 p z < ( π 2 p x  π 2 p y ) < ( π * 2 p x  π * 2 p y ) < σ * 2 p z
Different atomic orbitals of one atom combine with those atomic orbitals of the
second atom which have comparable energies and proper orientation. Further, if
the overlapping is head on, the molecular orbital is called ‘Sigma’, (σ) and if the
overlap is lateral, the molecular orbital is called ‘pi’, (π). The molecular orbitals
are filled with electrons according to the same rules as followed for filling of atomic
orbitals. However, the order for filling is not the same for all molecules or their
ions. Bond order is one of the most important parameters to compare the strength
of bonds.

65. Which of the following statements is correct?

(i) In the formation of dioxygen from oxygen atoms 10 molecular orbitals
will be formed.
(ii) All the molecular orbitals in the dioxygen will be completely filled.
(iii) Total number of bonding molecular orbitals will not be same as total
number of anti bonding orbitals in dioxygen.
(iv) Number of filled bonding orbitals will be same as number of filled anti
bonding orbitals.

49 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

16-04-2018
 66. Which of the following molecular orbitals has maximum number of nodal
planes?
(i) σ*1s
(ii) σ*2pz
(iii) π2px
(iv) π*2py

67. Which of the following pair is expected to have the same bond order?
(i) O2 , N2
+ –
(ii) O2 , N2
– +
(iii) O2 , N2
– –
(iv) O2 , N2

68. In which of the following molecules, σ2pz molecular orbital is filled after π2px
and π2py molecular orbitals?
(i) O2
(ii) Ne2
(iii) N2
(iv) F2

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 50

16-04-2018
ANSWERS
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
1. (ii) 2. (iii) 3. (ii) 4. (ii) 5. (ii) 6. (iv)
7. (i) 8. (iii) 9. (iii) 10. (iii) 11. (ii) 12. (iv)
13. (ii) 14. (i) 15. (ii) 16. (iv) 17. (ii) 18. (i)
19. (iv) 20. (ii) 21. (i) 22. (ii)

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

23. (i), (ii) 24. (i), (iv) 25. (i), (ii)
26. (iii), (iv) 27. (iii), (iv) 28. (i), (iv)
29. (iii), (iv) 30. (i), (ii)

III. Short Answer Type

32. (i) According to molecular orbital theory electronic configurations of
+ –
O2 and O2 species are as follows :
+ 2 2 2 2 2
O2 : (σ1s) (σ* 1s ) (σ2s) (σ* 2s ) (σ2pz) (π2px2 , π2p2y ) (π* 2px1 )
– 2 2 2 2 2
O2 : (σ1s) (σ* 1s ) (σ2s) (σ* 2s ) (σ2pz) (π2p2x , π2p2y ) (π* 2px2 , π* 2py1)

+ 10 − 5 5
Bond order of O2 = = = 2.5
2 2

10 − 7 3
–
Bond order of O2 = = = 1.5
2 2
+ –
Higher bond order of O2 shows that it is more stable than O2 . Both the
species have unpaired electrons. So both are paramagnetic in nature.

34. (a) Compound (I) will form intramolecular hydrogen bond because
NO2 and OH group are close together in comparison to that in
compound (II).

51 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

16-04-2018
 (b) Compound (II) will have higher melting point because it forms
intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Thus, more and more molecules
are joined together through hydrogen bond formation.
(c) Due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding compound (I) will not be
able to form hydrogen bonds with water thus will be less soluble in
it while compound (II) can form hydrogen bond with water more
easily and will be soluble in water.

37. [Hint : Dimethyl ether will have larger bond angle. There will be more
repulsion between bond pairs of CH3 groups attached in ether than
between bond pairs of hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen in water. The
carbon of CH3 in ether is attached to three hydrogen atoms through σ
bonds and electron pairs of these bonds add to the electronic charge density
on carbon atom. Hence, repulsion between two —CH3 groups will be more
than that between two hydrogen atoms.]

IV. Matching Type

52. (i) → (c) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (e) (iv) → (d)

53. (i) → (e) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (b) (iv) → (c)

54. (i) → (c) (ii) → (d) (iii) → (a) (iv) → (b)

55. (i) → (d) (ii) → (e) (iii) → (b) (iv) → (a)

56. (i) → (c) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (b)

V. Assertion and Reason Type

57. (i) 58. (i) 59. (iv)

65. (i) 66. (ii) 67. (ii) 68. (iii)

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 52

16-04-2018
Which statement about the application of VB theory to HF is correct?
A set of resonance structures for HF contains both covalent and ionic
contributions.
Application of VB theory to the bonding in HF gives several resonance
structures that contribute equally to the overall bonding picture.
Within VB theory, the bonding in HF is described as wholly covalent.

Within VB theory, the bonding in HF is described as wholly ionic.

Two atoms X and Y have valence 2s and 2p atomic orbitals. An MO

diagram for the formation of diatomic XY shows the 2s and 2p orbitals
of X to be at lower energy than the respective orbitals of Y. Which
statement about the MO diagram is incorrect?
Each π(2p) MO has more X than Y character.

The σ(2s)* MO has more X than Y character.

The σ(2s) MO has more X than Y character.

The σ(2p) MO has more X than Y character.

Which atomic orbital of an F atom overlaps the most effectively with

the 1s orbital of H to form the σ-bonding MO in HF; the H and F nuclei
are defined to lie on the z axis.
2s

2px

1s

2pz
For the elements listed below, which sequence correctly describes
their relative electronegativities?
F > Cl < C < Li

F < Cl < C < Li

F > Cl > C > Li

F > Cl > C < Li

The bond dissociation enthalpy of HBr can be estimated from the

data D(H–H) = 436, D(Br–Br) = 193 kJ mol–1, χP(Br) = 3.0, χP(H) =
2.2. What value is obtained by this method?
317 kJ mol–1

253 kJ mol–1

315 kJ mol–1

376 kJ mol–1

With which species below is O2– isoelectronic (with respect to both

core and valence electrons)?
N

Mg2+

S2–

Which two molecules or ions below are isoelectronic?

CO2 and [NO2]+
 CO2 and SO2

CO2 and NO2

CO2 and [NO2]–

Match the molecule to the polarity description below. Which pair

is incorrect?
BrCl; Br is δ–

HF; F is δ–

ClF; F is δ–

HBr; H is δ+

Which sequence gives the correct order of effective nuclear charges

experienced by the 2p electrons?
F>O>N>C

F>O<N<C

F>O>N<C

F<O<N<C

Which of the following diatomics is paramagnetic?

HF

CO

NO

HCl
Match the diatomic species to the stated bond order. Which pair
is incorrect?
CO; bond order = 2.5

[NO]+; bond order = 3

HF; bond order = 1

NO; bond order = 2.5

Which statement is incorrect about an MO description of the bonding

in CO? (Assume a relatively simple approach to the bonding.)
The bond order is 3.

Each of the π*(2p) MOs contains more C than O character.

The highest occupied MO has mainly carbon character.

The π*(2p) MOs are occupied.

The dipole moment of a gaseous ClF molecule is 0.89 D and q = 0.11.

This means that:
ClF is polar, and the bonding in ClF is essentially ionic.

ClF is polar, and the Cl atom has effectively gained 0.11 of an electron.

ClF is polar, and the F atom has effectively gained 0.89 of an electron.

ClF is polar, and the Cl atom has effectively lost 0.11 of an electron.
Which of the following is isoelectronic with CO?
[O2]+

[O2]–

[NO]+

NO

Within valence bond theory, we can draw two major contributing

resonance structures for CO. Which of the following statements
is correct about these resonance structures?
Each resonance structure contains a localized carbon–oxygen double bond.

In one resonance structure, C carries a positive charge and there is a localized

carbon–oxygen triple bond.
In one resonance structure, C carries a negative charge.

The resonance structures do not indicate an ionic contribution to the bonding in

CO.

The dipole moment of HF:

is the difference between the Pauling electronegativity values of F and H.

is a scalar quantity.

is a vector quantity.

has units of coulombs.

In an MO diagram that describes the bonding in NO:

the π(2p) MOs are non-degenerate.
 each π(2p) MO possesses more N than O character.

each π(2p) MO possesses equal contributions from the N and O 2p orbitals.

each π(2p) MO possesses more O than N character.

Consider three diatomic molecules X 2, Y2 and XY. Suppose that you

make an estimate of the bond dissociation enthalpy of XY by using the
equation:

D(X–Y) = 1/2{ D(X–X) + D(Y–Y)}

For which of the following XY molecules would this be reasonably

reliable?
HF.

HCl.

ClF.

ClBr.

1.
Which statement is false? A sigma molecular orbital
(a) may result from overlap of p atomic orbitals perpendicular to the molecular
axis (side-on).
(b) may result from overlap of p atomic orbitals along the molecular axis (head-
on).
(c) may result from overlap of two s atomic orbitals.
(d) may result from overlap of one s and one p atomic orbitals.
(e) may be either bonding or antibonding.
2.
 Carbon monoxide has ten bonding electrons and four antibonding electrons.
Therefore it has a bond order of
(a) 3
(b) 7
(c) 1
(d) 5/2
(e) 2
3.
Which of the following is the correct electron configuration for C2?
(a) 1s2 2s2 2py2 *1s2 *2s2 *2py2
(b) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2py2 *2pz1 2p1
(c) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2py2 2pz2
(d) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2py1 2pz1
(e) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2py1 *2py1 2pz1 *2pz1
4.
What is the correct electron configuration for the molecular ion, B2+?
(a) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2p2
(b) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2py2
(c) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2py2 2pz1
(d) 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2p1 2py1
(e) none of the above.
5.
Draw the molecular orbital diagram for the molecular ion, N2+. The number of
electrons in the 2p molecular orbital is:
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
(e) 4
6.
What is the bond order in O2+?
(a) 3.5
(b) 2.0
(c) 1.5
(d) 2.5
(e) 0
7.
Draw the molecular orbital diagram for B2. The number of unpaired electrons
in the B2 molecule is _____.
(a) zero
(b) 1
 (c) 2
(d) 3
(e) 4
8.
Which one of the following statements is false?
(a) Valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory can be described as two
different views of the same thing.
(b) When one considers the molecular orbitals resulting from the overlap of any
two specific atomic orbitals, the bonding orbitals are always lower in energy
than the antibonding orbitals.
(c) Molecular orbitals are generally described as being more delocalized than
hybridized atomic orbitals.
(d) One of the shortcomings of molecular orbital theory is its inability to
account for a triple bond in the nitrogen molecule, N2.
(e) One of the shortcomings of valence bond theory is its inability to account
for the paramagnetism of the oxygen molecule, O2.
9.
Antibonding molecular orbitals are produced by
(a) constructive interaction of atomic orbitals.
(b) destructive interaction of atomic orbitals.
(c) the overlap of the atomic orbitals of two negative ions
(d) all of these
(e) none of these
10.
Which statement regarding stable heteronuclear diatomic molecules is false?
(a) All have bond orders greater than zero.
(b) The antibonding molecular orbitals have more of the character of the more
electropositive element than of the more electronegative element.
(c) Their molecular orbital diagrams are more symmetrical than those of
homonuclear diatomic molecules.
(d) The bonding molecular orbitals have more of the character of the more
electronegative element than of the less electronegative element.
(e) The greater is the difference in energy between two overlapping atomic
orbitals, the more polar the resulting bond is, due to electrons occupying the
resulting bonding molecular orbital.

Answers:

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
 1. If the sign of the wave function is unchanged when the orbital is reflected about its
centre, the orbital is ______________
a) Gerade
b) Ungerade
c) Gerade as well as Ungerade
d) None of the mentioned

2. Bond Order of O2, F2, N2 respectively are __________

a) +1, +2, +3
b) +2, +3, +1
c) +2, +1, +3
d) +3, +2, +1

3. Arrange the following molecules in decreasing bond length.

a) O2 > O2– > O2+ > O22-
b) O22- > O2– > O2 > O2+
c) O22- > O2– > O2+ > O2
d) O2– > O2+ > O22- > O2
. Arrange the following molecules in the order of increasing stability.
a) N2+ < N2 < N2– < N22-
b) N22- < N2– < N2 < N2+
c) N22- < N2– = N2+ < N2
d) N2 < N2+ = N2– < N22-

6. On the basis of molecular orbital theory, select the most appropriate option.
a) The bond order of O2 is 2.5 and it is paramagnetic
b) The bond order of O2 is 1.5 and it is paramagnetic
c) The bond order of O2 is 2 and it is diamagnetic
d) The bond order of O2 is 2 and it is paramagnetic

7. Which of the following molecule does not exist due to its zero bond order?
a) H2+
b) He2+
c) He2
d) H2–

8. The relative energies of molecular orbitals in increasing order have been found to be as
follows.
(σ1s) < (σ*1s) < (σ2s) < (σ*2s) < [(π2py)(π2pz)] < (σ 2px) < [(π*2py)(π*2pz)] < (σ*2px)
a) For O2 to Ne2
b) For H2 to N2
c) For H2 to Ne2
d) For N2 to Ne2

9. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the shape and size of a molecular orbital depends
upon _________
a) Shape and size of the combining atomic orbitals
b) Numbers of the combining atomic orbitals
c) Orientation of the combining atomic orbitals
d) All of the mentioned

10. Choose the incorrect statement from the following options.

a) In bonding molecular orbital, electron density is low in the region between the nuclei of
bonded atoms
b) The energy of antibonding molecular orbital is higher than that of atomic orbitals from
which it is formed
c) Every electron in bonding molecular orbital contributes toward stability of the molecule
d) Antibonding takes place when lobes of atomic orbitals have different signs

10. Choose the incorrect statement from the following options.

a) In bonding molecular orbital, electron density is low in the region between the nuclei of
bonded atoms
b) The energy of antibonding molecular orbital is higher than that of atomic orbitals from
which it is formed
c) Every electron in bonding molecular orbital contributes toward stability of the molecule
d) Antibonding takes place when lobes of atomic orbitals have different signs
 1.
What is the molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic helium molecule, He2? How stable
is the molecule? Diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
2. What is the molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic oxygen molecule, O 2? How stable
is the molecule? Diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
3. What is the molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic neon molecule, Ne2? How stable
is the molecule? Diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
4. What is the molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic fluorine molecule, F2? How stable
is the molecule? Diamagnetic or paramagnetic?

Solutions
1. The molecular orbital diagram for a diatomic hydrogen molecule, H 2, is

• Bond Order = 1/2(2 - 0) = 1

• The bond order above zero, so H2 is stable.
• Because there are no unpaired electrons, H2 is diamagnetic.

2. The molecular orbital diagram for a diatomic helium molecule, He2, shows the following.

• Bond Order = 1/2(2 - 2) = 0

• bond order is zero so molecule is unstable.
• would be diamagnetic.
3. The molecular orbital diagram for a diatomic oxygen molecule, O 2, is

• Bond Order = 1/2(10 - 6) = 2

• The bond order is two so the molecule is stable.
• There are two unpaired electrons, so molecule is paramagnetic.

4.The molecular orbital diagram for a diatomic Neon molecule, Ne2, is

• Bond Order = 1/2(10 - 10) = 0

 • bond order is zero, so Ne2 is unstable.
• diamagnetic

5. The molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic fluorine molecule, F2 is

• B.O. = 1/2(10 - 8) = 1
• B.O is one so the fluorine molecule is stable.
• Because all of the electrons are paired, F2 is diamagnetic.