Soumyadeep Roy Mob.

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Definition

A congruence of the form ax ≡ b (mod m) is called a Linear Congruence.

If a�� ≡ b (mod m) , then we say x = �� is a solution of ax ≡ b (mod m).

Example

x = 3 is a solution of 2x ≡ 1 (mod 5) since 2.3 ≡ 1 (mod 5).

Also x = 8 is a solution of 2x ≡ 1 (mod 5).

NOTE

If one of the solution x = �� of ax ≡ b (mod m) is known then

all solutions are given by ,
�
x = �� + � , t ∈ ℤ , where d = gcd (a , m)
�

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Important Properties of Congruence

(i) If a ≡ b (mod m) and b ≡ c (mod m) , then a ≡ c (mod m).

(ii) a ≡ b (mod m) ⇒ b ≡ a (mod m).

(iii) ac ≡ bc (mod m) ⇒ a ≡ b (mod m) if gcd (c , m) = 1.

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Theorem

Let a , b and m be integers with m > 0 and gcd (a , m) = 1. Then the

congruence ax ≡ b (mod m) has an unique solution.

Proof : Since gcd (a , m) = 1 , there exist integers u and v such that ,

au + mv = 1
⇒ a(bu) + m(bv) = b
⇒ a(bu) ≡ b (mod m)
This shows that x = bu is a solution of ax ≡ b (mod m).
Let �� , �� be two solutions of ax ≡ b (mod m).
Then a�� ≡ b (mod m) and a�� ≡ b (mod m)
⇒ b ≡ a�� (mod m)
This gives ,
a�� ≡ a�� (mod m)
⇒ �� ≡ �� (mod m) , since gcd (a , m) = 1.
This proves that the congruence has an unique solution.

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem
Solve the linear congruence 5x ≡ 3 (mod 11).

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem

Solve the linear congruence 7x ≡ 3 (mod 15).

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem

Find all solutions of 3x ≡ 7 (mod 4).

Solution : 3x ≡ 7 (mod 4) ------------ (i)

Since gcd (3 , 4) = 1 , the given congruence has unique solution.
Since gcd (3 , 4) = 1 , there exist two integers u , v such that ,
3u + 4v = 1
Now, 4 = 3.1 + 1
⇒ 1 = −3.1 + 4
⇒ 1 = 3.(−1) + 4.1 , So u = −1 , v = 1
⇒ 3.(−1) ≡ 1 (mod 4)
⇒ 3.(−7) ≡ 7 (mod 4)
This shows that −7 is a solution of (i).
All solutions are x ≡ −7 (mod 4) i.e., x ≡ 1 (mod 4).
Hence the given congruence has the solution ,
x ≡ 1 (mod 4).

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem
Find all solutions of 7x ≡ 4 (mod 18)

Solution : 7x ≡ 4 (mod 18) -------------- (i)

Since gcd (7 , 18) = 1 , the given congruence has unique solution.
Since gcd (7 , 18) = 1 , there exist integers u and v such that,
7u + 18v = 1
Now , 18 = 7.2 + 4
7 = 4.1 + 3
4 = 3.1 + 1
So, 1 = 4 − 3.1
= 4 − (7 − 4.1).1
= 4 − 7.1 + 4.1
= 4.2 − 7.1
= (18 − 7.2).2 − 7.1
= 18.2 − 7.4 − 7.1
= 18.2 − 7.5
⇒ 1 = 18.2 + 7.(−5)
⇒ 1 = 7.(−5) + 18.2 , So u = −5 , v = 2

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

⇒ 7.(−5) ≡ 1 (mod 18)

⇒ 7.(−20) ≡ 4 (mod 18)
So , x = −20 is a solution of (i).
All solutions are x ≡ −20 (mod 18) i.e., x ≡ 16 (mod 18).
Hence the given congruence has the solution ,
x ≡ 16 (mod 18).

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Theorem

If gcd (a , m) = d and d | b , then the equation ax ≡ b (mod m) has d solutions

modulo m. If d ∤ b , then the equation ax ≡ b (mod m) has no solution.

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem

Solve the linear congruence 4x ≡ 6 (mod 4).

Solution : 4x ≡ 6 (mod 4) ----------- (i)

Here gcd (4 , 4) = 4 and 4 ∤ 6.
Hence the given congruence has no solution.

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem
Solve the linear congruence 20x ≡ 10 (mod 35).

Solution : 20x ≡ 10 (mod 35)

Here gcd (20 , 35) = 5 and 5 | 10 , so the given congruence has 5
solutions.
Now , 20x ≡ 10 (mod 35)
⇒ 4x ≡ 2 (mod 7) , where gcd (4 , 7) = 1.
Since gcd (4 , 7) = 1 , there exist integers u and v such that ,
4u + 7v = 1
Now , 7 = 4.1 + 3
4 = 3.1 + 1
So , 1 = 4 − 3.1
= 4 − (7 − 4.1).1
= 4 − 7.1 + 4.1
⇒ 1 = 4.2 + 7.(−�) , So u = 2 , v = −1
⇒ 4.2 ≡ 1 (mod 7)
⇒ 4.4 ≡ 2 (mod 7)
Therefore the value of x is 4.

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

The incongruent solutions are,

�
x = �� + � , t = 0 , 1 , 2 , ......... , d − 1
�
��
=4+ �,t=0,1,2,3,4
�
= 4 + 7t , t = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
= 4 , 11 , 18 , 25 , 32
Hence x = 4 , 11 , 18 , 25 , 32 are 5 incongruent solutions.

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem

Solve the linear congruence 25x ≡ 15 (mod 120)

Solution : Here d = gcd (a , m) = gcd (25 , 20) = 5 and 5 | 15 ,

So the given linear congruence has 5 solutions.
Now, 25x ≡ 15 (mod 120)
⇒ 5x ≡ 3 (mod 24) , where gcd (5 , 24) = 1.
Since gcd (5 , 24) = 1 , so there exist integers u , v such that ,
5u + 24v = 1
Now , 24 = 5.4 + 4
5 = 4.1 + 1
So , 1 = 5 − 4.1
= 5 − (24 − 5.4).1
= 5 − 24.1 + 5.4
⇒ 1 = 5.5 + 24.(−1)
⇒ 5.5 ≡ 1 (mod 24)
⇒ 5.15 ≡ 3 (mod 24)
Therefore the value of x is 15.

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Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

The incongruent solutions are ,

�
x = �� + t , t = 0 , 1 , 2 , ........... , d − 1
�
���
= 15 + t ,t=0,1,2,3,4
�
= 15 + 24t , t = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
= 15 , 39 , 63 , 87 , 111
Hence x = 15 , 39 , 63 , 87 , 111 are 5 incongruent solutions.

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem

Solve the linear congruence 15x ≡ 9 (mod 18).

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

Problem

Solve the linear congruence 28x ≡ 63 (mod 105).

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]

Soumyadeep Roy Mob.: +91 8001173882

For any suggestions feel free to write us on : [email protected]