COMPUTER SYSTEMS, HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE

Presented by:
Rogen Darell aban
Kurt Chester Peña
 CONTENT:
Part 1: Overview of Computer Systems and Their Types
Part 2: Types of Computer Software
Part 3: Types of Computer Hardware
PART 1: COMPUTER
SYSTEMS AND THEIR
TYPES
Microcomputer Systems

Computer systems refer to the complete set of hardware, software, and

peripheral devices that work together to perform computational tasks. Mainframe Systems
They include various types such as microcomputers, mainframes, and
supercomputers, each designed to meet different processing needs.
Microcomputers, like desktops and laptops, are used for personal and
office tasks, while mainframes and supercomputers handle large-scale
Midrange Systems
processing for enterprises and scientific research.
 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
Commonly known as personal computers (PCs), are designed for individual use and include desktops, laptops, and tablets. These systems are
versatile, cost-effective, and widely used for tasks like word processing, internet browsing, and gaming. Microcomputers are typically
powered by microprocessors and are suitable for both home and office environments.

1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS 2. WORKSTATION 3. NETWORK SERVER 4. INFORMATION APPLIANCES

Small, affordable computers designed A high-performance microcomputer A computer system that manages Devices designed for specific tasks,
for individual use, performing everyday tailored for demanding tasks such as network resources, providing services such as smartphones, tablets, and e-
tasks like word processing, internet graphic design, engineering, and and data to other computers (clients) readers, focusing on ease of use and
browsing, and gaming. scientific simulations. It offers more on a network. It is optimized for connectivity rather than general
processing power and memory than a handling numerous simultaneous computing power.
standard PC. connections and requests.
TYPES OF
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
Personal computers (PCs) are small,
affordable computers designed for
individual use, performing everyday tasks
like word processing, internet browsing,
and gaming.
A. DESKTOP B. LAPTOP
A desktop computer is a stationary machine designed A laptop is a portable computer that integrates all the
to be used at a fixed location, typically on a desk or essential components, including the screen, keyboard,
They are categorized into several types workstation. Desktops are known for their robust and battery, into a single unit. Laptops are designed for
based on their form factor, portability, performance, high storage capacity, and the ability to mobile use, offering a balance of functionality and
be easily upgraded or customized with new portability. They are ideal for users who need to work
and intended use: components, such as additional RAM, graphics cards, or on the go, providing the same capabilities as a desktop
storage drives.r. in a compact, portable form.
TYPES OF
NETWORK
SERVER
Network servers are computer system
that manages network resources,
providing services and data to other
computers (clients) on a network. It is
optimized for handling numerous
simultaneous connections and requests.
A. DUMB TERMINALS B. INTELLIGENT TERMINALS
Dumb terminals are simple devices consisting of a Unlike dumb terminals, intelligent terminals have
keyboard and monitor that rely entirely on a built-in processing capabilities, allowing them to
They are categorized into several types
central computer or server for processing power. perform some tasks independently of a central
based on their specific functions and the They are used to input data and display output, server. These terminals can run basic
types of services they provide to clients with all processing tasks handled remotely by the applications, manage local data processing, and
central system. Dumb terminals were widely used reduce the load on central systems. They are
within the network: in earlier computing environments, such as in often used in environments where some degree of
mainframe systems. local processing is necessary.
 B. MORE ABOUT INTELLIGENT TERMINALS

Window terminals are Internet terminals are

terminals running the devices primarily designed
Windows operating system, to provide users with
typically used in corporate internet access. These
environments to access terminals have limited
networked applications and functionality beyond web
resources. They provide a browsing and are often
familiar user interface and used in public spaces like
can be configured to run libraries, airports, and
B1. WINDOW specific applications or B2. INTERNET internet cafes, where users

TERMINALS TERMINALS
virtual desktops. need quick and easy access
to the web.
 MIDRANGE SYSTEMS
Also known as minicomputers, are more powerful than microcomputers but less powerful than mainframes. They are often used by small to
medium-sized businesses for tasks such as managing databases, running enterprise applications, and handling large-scale transaction
processing.

EXAMPLE: IBM POWER SYSTEMS

IBM Power Systems, such as the IBM Power9 series, are examples of
midrange systems, also known as minicomputers. These are often used by
medium to large businesses for critical applications, database management,
and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems.
 MAINFRAME SYSTEMS
Mainframe systems are large, powerful computers primarily used by large organizations for critical applications, including bulk data
processing, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. They are known for their high reliability, scalability, and
ability to handle thousands of users simultaneously.

EXAMPLE: IBM Z15

The IBM z15 is a modern mainframe computer designed to handle vast
amounts of transactions, data processing, and workload management,
typically in large organizations such as banks and government agencies.
Mainframes like the z15 are known for their scalability, reliability, and
security, often running critical applications that require continuous uptime.
PART 2: TYPES OF
COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
Computer software is the collection of programs, applications, and
operating systems that instruct a computer on how to perform specific
APPLICATION SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE
tasks. Software is divided into two main categories: application software,
which includes programs like word processors and web browsers used to
perform end-user tasks, and system software, such as operating
systems, which manage and control the computer's hardware.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE: GENERAL PURPOSE APPLICATION PROGRAM
Versatile software applications designed to perform a wide range of tasks for users. These programs are commonly used across various
industries and include tools like word processors, spreadsheets, and web browsers that help users complete everyday activities such as
document creation, data analysis, and internet browsing

1. SOFTWARE 2. WEB 3. ELECTRONIC 4. WORD 5. SPREADSHEET 6. PRESENTATION

SUITES BROWSER MAIL PROCESSING APPLICATIONS GRAPHICS
A collection of related Software that allows Applications that Software for creating, Applications used for Software designed to
software programs users to access and enable users to send, editing, and formatting organizing and storing create visual
bundled together, often navigate the internet, receive, and manage text documents (e.g., data in tabular form, presentations, often
sharing a common displaying web pages email communications Microsoft Word, Google often with advanced including text, images,
interface and and online content (e.g., (e.g., Microsoft Outlook, Docs). calculation capabilities and animations (e.g.,
integration features Google Chrome, Mozilla Gmail). (e.g., Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint,
(e.g., Microsoft Office). Firefox). Google Sheets). Google Slides).
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE: APPLICATION SPECIFIC PROGRAMS
Specialized software designed to perform particular tasks within a specific domain or industry. These programs are tailored to meet the
unique needs of a specific application or business process, such as accounting software, customer relationship management systems, or
educational platforms.

1. BUSINESS- 2. TRANSACTION 3. CUSTOMER 4. ENTERPRISE 5. EDUCATION 6. ENTERTAINMENT

ACCOUNTING PROCESSING RELATIONSHIP RESOURCE APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT PLANNING
Applications used to Software that handles Software designed for Applications designed
manage financial large volumes of educational purposes, for leisure and
Applications that help Comprehensive
transactions, routine transactions, businesses manage software systems that including learning entertainment,
bookkeeping, and such as order management systems, including games, music,
interactions with integrate all aspects of
reporting (e.g., processing or billing e-learning platforms, video, and multimedia
current and potential a business, (e.g., SAP,
QuickBooks, Sage). systems (e.g., Square). and instructional software (e.g., Spotify,
customers (e.g., Oracle ERP)
software (e.g., Moodle). Steam).
Salesforce, HubSpot).
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE: SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
Essential software tools used to control and manage the operations of computer systems. They include operating systems, network
management software, and database management systems, ensuring the smooth functioning of hardware and software, resource allocation,
and system security.

1. OPERATING 2. NETWORK MANAGEMENT 3. DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

The core software that manages Software that manages network Software that enables the creation,
computer hardware, software resources, monitors network traffic, management, and manipulation of
resources, and provides common and ensures secure communication databases, allowing users to store,
services for application software (e.g., between devices on a network (e.g., retrieve, and analyze data efficiently
Windows, macOS, Linux). Cisco Network Assistant). (e.g., Oracle Database, MySQL).
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
Consist of software tools and environments used by developers to create, test, and maintain software applications. These programs include
programming language translators, code editors, and debugging tools, facilitating the development of new software and the enhancement of
existing systems.

1. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 2. PROGRAMMING EDITORS AND

TRANSLATORS TOOLS
Tools that convert high-level programming Software that provides an environment for
code into machine code that can be writing and editing code, often including
executed by a computer's processor (e.g., features like syntax highlighting,
compilers, interpreters, assemblers). debugging, and version control (e.g., Visual
Studio Code, Eclipse).
PART 3: TYPES OF
COMPUTER
HARDWARE Central Processing Unit Storage

Computer hardware encompasses the physical components of a

computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, Input Devices
storage devices, input/output devices, and peripherals like monitors,
printers, and scanners. Hardware is responsible for executing the
instructions provided by software, enabling the computer to perform Output Devices Control

tasks such as data processing, storage, and communication.

 INPUT DEVICES
Hardware components that allow users to interact with and provide data to a computer system. Common input devices include keyboards,
mice, scanners, and touchscreens, which enable users to enter text, commands, or other forms of data for processing.

1. POINTING 2. GRAPHICAL 3. 4. SPEECH 5. OPTICAL 6.

DEVICES USER INTERFACE KEYBOARDS RECOGNITION SCANNING OTHERS
SYSTEM
Tools like mice, A visual interface that Input devices with a set Technology that This category
trackpads, and styluses allows users to interact of keys used to input captures images or text encompasses a range of
Software that converts
that allow users to with the computer text, numbers, and spoken words into text, from physical specialized devices that
interact with graphical using graphical commands into a documents and play crucial roles in
allowing voice
interfaces by moving a elements like icons and computer. converts them into specific applications
commands and
pointer on the screen. buttons. digital form. across various
dictation.
industries.
TYPES OF
OPTICAL
SCANNING
Optical scanning technology captures
images or text from physical documents
and converts them into digital form, A. DESKTOP OR FLATBED B. OPTICAL CHARACTER C. OPTICAL SCANNING
making it easier to store, share, and SCANNERS RECOGNITION WANDS
process information electronically. Desktop or flatbed scanners are devices Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is Optical scanning wands are compact,
designed to scan documents, photos, and specialized software that converts handheld devices that are used to scan
other media using a flat glass surface. scanned text images into editable digital documents, barcodes, or other printed
Optical scanners are categorized based These scanners are widely used for high- text. OCR technology recognizes material. These wands are convenient for
on their design and functionality, resolution scanning, making them ideal characters from scanned documents and quickly scanning specific sections of a
for capturing detailed images or text. The transforms them into a machine-readable document or reading barcodes in retail
including flatbed scanners, sheet-fed document or photo is placed on the flat format. It is widely used for digitizing and inventory environments. They offer
scanners, and handheld optical scanning surface, and a scanning element moves printed documents, making them portability and ease of use, although they
beneath the glass to capture the entire searchable and editable, and is essential may not provide the same high-quality
wands. image. in converting paper-based archives into resolution as flatbed scanners.
fully digital libraries.
OTHER
DEVICES &
TECHNOLOGIES
This category includes specialized devices A. MAGNETIC STRIPE B. SMART CARDS C. DIGITAL CAMERAS D. MAGNETIC INK
that perform specific tasks in various A magnetic stripe is a strip of Smart cards are advanced Digital cameras are devices
CHARACTER
industries, each designed to meet unique magnetic material found on cards embedded with designed to capture images RECOGNITION
the back of cards like credit microchips that store and and videos in digital form, as
needs in data collection, security, and cards, debit cards, and ID process data. These chips opposed to film. These Magnetic Ink Character
cards. This stripe stores data provide enhanced security cameras use sensors to Recognition (MICR) is a
automation. magnetically and can be read features, allowing smart convert light into electronic specialized technology used
by specialized magnetic cards to be used for secure signals, which are then to read characters printed in
stripe readers. The data transactions, access control, processed and stored as magnetic ink, particularly on
They are categorized into multiple types, stored on these strips and identity verification. digital files. Digital cameras checks and other financial
such as magnetic stripe readers for card typically includes information Unlike magnetic stripe cards, have revolutionized documents. The magnetic ink
necessary for processing smart cards can encrypt photography and allows for quick and accurate
transactions, smart cards for secure data transactions, such as account sensitive information and videography, enabling users reading of important
storage, digital cameras for capturing details. support multiple applications to instantly view, edit, and information, such as account
on a single card. share images. numbers and check numbers,
visual content, and MICR technology for during the banking process.
document authentication.
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and processing data. It performs arithmetic and logical operations, manages
data flow, and controls other components, making it the key element in the execution of programs.

1. CONTROL 2. ARITHMETIC 3. SPECIAL PURPOSE 4. CACHE 5. PRIMARY

UNIT LOGIC UNIT PROCESSORS MEMORY STORAGE (MEMORY)
Directs the operations of Performs mathematical, Processors designed for A small, high-speed Temporary storage that
the processor, instructing logical, and decision specific tasks, such as memory located close to the CPU uses to store
it on how to respond to operations within the graphics processing units the CPU that stores data and instructions that
the instructions from the CPU. (GPUs) for rendering frequently used data and are actively being used or
computer’s memory. images. instructions. processed.
 OUTPUT DEVICES
Hardware components that convey processed data from the computer to the user. Common examples include monitors, printers, and
speakers, which display visual content, produce printed documents, or generate audio output, respectively.

1. VIDEO 2. PRINTED 3. VOICE

DISPLAYS OUTPUT RESPONSE SYSTEMS

Video displays output visual Printed output refers to the physical Voice response systems generate
information from the computer, documents and images produced by spoken responses, often used in
allowing users to view and interact printers, essential in environments automated customer service systems
with digital content. where hard copies of information are to interact with users through voice
needed. commands.
TYPES OF
VIDEO
DISPLAYS
Video displays are output devices that
present visual information from the
computer, enabling users to interact with
and view digital content.
A. CATHODE RAY TUBE B. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS
They are categorized into different types
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays are an older Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) are modern flat-panel
based on their display technology, technology that uses electron beams to project display technologies that use liquid crystals to
including older cathode ray tube (CRT) images onto a screen. CRT monitors were once produce images. LCD screens are widely used in
common in televisions and computers but have everything from desktop monitors to smartphones
monitors and modern flat-panel displays largely been replaced by more energy-efficient and and televisions due to their slim form factor, low
compact flat-panel technologies like LCDs and LEDs. power consumption, and ability to deliver sharp,
like liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and
Despite being largely obsolete, CRTs were known for clear images.
light-emitting diode (LED) screens. their deep color saturation and ability to display fast-
moving images without motion blur.
 STORAGE: PRIMARY STORAGE UNIT OR MEMORY
Primary storage, also known as main memory, is the computer's temporary storage space where data and instructions are kept while being
actively used or processed by the CPU. It provides fast access to data, ensuring smooth system operations, but is volatile, meaning its
contents are lost when the computer is powered off. Examples include RAM (Random Access Memory) and cache memory.

1. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY 2. READ ONLY MEMORY 3. FLASH DRIVE

(RAM) (ROM) A portable storage device that uses
flash memory to store data, easily
Volatile memory that temporarily Non-volatile memory that stores
removable and commonly used for
stores data that the CPU needs to essential system instructions, such as
transferring files between computers
access quickly, crucial for the smooth the computer's firmware, that remain
and devices.
running of applications and tasks. intact even when the computer is
powered off.
 STORAGE: SECONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage refers to long-term, non-volatile storage where data is kept permanently or semi-permanently, even when the computer is
turned off. It is slower than primary storage but offers much larger capacity, making it ideal for storing files, applications, and the operating
system. Common examples include hard drives, solid-state drives (SSD), and optical discs like CDs and DVDs.

1. MAGNETIC 2. MAGNETIC 3. OPTICAL

DISKS TAPE DISKS

Storage media that use magnetic Magnetic tape is an older, high- Optical disks use lasers to read and
storage to store and retrieve digital capacity storage medium still used in write data, offering an alternative to
information, commonly used in hard some backup and archival systems magnetic storage.
drives. due to its reliability and capacity for
storing large amounts of data.
TYPES OF
MAGNETIC
DISKS
Magnetic disks are storage media that
utilize magnetic storage techniques to
store and retrieve digital information.
Commonly found in hard drives, they are A. FLOPPY DISKS B. HARD DISK DRIVES C. REDUNDANT ARRAYS OF
used for large-scale data storage, Floppy disks are an obsolete form of Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are high-
INDEPENDENT DISKS (RAID)
providing a balance between capacity, magnetic storage that were once used for capacity storage devices that use a series
RAID is a storage technology that
transferring small amounts of data of spinning magnetic platters to store
speed, and cost. between computers. These disks were data. HDDs offer vast storage space at
combines multiple hard drives to improve
data reliability, speed, or both. By
removable, portable, and typically held relatively low cost, making them ideal for
spreading data across multiple disks,
between 1.44 MB to 2.88 MB of data. storing large amounts of data over the
They are categorized into different types While floppy disks played a key role in long term. Though slower than newer
RAID can provide fault tolerance,
ensuring that data is protected even if
based on their storage capacity, early computing, they have been replaced solid-state drives (SSDs), HDDs remain
one disk fails. RAID configurations can be
by more reliable and higher-capacity popular for bulk storage and archival
durability, and intended use, including storage solutions like USB flash drives purposes, particularly in desktops and
optimized for different purposes,
including enhanced performance or
traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) and and cloud storage. servers.
increased data redundancy, making them
portable magnetic storage devices. ideal for use in servers and data centers.
TYPES OF
OPTICAL DISKS
Optical disks use laser technology to read CD-ROM CD-RW CD-RW/DVD DVD-ROM DVD+RW/+R
and write data, offering a reliable with CD-RW
A CD-ROM (Compact A CD-RW (Compact Disc A CD-RW/DVD drive A DVD-ROM (Digital
alternative to magnetic storage for long- Disc Read-Only Memory) Rewritable) is a type of allows users to read and Versatile Disc Read-Only
DVD+RW/+R with CD-
term data preservation and media is an optical disc that optical disc that allows write data on both CD- Memory) is an optical
RW is a versatile format
allows data to be users to write and erase RW (Compact Disc disc with higher storage
distribution. These disks store data in the permanently stored but data multiple times. This Rewritable) and DVD capacity than a CD-ROM, that combines the
not modified or erased. makes CD-RWs more discs. It supports allowing for larger files functionality of both DVD
form of tiny pits and lands, read by a CD-ROMs were widely versatile than CD-ROMs, multiple rewrites on CDs like movies or software and CD-RW, allowing for
video playback as well as
laser beam in optical drives. used for distributing as they can be reused for and can read or play to be distributed. DVD-
the reading and writing
software and multimedia data storage, file DVDs, offering versatile ROMs are not rewritable,
content, as well as for transfer, and media data storage and media meaning data is stored of data. These discs can
music albums. Although playback. However, CD- playback capabilities. permanently once the be used for a wide range
They are categorized into several types of purposes, from storing
newer storage RWs have a limited disc is created.
based on their functionality and storage technologies have lifespan compared to video content to backing
reduced their prevalence, more modern storage up large amounts of
capacity, including CD-ROMs, DVD- CD-ROMs still serve as a media, like USB drives or data.
ROMs, and rewritable formats like CD- reliable means for long- external hard drives.
term data storage.
RWs and DVD+RWs.
 CONTROL
The control unit is the component of the CPU responsible for directing the operations of the processor. It ensures that instructions are
processed efficiently and coordinates the interaction between the CPU and other components, guiding the flow of data and ensuring smooth
execution of commands.

EXAMPLE: INTEL CORE I9-13900K

The control unit within this CPU fetches and decodes instructions from
memory and coordinates the execution of operations by the ALU and other
components.
CLOSING REMARKS

In conclusion, this presentation explored the critical components of modern computing

systems, including:

• Different Types of Computer Systems

• Various Software and their Applications
• Key Hardware Components and Their Functions

As technology continues to evolve, it is essential to stay informed about emerging trends

and innovations. The future holds exciting advancements in computing power, efficiency,
and security, shaping how we interact with technology in our daily lives.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!