Basic Digital Passband Modulation

EE456 – Digital Communications

“A First Course in Digital Communications”
by Ha H. Nguyen and E. Shwedyk, Cambridge University Press,
March 2009

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A9
[email protected]

Fall 2008

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Introduction
Baseband transmission is conducted at low frequencies.
Passband transmission happens in a frequency band toward
the high end of the spectrum.
Satellite communication is in the 6–8 GHz band, while mobile
phones systems are in the 800 MHz–2.0 GHz band.
Bits are encoded as a variation of the amplitude, phase or
frequency, or some combination of these parameters of a
sinusoidal carrier.
The carrier frequency is much higher than the highest
frequency of the modulating signals (or messages).
Shall consider binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK), binary
phase-shift keying (BPSK) and binary frequency-shift keying
(BFSK): Error performance, optimum receivers, spectra.
Extensions to quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), offset
QPSK (OQPSK) and minimum shift keying (MSK).
EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen
Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Examples of Binary Passband Modulated Signals

(a) Binary data 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1
(b) Modulating signal
0 t
m(t ) 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb

(c) BASK signal 0 t

−V

(d) BPSK signal 0 t

−V

(e) BFSK signal 0 t

−V

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK)


s1 (t) = 0, “0T ”
, 0 < t ≤ Tb , fc = n/Tb
s2 (t) = V cos(2πfc t), “1T ”
s1 (t ) s 2 (t )
φ1 (t )
0
EBASK



t = Tb
Tb r1 ≥ Th ⇒ 1D
r1
∫ (•)dt
r (t )
Comparator
0 r1 < Th ⇒ 0 D

φ1 (t )
N0 P E BASK
Th = ln  1  +
2 E BASK  P2  2
(b)
Choose 0T ⇐  Choose 1T
s1 (t ) s 2 (t ) T
r1 = r (t )φ1 (t )dt
b

0
0
EBASK 2 
 r !
EBASK
P [error]BASK = Q . (1)
2N0
EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen
Basic Digital Passband Modulation

PSD of BASK
V2

SBASK (f ) = δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc ) +
16
sin2 [πTb (f + fc )] sin2 [πTb (f − fc )]

+ . (2)
π 2 Tb (f + fc )2 π 2 Tb (f − fc )2

SBASK ( f )
V2
16

f
1 1
0 fc − fc fc +
Tb Tb

Approximately 95% of the total transmitted power lies in a band of

3/Tb (Hz), centered at fc .
EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen
Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)


s1 (t) = −V cos(2πfc t), if “0T ”
, 0 < t ≤ Tb , (3)
s2 (t) = +V cos(2πfc t), if “1T ”

s1 (t ) 0 s 2 (t )
2
φ1 (t ) = cos(2π f ct )
Tb
EBPSK EBPSK

r !
2EBPSK
P [error]BPSK = Q . (4)
N0

V 2 sin2 [π(f − fc )Tb ] sin2 [π(f + fc )Tb ]

 
SBPSK (f ) = + . (5)
4 π 2 (f − fc )2 )Tb π 2 (f + fc )2 Tb
Similar to that of BASK, but no impulse functions at ±fc .

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)


    

s (t )
    
 

 


s1 (t) = V cos(2πf1 t + θ1 ), if “0T ”
, 0 < t ≤ Tb . (6)
s2 (t) = V cos(2πf2 t + θ2 ), if “1T ”

(i) Minimum frequency separation for coherent orthogonality (θ1 = θ2 ):

[coherent] 1
(∆f )min = . (7)
2Tb
(ii) Minimum frequency separation for noncoherent orthogonality
(θ1 6= θ2 ):
[noncoherent] 1
(∆f )min = . (8)
Tb
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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

s1 (t) s2 (t)
φ1 (t) = √ , φ2 (t) = √ . (9)
EBFSK EBFSK

r2 φ2 (t )
Decision boundary
[φ2 (t ) − φ1 (t )] when P2 = P1
( 0, )
2
s 2 (t ) EBFSK
Choose 0T

Choose 1T
( EBFSK , 0 ) r1

0
φ1 (t )
s1 (t )

r !
EBFSK
P [error]BFSK = Q . (10)
N0

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

PSD of BFSK

V2 sin2 [πTb (f + f2 )] sin2 [πTb (f − f2 )]

 
SBFSK (f ) = δ(f − f2 ) + δ(f + f2 ) + +
16 π 2 Tb (f + f2 )2 π 2 Tb (f − f2 )2
V2 sin2 [πTb (f + f1 )] sin2 [πTb (f − f1 )]
 
+ δ(f − f1 ) + δ(f + f1 ) + + .
16 π 2 Tb (f + f1 )2 π 2 Tb (f − f1 )2

Bandwidth W = ( f 2 − f1 ) + 3 / Tb

V2 V2
16 16

1.5 1 1 1.5
f1 − f1 f1 + f2 − f2 f2 +
Tb Tb Tb Tb

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Performance Comparison of BASK, BPSK and BFSK

−1
10

−2
10
BASK and BFSK

−3
10
P[error]

BPSK
−4
10

−5
10

−6
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
E /N (dB)
! b 0 !
r r
2Eb Eb
P [error]BPSK = Q , P [error]BASK = P [error]BFSK = Q .
N0 N0

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Basic idea behind QPSK: cos(2πfc t) and sin(2πfc t) are orthogonal
over [0, Tb ] when fc = k/Tb , k integer ⇒ Can transmit two different
bits over the same frequency band at the same time.
The symbol signaling rate (i.e., the baud rate) is
rs = 1/Ts = 1/(2Tb ) = rb /2 (symbols/sec), i.e., halved.

Bit Pattern Message Signal Transmitted

00 m1 s1 (t) = V cos(2πfc t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts = 2Tb
01 m2 s2 (t) = V sin(2πfc t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts = 2Tb
11 m3 s3 (t) = −V cos(2πfc t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts = 2Tb
10 m4 s4 (t) = −V sin(2πfc t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts = 2Tb
m1 = 00 m3 = 11 m2 = 01 m4 = 10

0 t

−V
0 2Tb 4Tb 6Tb 8Tb

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Signal Space Representation of QPSK

Ts
V2
Z
s2i (t)dt = Ts = V 2 Tb = Es , (11)
0 2
s1 (t) s2 (t)
φ1 (t) = √ , φ2 (t) = √ . (12)
Es Es
φ2 (t )

s 2 (t )

Es
s3 (t ) s1 (t )
φ1 (t )
0

s4 ( t )

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Optimum Receiver for QPSK

m-dimensional observation space
 
r = (r1 , r2 , , rm )

ℜ1
Choose s1 (t ) or m1
ℜ4
Choose s4 (t ) or m4

ℜ2
ℜ3
Choose s2 (t ) or m2
Choose s3 (t ) or m3

Z Z
P [correct] = P1 f (~r|s1 (t))d~r + P2 f (~r|s2 (t))d~r (13)
ℜ1 ℜ2
Z Z
+ P3 f (~r|s3 (t))d~r + P4 f (~r|s4 (t))d~r.
ℜ3 ℜ4

Choose si (t) if Pi f (~r|si (t)) > Pj f (~r|sj (t)), j = 1, 2, 3, 4; j 6= i. (14)

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Simplified Decision Rule and Receiver Implementation

Choose si (t) if
N0 ln P + r s + r s > N0 ln P + r s + r s (15)
2 i 1 i1 2 i2 2 j 1 j1 2 j2
j = 1, 2, 3, 4; j 6= i.

t = Ts = 2Tb
Ts r1
( • ) dt Compute
0
N
r1 s j1 + r2 s j 2 + 0 ln( Pj )
r (t ) 2 Decision
φ1 (t ) t = Ts = 2Tb for j = 1, 2,3, 4
Ts r2 and choose
( • ) dt the largest
0

φ 2 (t )

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Minimum-Distance Receiver
Choose si (t) if (r1 − si1 )2 + (r2 − si2 )2 is the smallest (16)
 ! "#$% &

φ2 (t ), r2

s 2 (t )

0 9
0 9
/ 8
-
. s 3 (t ) π /4 s1 (t ) 7
6
, 5
+ 4
*
* 0 φ1 (t ), r1 3
3
) 2
( 1

s4 ( t )

 ! " $ &%

'

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Symbol (Message) Error Probability of QPSK

:;<<=> ?@AB C

r2

s 2 (t ) r̂1
r̂2
/2
Es
M V
M V
L U
K
J s3 ( t ) π /4 s1 (t ) T
S
I R
H Q
G r1 P
G 0 P
F O
E N

/2
E
s
−
s4 ( t )

:;<<=> ?DA CB

" r !#2
Es
P [error] = P [error|si (t)] = 1 − P [correct|si (t)] = 1 − 1 − Q . (17)
N0

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Bit Error Probability of QPSK

WXYYZ[ \]^_`

r2

s 2 (t ) r̂1 s !" s !#
r̂2
/2
Es Es
Es P [m2 |m1 ] = Q 1−Q ,
j s
s
N0 N0
ji r
h
g s3 ( t ) π /4 s1 (t ) pq s !
f o
ed nm Es
c
b
d 0 r1
l
k
m P [m3 |m1 ] = Q2 ,
N0
/2

s !" s !#
E
s

Es Es
−

s4 ( t ) P [m4 |m1 ] = Q 1−Q .

N0 N0
WXYYZ[ \a ^ `_

P [bit error] = 0.5P [m2 |m1 ] + 0.5P [m4 |m1 ] + 1.0P [m3 |m1 ]
r !
Es
= Q . (18)
N0

Gray mapping: Nearest neighbors are mapped to the bit pairs that differ
in only one bit.

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

An Alternative Representation of QPSK

V cos(2πf c t )

a I (t )

a(t ) tuvwxyz{x u| u} s (t )

aQ (t )

V sin(2πf ct )
a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8
Bit sequence 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1

a(t ) 0 t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
−1

a0 a2 a4 a6 a8
1

a I (t ) 0 t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
−1

a1 a3 a5 a7
1

aQ (t ) 0 t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
−1

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

aI(t)Vcos(2πfct)
V

−V
0 2Tb 4Tb 6Tb 8Tb 10Tb
a (t)Vsin(2πf t)
Q c
V

−V
0 2Tb 4Tb 6Tb 8Tb 10Tb
sQPSK(t)=aI(t)Vcos(2πfct)+aQ(t)Vsin(2πfct)

−V

0 2Tb 4Tb 6Tb 8Tb 10Tb

t
s(t) = aI (t)V cos(2πfc t) + aQ (t)V sin(2πfc t)
aQ (t) √
q   
= a2I (t) + a2Q (t)V cos 2πfc t − tan−1 = 2V cos[2πfc t − θ(t)].
aI (t)


 π/4, if aI = +1, aQ = +1 (bits are 11)
−π/4, if aI = +1, aQ = −1 (bits are 10)

θ(t) = . (19)

 3π/4, if aI = −1, aQ = +1 (bits are 01)
−3π/4, if aI = −1, aQ = −1 (bits are 00)


EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Signal Space Representation of QPSK

V cos(2πfc t)

 φ1 (t) = √
V 2 Tb
V sin(2πfc t) , 0 < t < Ts = 2Tb , (20)
 φ2 (t) = √
V 2T
b
2
φ2 (t ) = sin(2π fc t )
Ts

aI = −1, aQ = 1 € θ (t ) = 3π / 4 aI = 1, aQ = 1 ~ θ (t ) = π / 4

V 2Ts
π /4

0 2
φ1 (t ) = cos(2π fc t )
Ts

aI = −1, aQ = −1  θ (t ) = −3π / 4 aI = 1, aQ = −1  θ (t ) = −π / 4

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Receiver Implementation of QPSK

Quadrature bit stream Inphase bit stream

s2(Q ) (t ) 0 s1(Q ) (t ) s2( I ) (t ) 0 s1( I ) (t )

φ2 (t ) φ1 (t )
V 2Ts V 2Ts V 2Ts V 2Ts
− −
2 2 2 2

t = Ts
Ts
r1
∫ ( • ) dt
0
Threshold = 0
a I (t )
r (t )
Multiplexer a (t )
φ1 (t )
t = Ts
Ts
r2 aQ (t )
∫ ( • ) dt
0
Threshold = 0

φ2 (t )

s  r !
V 2 Ts  2Eb
P [bit error] = Q  = ··· = Q . (21)
N0 N0

EE456 – Digital Communications Ha H. Nguyen

Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK)

In OQPSK the aI (t) and aQ (t) bit streams are offset by one bit
interval Tb .
a −1 a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
Bit sequence 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1

a (t ) 0 t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
−1

a0 a2 a4 a6
1

a I (t ) 0 t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
−1

a −1 a1 a3 a5 a7
1

aQ (t ) 0 t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
−1

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Example of an OQPSK Signal

a (t)Vcos(2πf t)
I c
V

−V
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb 10Tb
aQ(t)Vsin(2πfct)
V

−V
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb 10Tb
s (t)=a (t)Vcos(2πf t)+a (t)Vsin(2πf t)
OQPSK I c Q c

−V

0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb 10Tb

t

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

Both QPSK and OQPSK signals have sudden jumps.
MSK eliminates the jumps altogether by applying weighting
functions to the carriers V cos(2πfc t) and V sin(2πfc t).
‘ Ž

 πt Œ
Œ
2 cos 
2Tb
V cos(2πf c t )

˜™‰š›œƒ œˆ™›†
a I (t )
−Tb

a (t ) ‚ƒ„ †‡ˆ‰† ƒŠ ƒ‹
s (t )

aQ (t )
ž ›Ÿ‹›‡ ‹ƒ œˆ™›†

— ” V sin(2πf ct )
•
• πt ’
’
2 sin – “
2Tb

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Generation of an MSK Signal

a (t) 0.5
I a (t)2 cos(π t/(2T ))Vcos(2πf t)
I b c
1
V
0 (a)
cos(π t/(2Tb)) 0 (e)
−1
−Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb −V
aI(t)20.5cos(π t/(2Tb))
−Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
1 0.5
a (t)2 sin(π t/(2T ))Vsin(2πf t)
0 Q b c
(b)
−1 V
−Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
aQ(t) 0 (f)
1 −V
0 (c) −Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
sin(π t/(2Tb))
−1 0.5 0.5
sMSK(t)=aI(t)2 cos(π t/(2Tb))Vcos(2πfct)+aQ(t)2 sin(π t/(2Tb))Vsin(2πfct)
−Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
aQ(t)20.5sin(π t/(2Tb)) V
1 0 (g)
0
(d) −V
−1
−Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb −Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb
t t

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Block Diagram of MSK Receiver

t = k 2Tb − Tb
b − Tb
k 2 Tª
r2 ¡¢£¤¡¥¦§ ¨ ©
( • ) dt
( k −1)2Tb −Tb
a I (t )
r (t ) «¬¦­®¯¦ £° £¢
a(t )
φ 2 (t )
t = k 2Tb
k 2±Tb aQ (t )
r1 ¡¢£¤¡¥¦§ ¨ ©
(• ) dt
( k −1)2 Tb

φ1 (t )

√

  p 
πt
φ1 (t) = V sin(2πfc t)
2 sin V 2 Tb , (22)
2Tb
√
    p
πt
φ2 (t) = 2 cos V cos(2πfc t) V 2 Tb . (23)
2Tb
r !
2Eb
P [bit error] = Q , Eb = V 2 Tb is the energy per bit. (24)
N0

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

A Mathematical Description of MSK Signals

√ √
   
πt πt
s(t) = aI (t) 2 cos V cos(2πfc t) + aQ (t) 2 sin V sin(2πfc t)
2Tb 2Tb
= A cos(2πfc t − θ).

 12
√
   
πt 2 πt
A= a2I (t)2V 2 2
cos + a2Q (t)2V 2 sin = 2V
2Tb 2Tb

  
πt
 aQ (t) sin 2T   
b
 πt πt
θ = tan−1   = tan−1 ± tan =± .
 a (t) cos πt 
I
2Tb 2Tb
2Tb

√
   
1
⇒ s(t) = 2V cos 2π fc ± t . (25)
4Tb
An MSK signal is of either frequency f2 = fc + 4T1 b or f1 = fc − 4T1 b ⇒
can be viewed as frequency-shift keying signal with continuous phase.
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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Power Spectral Density

0
BPSK

Normalized Power Spectral Densisty (dB)

QPSK/OQPSK
−10 MSK

−20

−30

−40

−50

−60
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
(f−fc)/rb (Hz/bit/s)
" #2 " #2
cos[2π(f − fc )Tb ]
 cos[2π(f + fc )Tb ] 
SMSK (f ) = K + .
 4π 2 (f − fc )2 − π 2 /(4Tb2 ) 4π 2 (f + fc )2 − π 2 /(4Tb2 ) 

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 begun. Testimony to this is the rapidly increasing penetration areas. However, this novel archite
of cordless and cellular phones, not just in North America but the 1980s when the first commer
Basic Digital Passband Modulation
all across the world. In anticipation of the growing consumer introduced.
demands, thein
Modulation next2G
generation of wirelessWireless
Cellular systems endeavors to
Systems The first-generation cellular a
provide person-to-person communication of both circuit and works, which were based on analo
ulation
GSM/DCS-1800 IS-54/136 PDC 1S-95 deploye
since th
Region Europe North America Japan North America typical e
cellular
Frequency band 900/1800/1900 800/1900 700/1500 800/1900 Advanc
(MHz) (AMPS
wireles
Multiple access F/TDMA F/TDMA F/TDMA F/CDMA modulat
Carrier spacing 200 30 25 1250 cessing
(kHz) processi
these di
Modulation GMSK OQPSK OQPSK BPSK/QPSK advanta
Speech coding VSELP (HR-5.6) VSELP (FR-7.95) PSI-CELP (HR-3.45) QCELP (8, 4, 2, 1) using s
(kb/s) RPE-LTP (FR-13) ACELP (EFR-7.4) VSELP (FR-6.7) RCELP (EVRC) transmi
ACELP (EFR-12.2) division
code d
Frame size (ms) 4.6 40 20 20 CDMA,
log freq
Channel coding Rate 1/2 Rate 1/2 Rate 1/2 Rate 1/2 or 1/3
(convolution code)
HR: half-rate codec; FR: full-rate codec; EFR: enhanced full-rate codec; EVRC: enhanced variable isThe line
1
rate codec an exam
An adaptive multitate (AMR) codec for GSM is currently being standardized by ETSI municatio
■ Table 1. Air interface characteristics of 2G systems. Editorial

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Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Modulation in 3G CDMA-Based Cellular Systems

Proposal UTRA cdma2000 WCDMA/NA WIMS W-CDMA W-CDMA TD-SCDMA CDMA II CDMA I
Multiple-access FDD: DS-CDMA FDD: DS-CDMA FDD: DS-CDMA FDD: DS-CDMA FDD: TDMA/CDMA DS-CDMA DS-CDMA
TDD: T/CDMA TDD: T/CDMA DS-CDMA
TDD: T/CDMA TDD: TDD: T/CDMA
DS-W-CDMA(FL)
DS-S-TDMA (RL)
Duplex scheme FDD/TDD FDD/TDD FDD/TDD W-CDMA FDD FDD/TDD TDD FDD FDD
mode: FDD
S-TDMA TDD
mode: TDD
Chip rate (Mc/s) FDD: 4.096/ 1.2288xN Mcps FDD: 4.096/8.192/ 4.096/8.192/ 1.024/4 096/ 1.1136 1.024/4.096/ 0.9216/3.6864/
8.192/16.384 (NX) 16.384 16.384 8.192/16 384 8.192/16.384 14.7456
TDD: 4.096 TDD: 4.096
Frame length 10 ms 20/5 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 5 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Channel coding Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional
coding coding coding coding coding coding coding coding
(rate 1/2, 1/3, (R=1/2, 1/3, 1/4, (rate 1/2, 1/3, (FL: R = 1/2, K = 7, (R = 1/2, 1/3, (R = 3/4, K = 9); (R = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, R = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4,
K = 9); K = 9); K = 9); RL: R = 1/3, K = 9) K = 9); optional outer 1/6, K = 9), select- 1/6);
optional outer Turbo code of optional outer RS Turbo code of RS code; able FEC optional outer
RS coding (rate R=1/2, 1/3, 1/4 coding (R = 4/5) R = 1/3 Turbo code of for low rate data; (47, 41) RS code
TBD) and K = 4 (pre- K = 3 (data K = 4, R = 1/2 Turbo code of
ferred for date transmission (preferred for data R = 1/3 and K = 3
transmission over 32 kb/s) rate greater than for high rate
over 14.4 kb/s 19.2 kb/s NRT data and packet
on supplemental service) data
channel)
Interleaving Inter/intraframe Intraframe Inter/intraframe Block interleaving Multistage Interframe, Intraframe Intraframe
(no details given) intra or inter-
frame
Data modulation FDD: QPSK (FL) FDD: QPSK FDD: DQPSK, and QPSK (FL) FL: QPSK
FL: QPSK, BPSK (RL) FL: QPSK, FL: QPSK, 16QAM for high BPSK (RL) RL: BPSK
RL: Dual-channel- RL: Dual-channel RL: Dual-chan- data rate
QPSK; QPSK; nel QPSK
TDD: TDD: TDD: QPSK
QPSK (RL&FL) QPSK (RL&FL)
Spreading FDD: QPSK FDD: QPSK QPSK BPSK FL: QPSK QPSK (FL)
modulation BPSK (FL), BPSK (FL), RL: OCQPSK(RL)
QPSK(RL); QPSK(RL); OCQPSK(CDTC
TDD: TDD: H, ACCH)/
QPSK (RL&FL)
EE456 – Digital Communications QPSK (RL&FL) CQPSK(UPCH) Ha H. Nguyen