Engineering Management

Lecture 1
Definitions of Management is given by different scientists/managers as follows:
SL Definition Proposed by
No.
1 Art of getting things done through A Harold Koontz
people

2 Management is the art of knowing B Peter Ferdinand Drucker

what you want to do and then seeing
that they do it in the best and the
cheapest way

3 Management may be defined as the C Frederick Winslow Taylor

process by means of which the
purpose and objectives of a
particular human group are
determined, clarified, and effectuated

4 Management is the art of getting D George R Terry

things done through others and with
formally organized groups

5 Management is a distinct process E Mary Parker Follett

consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling; utilizing in
each both science and art, and
followed in order to accomplish pre-
determined objectives

(i) 1: E, 2: C, 3: B, 4: A, 5: D
(ii) 1: D, 2: C, 3: B, 4: A, 5: E
(iii) 1: E, 2: B, 3: C, 4: A, 5: D
(iv) 1: E, 2: C, 3: D, 4: A, 5: B
 (v) 1: C, 2: E, 3: B, 4: A, 5: D

1. What is Engineering Management?

Answer: Engineering management combines technical capabilities with leadership knowledge
and skills, preparing for career success in highly technical organizations.
2. What are the organizational objectives of Management?
Answer: Survival, Growth, and Profit

3. What are the social objectives of Management?

Answer: Quality products, Reasonable price, Employment opportunities, Economic wealth,
Education-Health-Vocational training programmes, and Ecofriendly methods of production.
4. What are the personal objectives of Management?
Answer: Adequate salary, Good working conditions, Peer recognition, Training and
Development, and Social recognition.
5. What are the characteristics/features of Management?
Answer: Goal-oriented, Universal activity, Continuous process, Social process, Dynamic
activity, Group activity, Distinct process, Both science and art, A profession, and Multi-
disciplinary in nature.
6. List the most widely accepted functions of management as given by KOONTZ and
O’DONNEL.
Answer: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Controlling,
7. List the elements of Direction.
Answer: Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, and Communication
8. What are the elements of Direction?
Answer: Establishment of standard performance.
Measurement of actual performance.
Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.
Corrective action.
9. Who is the mother of modern management?
Answer: Mary Parker Follett
 10. Who is the father of Scientific Management?
Answer: Frederick Winslow Taylor
11. “Business has only two functions: marketing and innovation” Who said this quote?
Answer: Peter Ferdinand Drucker
12. Read the paragraph and then answer the following questions.
Mr. Abdullah Asiri is a Managing director in a toy manufacturing company. He decided to set up
a new manufacturing unit of his company in a rural area of Asir region where job opportunities
are very less. He believes in using environmental friendly methods of production and aims at
giving employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the community. As a manager
he aims at reducing costs and increasing productivity through better planning, organizing, directing
staffing and controlling the activities of the organization. Mr. Abdullah considers human
resources as the greatest asset of any organization. Getting work done through others is a major
task of a manager as per the views of Mr. Abdullah. As a manager Mr. Abdullah believes that his
task is to make workers work towards achieving the organizations’ goals. On the basis of the
above paragraph answer the following questions.

(i) Identify the level of management at which Mr. Abdullah Asiri is working.
(a) Top level management
(b) Middle level management
(c) Lower-level management
(d) Supervisory level management
Answer: (a) Top level management
(ii) Identify the objective of management discussed in the given case (Choose the correct
alternative)
(a) Economic objective
(b) Organizational objective
(c) Social objective
(d) Personal objective
Ans. (c) Social objective
(iii) “As a manager, he aims at reducing costs and increasing productivity”. Name the
importance of management highlighted in the given statement. (Choose the correct
alternative)
(a) Management helps in achieving group goals.
(b) Management creates a dynamic organization.
(c) Management increases efficiency.
(d) Management helps in achieving personal objectives.
Answer: (c) Management increases efficiency.

(iv) “Getting work done through others is a major task of a manager as per the views of Anil”.
Which dimension of management is reflected by Mr.Abdullah’s view? (Choose the correct
alternative)
(a) Management of people
(b) Management of work
(c) Management of operations
(d) Management of resources
Answer: (a) Management of people
Lecture 2
1. Enlist Henry Fayol’s 14 principles of ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT THEORY

Answer:
1. Division of work.
2. Authority and Responsibility.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of Command.
5. Unity of Direction.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest.
7. Remuneration.
8. Centralization.
9. Scalar Chain.
10. Order.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenure of personnel.
13. Initiative.
14. Esprit de Corps.
1. What does it mean “Esprit de Corps”?
Answer: Esprit de Corps: a feeling of pride and mutual loyalty shared by the members of a group.
2. Who is “the father of modern management theory”?
Answer: Henry Fayol is known as the ‘father of modern management theory’.
3. Which principle of management implies that there should be ‘one head and one plan’ for a
group of activities having the same objective?
Answer: The principle of unity of direction implies that there should be ‘one head and one plan’
for a group of activities having the same objective.
4. Which principle of management states that an employee should receive orders from one
superior only?
Answer: Unity of command states that an employee should receive orders from one superior only.
5. What does the principle of ‘initiative’ indicate?
Answer: Principle of initiative indicates that the management should encourage workers to think,
make and execute plans within prescribed limits of authority.
6. Why did Fayol introduce the concept of ‘gang plank’ in the principle of ‘scalar Chain’?
Answer: Fayol introduced the concept of ‘gang plank’ in the principle of ‘scalar chain’ to
overcome the problem of communication delay in urgent matters.
Gang Plank refers to an arrangement in which two managers working at the same level can
communicate with each other directly for quick communication.
7. Which principle of management is violated, if a subordinate is asked to receive orders from
two or more superiors?
Answer: Principle of ‘unity of command’ is violated.
8. Read the paragraph and then answer the following questions.
Al Nukhba LLC in Asir region is manufacturing files and folders from old clothes to discourage
the use of plastic files and folders. For this, they employ people from nearby villages where very
less job opportunities are available. An employee, Abdullah, designed a plan for cost reduction but
it was not welcomed by the production manager. Another employee, Aymen, gave some
suggestions for improvement in design, but it was also not appreciated by the production manager.
(i) Which principle of management is violated here?
(ii) Identify any two values that the company wants to communicate to society.
Answer: (i) Initiative.
The management should support and encourage the employees to take initiatives in an
organization. Here, both the suggestions, cost reduction and design improvement, is not welcomed
by the production manager.
(ii) Values that the company wants to communicate to the society are:
Creation of job opportunities.
Concern for the environment.
9. Read the paragraph and then answer the following questions.
Voltech Saudi manufactures LED bulbs/tubes/lights to save electricity and run under heavy losses.
To revive from the losses, the management thought of shifting the unit to a backward area where
labours are available at a low cost. The management also asked the workers to work overtime
without any additional payment and promised to increase the wages of the workers after achieving
its mission. Within a short period, the company started earning profits because both the
management and the workers honoured their commitments.

(i) which principle of management is described in the above paragraph.

(ii) Identify any two values that the company wants to communicate to the society.
Answer: (i) Discipline, As suggested by Henry Fayol, discipline is the obedience to organizational
rules and employment agreements that are necessary for the working of the organization. He also
suggested that there should be clear and fair agreements and judicious application of penalties.
(ii) Values communicated by the company towards the society are:
Concern for the environment (by manufacturing LED bulbs).
Development of backward areas.
10. Name and explain the principle of management according to which a manager should replace
‘I’ with ‘We’ in all his conversations with workers?
Answer: Esprit de corps, It is the principle of management, according to which a manager should
replace ‘I’ with ‘We’ in all his conversations with workers.
Literally speaking, the phrase ‘esprit de corps’ means the spirit of loyalty and devotion which
unites the members of the group.
According to Fayol, management should promote a team spirit of unity and harmony among
employees. A manager should replace ‘I’ with ‘We’ in all his conversations with workers to foster
team spirit. This will give rise to a spirit of mutual trust and belongingness among team members.
11. Read the paragraph and then answer the following questions.
Aysha and Salman completed their MBA and started working in a multinational company at the
same level. Both are working hard and are happy with their employers. Salman had the habit of
backbiting and wrong reporting about his colleagues to impress his boss. All the employees in the
organization knew about it. At the time of performance appraisal, performance of Aysha was
judged better than Salman’s. Even then their boss, Mohammad Sharif decided to promote Salman
stating that being a female, Aysha will not be able to handle the complications of a higher post.
(i) Identify and explain the principle of management, which was not followed by this multi-
national company.
(ii) Identify the values, which are being ignored quoting the lines from the above para.
Answer: (i) Multi-national company was not following the principle of equity as the manager
promoted Salman on the grounds that a female will not be able to handle the complications of a
higher post. Fayol in his principle clearly stated that the managers should be fair and impartial
while dealing with their subordinates. There should be no discrimination on the basis of region,
sex, religion, etc. The principle of equity implies that similar treatment should be assured to
employees working at similar positions.
(ii) Values such as gender equality, emotional equity and fair treatment are violated in the lines
‘Mohammad Sharif decided to promote Salman stating that being a female, Aysha will not be able
to handle the complications of a higher post’.
NOTE Principle of equity states that the employees should be treated with kindness and equity if
devotion and loyalty is expected of them
Lecture 3
1. Write the definition of “Project” as given by the Project management Institute (PMI).
Answer: The Project Management Institute (PMI) defines a project as a temporary endeavor
undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
2. What are the characteristics of “Projects”?
Answer:
3. What are the Objectives of Project Management?
Answer: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
4. Why Project Management is Important?
Answer:
1. Consistent communication
2. Effective resource allocation
3. Higher productivity
4. Improved customer satisfaction
5. More flexibility
6. Higher risk tolerance
7. Improved morale
8. Better planning
9. Quality control
10. Learning by retrospection

5. List the important Interpersonal skills required of a project manager

Answer: Communication, Influence, Leadership, Motivation, Negotiation, and Problem solving
6. What are the qualities of leadership?
Answer: Honesty, Efficient communication, Knowledge, Consistency, Visionary outlook,
Selflessness, Courage, and Will power
7. What are the major components of motivation?
Answer: Activation, Persistence, and Intensity
8. What are the skills involved in Problem Solving?
Answer: Active listening, Analysis, Research, Creativity, Communication, and Decision making
Lecture 4
1. What are the four important phases of project management life cycle?
Answer: The project management life cycle is usually broken down into four important phases:
initiation, planning, execution, and closure.
2. Write down the key elements of successful project planning?
Answer:
(i) Stakeholder needs
(ii) Project objectives
(iii)Deliverables & Due dates
(iv) Project schedule
(v) Roles and Responsibilities
(vi) Project budget
(vii) Communication plan
(vii) Tracking and management tools
3. List the Elements of Execution of a project.
Answer: Time management, Cost management, Quality management, Change management, Risk
management, Issue management, Procurement management, Acceptance management, and
Communication management.
4. What is meant by the feasibility study of a project?
Answer: As the name implies, a feasibility analysis is used to determine the viability of an idea,
such as ensuring a project is legally, environmentally, operationally, and technically feasible as
well as economically justifiable.
****************
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which is not a function of management of the following:
(a) Planning
(b) Staffing
(c) Cooperating
(d) Controlling
Answer: c
2. Policy formulation is the function of
(a) Top level Managers
(b) Middle level Managers
(c) Operational Management
(d) None of the above
Answer: a
3. The following is not an objective of Management
(a) Earning profits
(b) Growth of the organisation
(c) Providing Employment
(d) Policy Making
Answer: c
4. Which one of the following is not a characteristic
of management
(a) Management is a goal-oriented process
(b) Management is multidimensional
(c) Management is profit oriented
(d) Management is intangible
Answer: c
5. Foremen and supervisors fall in the category of
(a) Top level management
(b) Operational Management
(c) Middle Level Management
(d) None of the above
Answer: b
6. Which of the following functions of Management is concerned with finding the right
people for the right Job.
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Controlling
Answer: c
7. Which one of the following is not an organizational objective of management
(a) Survival
(b) Cooperation
(c) Growth
(d) Profit
Answer: b
8. Mr. Ayman Asiri is working in ‘Telco Ltd.’ A company manufacturing toys. He found that the
profits had started declining for the last six months. Profit has an implication for the survival of
the firm. So he analyzed the business environment to find out the reasons for this decline.
From the following alternatives, identify the level of management at which Mr. Ayman
Asiri is working.
(a) Lower level Management
(b) Middle level Management
(c) Top Level Management
(d) None of the above
Answer: c
9. One of the organizational objectives of management is the ‘Growth of a business’.
Which one of the following is not associated with the measurement of business growth?
(a) Sales volume
(b) Number of Employees
(c) Number of creditors
(d) Number of Products offered
Answer: c
10. ‘Principles of Management are not rigid prescriptions, which have to be followed
absolutely’. Identify the nature of management principles discussed in the given statement.
(a) General Guidelines
(b) Universal
(c) Flexible
(d) Contingent
Answer: c
11. Which principle of Henri Fayol states that ‘there should be one and only one boss for
every individual employee.
(a) Discipline
(b) Unity of command
(c) Unity of direction
(d) Division of work
Answer: b
12. Violation of which of the following principle of Henri Fayol is known as gang plank.
(a) Remuneration of employees
(b) Scalar Chain
(c) Centralization and Decentralization
(d) Discipline
Answer: b
13. Which principle of Henri Fayol states that workers should be encouraged to develop and
carry out their plans for improvements.
(a) Esprit de corps
(b) Order
(c) Initiative
(d) Equity
Answer: c
14. A company is manufacturing apparel and is running under heavy losses. To recover from the
losses, the management thought of shifting the unit to a backward area where labour is available
at a low cost. The management also asked the workers to work overtime without any additional
payment and promised to increase the wages of workers after achieving its mission. Within a short
period, the company started earning profits because both the management and the workers honored
their commitments. From the following options, identify the principle of management described
in the above para.
(a) Discipline
(b) Cooperation not individualism
(c) Esprit de corps
(d) Order
Answer: a
15. Mr. Bandar, a manager decided that there will be separate departments for finance,
marketing, production and sales in his company. By doing so he is following a principle of
Management. Identify the principle of management followed by Mr. bandar in the given
situation. (Choose the correct alternative): choose only one
(a) Division of work
(b) Centralization and decentralization
(c) Order
(d) Unity of command
Answer: a
16. ................. is the principle of management according to which a manager should replace
‘I’ with we’ in all his conversations with workers.
(a) Division of work
(b) Scalar chain
(c) Esprit de corps
(d) Cooperation not individualism
Answer: c
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions
After completing her Bachelor in Fashion Designing from a well-known college in France, Ms.
Aysha opened a boutique in a posh market in Riyadh. She has divided the work into smaller units
and each employee is well-trained to perform his/her task efficiently. The salespersons are allowed
to close a deal with a buyer by giving a maximum of 5 percent discount, whereas the decision to
give any further discount rests with Ms. Aysha as the final authority. In the earlier period of her
business venture, employees were asked to put in extra hours of work. In return she had promised
to give them a special incentive within a year. Therefore, when the business was doing well, she
honoured her commitment by giving bonus to her employees. She also instructed her employees
that communication from top to bottom should follow the official lines of command. However,
she tends to be more biased towards her female employees when it comes to solving conflicts
among employees.
17. Ms. Aysha has divided the work into smaller units and each employee is well-trained to
perform his/ her task efficiently. Which principle of management is being followed here?
(a) Centralization and Decentralization
(b) Division of work
(c) Discipline
(d) Order
Answer: b
18. “The salespersons are allowed to close a deal with a buyer by giving a maximum of 5
percent discount, whereas the decision to give any further discount rests with Ms.Aysha as
the final authority”. Identify the principle of Management being followed here:
(a) Centralization and Decentralization
(b) Authority and Responsibility
(c) Unity of Command
(d) Unity of Direction
Answer: a
19. “Therefore, when the business was doing well, she honoured her commitment by giving
bonuses to her employees.” Which principle of management is being highlighted here?
(a) Discipline
(b) Order
(c) Remuneration to Employees
(d) Unity of Direction
Answer: a
20. Ms. Aysha tends to be more biased towards her female employees, when it comes to
solving the conflicts among employees. Which principle is being violated here?
(a) Discipline
(b) Order
(c) Equity
(d) None of these
Answer: c
21. Mr. Ali is a middle lever manager. He keeps all his subordinates under a lot of discipline. His
employees however complain of wastage of time and efforts as they feel that nothing is being
assigned in a proper way and a proper place, also no proper schedule is made for working. Which
principle of management is violated here?
(a) Discipline
(b) Order
(c) Equity
(d) None of these
Answer: b
22. “Al-Amel employment” is a company which takes care of the fact that the confidence of the
employees should always be at its peak. For this reason, they give surety to their employees for
employment for a minimum fixed tenure of time. Which principle of management is followed
here?
(a) Discipline
(b) Order
(c) Stability of personnel
(d) None of these
Answer: c
23. A floor manager of a Mall is very capable as he utilizes all the functions of management. He
lays stress on developing mutual trust and spirit of cooperation amongst the employees. Under his
guidance the employees admit that they learn a lot and are able to meet their targets. This has led
to increase in their salaries.
Identify the principle of Fayol followed by the floor manager in the above case.
(a) Discipline
(b) Order
(c) Stability of personnel
(d) Esprit De Corps
Answer: d

On the basis of the paragraph given below, answer the following questions:
Care Ltd. is a well-known cement company in Saudi Arabia. It is able to earn adequate revenues
to cover costs. Its capital base, number of employees, and production turnover have increased
manifolds over the years. The rate of profitability of the business is also creditable. The employees
of the company are happy and satisfied. The overall pay and compensation paid by the company
are fair to both- employees and the organization. There is complete cooperation between the
workers and management. The spirit of competition has been replaced by the spirit of cooperation
within the organization. As a part of its moral obligation, the company has taken many initiatives
for providing employment to specially abled persons and promoting literacy in rural areas.

24. “It is able to earn adequate revenue to cover costs”.

Which organizational objective is achieved by the company in the given statement.
(a) Growth
(b) Survival
(c) Profit
(d) Diversification
Answer: b
25. Name the principle of Fayol followed by the company in the given case.
(a) Discipline
(b) Order
(c) Remuneration of employees
(d) Unity of direction
Answer: c
26. Which principle of scientific management is followed by the company in the given case:
(a) Scientific not the rule of thumb
(b) Harmony, not discord
(c) Cooperation not individualism
(d) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity.
Answer: c
27. Which importance of management is discussed in the given case.
(a) Management increases efficiency
(b) Management helps in the development of society
(c) Management creates a dynamic organization
(d) Management is an intangible force
Answer: b
28. An accepted deadline for a project approaches. However, the project manager realizes only
75% percent of the work has been completed. The project manager then issues a change request.
What should the change request authorize?
(a) Additional resources using the contingency fund
(b) Escalation approval to use contingency funding
(c) Team overtime to meet the schedule
(d) Corrective action based on causes
Answer: d
29. The project manager develops a process improvement plan to encourage continuous process
improvement during the life of the project. Which of the following is a valid tool or technique to
assist the project manager to assure the success of the process improvement plan?
(a) Change control system
(b) Process analysis
(c) Benchmarking
(d) Configuration management system
Answer: b
30. The project manager meets with the project team to review lessons learned from previous
projects. In what activity is the team involved?
(a) Performance management
(b) Scope identification
(c) Risk identification
(d) Project team status meeting
Answer: c
****************
Theory Questions
2. What are the Skillsets of an Engineering Manager?
Answer:
People management: Engineering managers often face different tasks that require specialist
competencies, such as hiring new team members, onboarding and motivating them, as well as
holding regular assessments and 1-on-1 meetings.
Personal skills: The trickiest challenges are the personal ones: he or she should improve their
skills in time management, decision making, and goal setting, as well as learning how to set
priorities, in order to be effective as a manager.
Technical skills: This group includes hard skills. The manager must have a technical background,
in order to control the quality of the work, give constructive feedback, and communicate with
designers and developers with the same technical insight. With no good hard skills, an engineering
manager will hardly get the job done.
Knowledge management: This skill is associated with the organization and collecting of
knowledge and transferring it within the development team. It also includes theability to maintain
technical documentation.
Project management: This group of skills is based on planning and control of execution. An
engineering manager helps teams work together and deliver the product in time.
Communication skills: This group implies the ability to negotiate and quickly resolve issues in a
dialogue. It is useful for an engineering manager to understand the intentions and motivations of
each team member. Empathy and high emotional intellect also play a key role in managing a tech
team.
Company skills: The engineering manager is responsible for the whole team playing by the rules
of the business. He or she should be perfectly aware of the company’s structure, goals, and
interests, as well as promote the corporate culture.
‫أسئلة نظرية‬
‫******************‬
‫‪ .2‬ما هي مهارات مدير الهندسة؟‬
‫إجابه‪:‬‬
‫إدارة األفراد‪ :‬غالبًا ما يواجه مديرو الهندسة مهاًما مختلفة تتطلب كفاءات متخصصة ‪ ،‬مثل تعيني أعضاء فريق جدد ‪ ،‬و إعدادهم وتحفيزهم ‪ ،‬باإلضافة إلى إجراء تقييمات منتظمة‬
‫واجتماعات فردية‪.‬‬
‫املهارات الشخصية‪ :‬إن أصعب التحديات هي التحديات الشخصية‪ :‬يجب عليه أو عليها تحسني مهاراتهم في إدارة الوقت ‪ ،‬واتخاذ القرار ‪ ،‬وتحديد األهداف ‪ ،‬وكذلك تعلم كيفية تحديد‬
‫األولويات ‪ ،‬من أجل أن يكون فعاًال كمدير‪.‬‬
‫املهارات الفنية‪ :‬تشمل هذه املجموعة املهارات الصعبة‪ .‬يجب أن يكون لدى املدير خلفية فنية ‪ ،‬من أجل التحكم في جودة العمل ‪ ،‬و إعطاء مالحظات بناءة ‪ ،‬والتواصل مع املصممني واملطورين‬
‫بنفس البصيرة التقنية‪ .‬مع عدم وجود مهارات جيدة جيدة ‪ ،‬فإن مدير الهندسة بالكاد سينجز املهمة‪.‬‬
‫ضا إمكانية االحتفاظ بالوثائق الفنية‪.‬‬
‫إدارة املعرفة‪ :‬ترتبط هذه املهارة بالتنظيم وجمع املعرفة ونقلها ضمن فريق التطوير‪ .‬ويشمل أي ً‬
‫إدارة املشروع‪ :‬تعتمد هذه املجموعة من املهارات على التخطيط والتحكم في التنفيذ‪ .‬يساعد املدير الهندسي الفرق على العمل مًعا وتقديم املنتج في الوقت املناسب‪.‬‬
‫مهارات االتصال‪ :‬تعني هذه املجموعة القدرة على التفاوض وحل املشكالت بسرعة في الحوار‪ .‬من املفيد للمدير الهندسي أن يفهم نوايا ودوافع كل عضو في الفريق‪ .‬يلعب التعاطف والفكر‬
‫ضا دوًرا رئيسيًا في إدارة فريق التكنولوجيا‪.‬‬
‫العاطفي العالي أي ً‬
‫مهارات الشركة‪ :‬املدير الهندسي مسؤول عن الفريق بأكمله الذي يلعب وفًقا لقواعد العمل‪ .‬يجب أن يكون على دراية كاملة بهيكل الشركة وأهدافها واهتماماتها ‪ ،‬باإلضافة إلى تعزيز ثقافة‬
‫الشركة‬

‫إدارة الفريق‪ :‬يجب أن ُيظهر املدير الهندسي نفسه أو نفسها كمنظم مختص ‪ ،‬يمكنه التأكد من أن الفريق التقني منسق بشكل جيد ومستقل‪ .‬يجب أن‬
‫يكون املدير قادًرا على بناء فريق كفء وتنظيم سير العمل والحفاظ على روح الفريق والشفافية‬

‫‪b‬‬
Team management: An engineering manager must show himself or herself as a competent
organizer, who can make sure the tech team is well-coordinated and autonomous. A manager
should be able to build a competent team, organize their workflow, and maintain team spirit and
transparency.
2. Differentiate between Leader and Manager
Answer:
1. Leaders encourage while managers order
2. Leaders motivate while managers control
3. Leaders create visions while managers work on small goals
4. Leaders create relationships while managers build employees
5. Leaders ask what and why while managers ask when and how

3. Draw a Venn diagram to show the differences/similarities of leaders and managers.

Answer:
4. How do you prove that you are fit for an Engineering Management Profession by preparing
personal SWOT analysis.
Answer:
Two sample SWOT analysis are given here. You need to write minimum 6 key points in each
section. Do not copy the given samples. Prepare your own analysis.

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