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    01 Vectors and Scalars

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    01 Vectors and Scalars

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    8 views6 pages

    01 Vectors and Scalars

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    MAT201

    MAT 201
    Vector
    VECTOR ANALYSIS PART Analysis and
    Statistics
     Scalar: A scalar is a quantity having only magnitude but no direction, such as, mass, length, and temperature etc.
     Vector: A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction, such as, displacement, velocity, force, and
    acceleration etc.

     Equality of Two vector: Two vectors A and B are said to be equal


    if, they have the same magnitude and direction regardless of their
    initial point. Thus A= B in Fig (a).
     Negative of a vector: A vector having direction opposite to that
    of a given vector A but having the same magnitude is denoted
    by -A [see Fig. (b)] and is called the negative of A. That is A= –A

    2
    Unit vectors
    𝐀
    Unit vectors are vectors having unit length. Suppose A is any vector with length |𝑨|. 0. Then . is a unit
    𝑨
    vector, denoted by a, which has the same direction as A.
    𝑨
    EXAMPLE Suppose 𝑨 = 3. Then 𝐚 = 𝟑 is a unit vector in the direction of A.
    Rectangular Unit Vectors i, j, k

    An important set of unit vectors, denoted by i, j, and k, are


    those having the directions, respectively, of the positive x, y,
    and z axes of a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate
    system.
    Any vector A in three dimensions can be represented as,
    𝑨 = 𝐴1 𝒊 + 𝐴2 𝒋 + 𝐴3 𝒌

    The magnitude of A follows:


    𝑨 = 𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 𝐴23

    3
    Vector Addition and Multiplication:
    Suppose 𝑨 = 𝐴1 𝒊 + 𝐴2 𝒋 + 𝐴3 𝒌 and 𝑩 = 𝐵1 𝒊 + 𝐵2 𝒋 + 𝐵3 𝒌
    Then
    i. 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝐴1 + 𝐵1 𝒊 + ( 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝒋 + 𝐴3 + 𝐵3 𝒌
    ii. 𝑚𝑨 = 𝒎 𝐴1 𝒊 + 𝐴2 𝒋 + 𝐴3 𝒌 = mA1 𝐢 + mA2 𝐣 + mA3 𝐤

    EXAMPLE
    Suppose 𝑨 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 and 𝑩 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟖𝒋 + 𝟕𝒌 .
    To find 𝑨 + 𝑩 add corresponding components, obtaining 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟕𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌
    To find 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 , first multiply by the scalars and then add: 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 = 𝟗𝒊 + 𝟏𝟓𝒋 − 𝟔𝒌 + −𝟖𝒊 + 𝟏𝟔𝒋 − 𝟏𝟒𝒌 = 𝒊 + 𝟑𝟏𝒋 − 𝟐𝟎𝒌
    To find |𝐀| and |𝑩|, take the square root of the sum of the squares of the components:

    𝐀 = 𝟗 + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒 = 𝟑𝟖

    𝑩 = 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗

    4
    Position Vector
    We will consider a particle that moves from point P to point Q. The position vector of a particle can be defined as the vector that
    starts from the origin to the point where the particle is located.
    Consider two points, P and Q, where P = (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ) and Q = (𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 )
    Next, we will find the position vector from point P to point Q.
    To determine this position vector, we need to subtract the corresponding
    components 𝐵1 − 𝐴1 , 𝐵2 − 𝐴2 , 𝐵3 − 𝐴3
    Then the vector 𝑃𝑄 denoted by,. 𝒓 and defined by
    𝒓 = 𝐵1 − 𝐴1 𝒊 + 𝐵2 − 𝐴2 𝒋 + 𝐵3 − 𝐴3 𝒌

    Example
    Find the position vector of the following points

    5
    Exercise
    1.

    2.

    3.

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