MODULE 3

INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

Integration by Parts, and Rational Functions

ONLINE STUDY: The student becomes independent and responsible, indeed teachers are just
guides and facilitators. Anyway, you are provided with modules, a self -instructional material,
meaning a teacher by itself. It is self- contained, meaning encompassing, and further, self -
pacing, meaning the student can proceed at a rate depending on how fast he or she can
digest the lesson in a module to be able to proceed to the next module.

1. Integration by Parts
Under integration techniques it was emphasized that if formula/s in Module 1 apply, use of the
same is preferred than the integration techniques under discussion, for a more direct
evaluation of the integral. Also, it is worthy to note that integration is forward looking, and
answer checked by differentiating it, which is correct if the function in the integrand is obtained
as the result.

As shown in Module 1, every differentiation rule has a corresponding integration rule. For
instance, the Substitution Rule for integration corresponds to the Chain Rule for differentiation.
Then rule that corresponds to the Product Rule for differentiation is called the rule for
integration by parts.

The Product Rule states that if 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions, then,
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

multiplying thru by 𝑑𝑥, we have,

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

manipulating,

𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Integrating both sides,

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Finally, we have the formula for INTEGRATION BY PARTS

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
Clear discussion on the application of the above formula can be achieved by way of illustrative
examples.

Example 2.1.1

Find ∫ 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

By Integration by Parts

Formula ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

∫ 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙(−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) − ∫(−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄

Answer

It is wise to check answer by differentiating it. Doing so we have,

𝒅
(−𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄) = (−𝒙)(−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙(−𝟏) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

𝒅
(−𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄) = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 (the function in the integrand), and meaning
𝒅𝒙
The answer is correct.

Example 2.1.2

Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙

With the formula for Integration by Parts in mind, and by looking forward, we are sure
that by,

Letting, 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥,
we can fully evaluate the given integral.
By Integration by Parts Formula,

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐

Answer

Example 2.1.3

𝟐
Find, ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 2
∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 −2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . −2
1 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − 2 𝑒 −𝑥

𝟐 1 2 2
∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 2 (− 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 2 2 −2
= − 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . −2

𝟐 1 2 1 2
∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2

Answer

Example 3.1.4

Find ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙

∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙

By Integration by Parts,

Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 − ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 (𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
 ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 + ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Transposing the second term of the right side of the preceding equation, we have,
𝟐 ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Divide thru by 2,
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏 (𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙) + 𝒄
𝟐 𝟐

Answer

2. Rational Functions
Rational functions or rational algebraic fractions, are quotient of two polynomials. Examples
are:

2𝑥+11 𝑥3 1
, , and
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −9 (𝑡 2 +2𝑡+10)2

Rational algebraic fractions can be expressed as the sum of fractions called PARTIAL
FRACTIONS, obtained by partial fraction decomposition.

But, in integration of rational functions, before partial fraction decomposition, be sure that the
numerator is of degree lower than the denominator, otherwise, perform preliminary division.
To illustrate, for the second rational function above the degree of the numerator is 3, higher
than that of the denominator which is 2, so, to facilitate integration let us first perform
preliminary division,

𝑥3 9𝑥
=𝑥+ , the second term is a proper rational
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −9
function.

PARTIAL FRACTION DECOMPOSITION of proper rational function.

9𝑥
We can now decompose the proper rational function, 𝑥 2 −9, by first factoring the denominator
completely, that is all factors are prime factors.

The factors of the denominator which is a difference of two squares are ,

𝑥 2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
Meaning you need to review on common factor types ,to be effective.

By Partial fraction Decomposition,

9𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= + , 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑥2 − 9 𝑥+3 𝑥−3

multiply both sides by 𝑥 2 − 9, we have,

9𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3), an equation satisfied by all values of 𝑥.

Finding for 𝐴 and 𝐵,

Set 𝒙 = −𝟑, in the preceding equation,

9(-3) = 𝐴(-3 – 3) + 𝐵(−3 + 3)

-27 = -6𝐴 + 𝐵(0)

-27 = −6𝐴
−27
𝐴=
−6

9
𝐴= 2

Set 𝒙 = 𝟑,

9(3) = 𝐴(3 − 3) + 𝐵(3 + 3)

27 = 6𝐵
9
𝐵= 2

Therefore, by substituting 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵, we have,

9𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3),

9 9
9𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 − 3) + 2 (𝑥 + 3),

To check if the values of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵, are correct, assign convenient value for 𝑥, say 𝑥 = 3, if this
will yield equal values on both sides, 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are correct.
9 9
9𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 − 3) + 2 (𝑥 + 3),

9 9
9(3) = 2 (3 − 3) + 2 (3 + 3),
 27 = 27, Checked. Therefore the values of A = 9/2, and B = 9/2, are
correct.

To proceed,
9𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= + ,
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥+3 𝑥−3

It follows that,

9𝑥 9/2 9/2
= +
𝑥2 − 9 𝑥+3 𝑥−3
9𝑥 9 9
= +
𝑥2 − 9 2(𝑥 + 3) 2(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥3 9𝑥
Finally, =𝑥+
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −9

𝑥3 9 9
2
=𝑥+ +
𝑥 −9 2(𝑥 + 3) 2(𝑥 − 3)

We have learned in the preceding section how to operate on a rational function as a

preparation for integration of the same. But, looking at possible types of factors the
denominator of a proper rational function can have as; distinct real linear factors (𝑥 + 𝑎),
repeated real linear factors (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 , irreducible quadratic factors 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐,
(𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0), and repeated irreducible quadratic factors (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛 , we have to make
our discussion on a case to case basis.
CASE I: Distinct Real Linear Factors, (𝑥 + 𝑎)

CASE II: Repeated Real Linear Factors, (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛

CASE III: Irreducible Quadratic Factors, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, and the expression
cannot be factored. But , 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 𝑜𝑟 = 0, the expression can be factored.
CASE IV: Repeated irreducible Quadratic Factors, (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛

The above example illustrating partial fraction decomposition involves, CASE I.

Guide for Partial Fraction Decomposition Covering all Cases.

CASE Factor in the Denominator Corresponding Term/s in Partial Fractions Decomposition

I (𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝐴
𝑥+𝑎
II (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
+ 2
+ ⋯+
𝑥 + 𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛
III 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐵
Irreducible 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
IV (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛 𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐷 𝐻(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐼
Irreducible + 2 +⋯+ 𝑛
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

INTEGRATION OF RESULTING INTEGRALS IN THE DECOMPOSITION: if the integrand is of the

form,

𝑨
, by ln
𝒙+𝒂

𝑨(𝟐𝒂𝒙+𝒃)
, by ln
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄

𝑨
, by Power Formula
(𝒙+𝒂)𝒏

𝑨(𝟐𝒂𝒙+𝒃)
, by Power Formula
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄)𝒏

𝑨
, by arctangent
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄

𝑨
, by trigonometric substitution
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄)𝟐

STUDY ON THE EXAMPLES and do practice problems to be knowledgeable and skillful, and to be
effective.