GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu

Department of School Education

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime

Index.indd 1 11-01-2023 10:18:02

 Government of Tamil Nadu
First Edition - 2018
Revised Edition - 2 019, 2020,
2022, 2023
Reprint - 2021,2024
(Published under New syllabus)

NOT FOR SALE

Content Creation

The wise
possess all

State Council of Educational

Research and Training
© SCERT 2018

Printing & Publishing

Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

Services Corporation
www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in

II

Index.indd 2 19/12/2023 15:23:58

 Human civilization achieved the highest peak with the
development of computer known as “Computer era”.
Literate are those who have the knowledge
in using the computer whereas others
PREFACE are considered illiterate inspite of the
other degrees obtained.
The growth of the nation at present lies
in the hands of the youth, hence the content of
this book is prepared in such a way so as to attain utmost
knowledge considering the future needs of the youth.

 his book does not require

T
prior knowledge in computer HOW
Technology
TO USE
 ach unit comprises of simple
E THE BOOK?
activities and demonstrations
which can be done by the teacher
and also students.
 echnical terminologies are listed
T
in glossary for easy understanding
 he “ Do you know?” boxes enrich the knowledge of reader with
T
additional information
 orkshops are introduced to solve the exercises using software
W
applications
QR codes are used to link supporting additional
materials in digital form
How to get connected to QR Code?
o 
Download the QR code scanner from the google play store/
apple app store into your smartphone
o Open the QR code scanner application
o Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens
and then bring it closer to the QR code in the textbook.
o Once the camera detects the QR code, a URL appears in the screen.
Click the URL and go to the content page.

III

Index.indd 3 11-01-2023 10:18:02

 CAREER GUIDANCE AFTER 12TH

COLLEGES/
COURSES PROFESSION
UNIVERSITIES
Software Engineer, Hardware
All University and their affiliated
Engineer, Software
B.E / B.Tech Colleges and Self financing Colleges in
Development, Healthcare
India and Abroad.
Section, IT & ITEs
Science and Humanities
B.Sc (Computer Science)
BCA
B.Sc ( Maths, Physics, Chemistry, All University and their affiliated Government Job and Private
Bio-Chemistry, Geography, Colleges and Self financing Colleges in Company BPO, Geologist,
journalism, Library Sciences, India and Abroad. Journalist
Political Science, Travel and
Tourism)
LAW
LLB
B.A+LLB All University and their affiliated
Lawyer, Legal Officer, Govt
B.Com Colleges and Self financing Colleges in
Job
BBM+LLB India and Abroad.
BBA+LLB
The Institute of Chartered Accountant
CA CA Private and Govt.
of India (ICAI)
Government Polytechnic and Self- Junior Engineer (Government
Diploma
financing colleges and Private)
Commerce Courses
B.com-Regular,
B.com-Taxation & Tax Procedure,
B.com-Travel &Tourism,
B.com-Bank Management,
B.com-Professional,
BBA/BBM-Regular,
BFM- Bachelors in Financial
Private Organization ,
Markets, All University and their affiliated
Government ,Banking sectors
BMS-Bachelors in Management Colleges and Self financing Colleges in
and prospects for self –
Studies, India and Abroad.
employment.
BAF- Bachelors in Accounting &
Finance,
Certified Stock Broker &
Investment Analysis,
Certified Financial Analyst,
Certified Financial Planner,
Certified Investment Banker

IV

Index.indd 4 11-01-2023 10:18:02

 COLLEGES/
COURSES PROFESSION
UNIVERSITIES
Management Courses
Business Management
Bank Management
Private Organization ,
Event Management All University and their affiliated
Government ,Banking sectors
Hospital Management Colleges and Self financing Colleges in
and prospects for self –
Human Resource Management India and Abroad.
employment.
Logistics Management

LAW
LLB
Lawyer, Legal Officer, Private
B.A+LLB All University and their affiliated
Organization , Government,
B.Com Colleges and Self financing Colleges in
Banking sectors and prospects
BBM+LLB India and Abroad.
for self – employment
BBA+LLB
CA-Chartered Accountant
CA, Private Organization,
CMA-Cost Management
The Institute of Chartered Accountant Government ,Banking sectors
Accountant.
of India (ICAI) and prospects for self –
CS-Company Secretary
employment.
(Foundation)
Science and Humanities
B.Sc.Botany
B.Sc.Zoology
B.Sc.Dietician & Nutritionist
B.Sc.Home Science
B.Sc.Food Technology All University and their affiliated Government Job and Private
B.Sc.Dairy Technology Colleges and Self financing Colleges in Company BPO, Geologist,
B.Sc. Hotel Management India and Abroad Journalist
B.Sc. Fashion Design
B.Sc. Mass Communication
B.Sc. Multimedia
B.Sc. -3D Animation
LAW
LLB
B.A+LLB All University and their affiliated
Lawyer, Legal Officer, Govt
B.Com Colleges and Self financing Colleges in
Job
BBM+LLB India and Abroad.
BBA+LLB
The Institute of Chartered Accountant
CA CA Private and Govt.
of India (ICAI)
Government Polytechnic and Self- Junior Engineer (Government
Diploma
financing colleges and Private)

Index.indd 5 11-01-2023 10:18:02

 Table of Contents
Chapter Page
Title Month
No. No
UNIT I –FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER AND WORKING WITH A
TYPICAL OPERATING SYSTEMS (WINDOWS & LINUX)
1 Introduction to Computers 1 June
2 Number Systems 14 June
3 Computer Organisation 32 June
4 Theoretical Concepts of Operating System 41 July
5 Working with Windows Operating System 48 July
UNIT II-OFFICE AUTOMATION TOOLS
(WORD PROCESSOR, SPREADSHEET AND PRESENTATION)
6 Introduction to Word Processor 67 July
7 Working with OpenOffice Calc 102 August
8 Presentation Basics 170 August
UNIT III – WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT USING HTML AND CSS
9 Introduction to Internet and Email 202 September
10 HTML - Structural Tags 219 September
11 HTML - Formatting text, Creating Tables, List and Links 238 October
12 HTML - Adding multimedia elements and Forms 268 October
13 CSS - Cascading Style Sheets 286 October
UNIT IV – JAVASCRIPT
14 Introduction to Javascript 294 November
15 Control Structure in Javascript 315 November
16 JavaScript Functions 331 November
UNIT V – COMPUTER ETHICS AND CYBER SECURITY
17 Computer Ethics and Cyber Security 337 December
UNIT VI – TAMIL COMPUTING
18 Tamil Computing 343 December
Practical Programs – Hand Book 349

E - book Assessment
VI

Index.indd 6 11-01-2023 10:18:02

 Unit I Fundamentals of Computers CHAPTER
1
Introduction to Computers
Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction to Computers
Computers are seen everywhere
After learning the concepts in this chapter,
around us, in all spheres of life, in the field
the students will be able of education, research, travel and tourism,
• To know about Computers weather forecasting, social networking,
• To learn about various generations of e-commerce etc. Computers have now
computer become an indispensable part of our lives.
• To understand the basic operations of Computers have revolutionised our lives with
computers their accuracy and speed of performing a job,
• To know the components and their it is truly remarkable. Today, no organisation
functions. can function without a computer. In fact,
• To know about booting of a computer various organisations have become paperless.
Computers have evolved over the years from
a simple calculating device to high speed
Father of Computer portable computers.
Charles Babbage The growth of computer industry started
is considered with the need for performing fast calculations.
to be the The manual method of computing was slow
father of computer, and prone to errors. So, attempts were made
for his invention
to develop fast calculating devices, the journey
and the concept of
Analytical Engine in started from the first known calculating device
1837. The Analytical (Abacus) which has led us today to an extremely
Engine contained an high speed calculating devices.
Arithmetic Logic Unit 1.2 Generations of Computers
(ALU), basic flow
control, and integrated Growth in the computer industry is
memory; which led determined by the development in technology.
to the development of first general-
purpose computer concept. Based on various stages of development,
computers can be categroised into different
generations.
Main Component
SN Generation Period Merits/Demerits
used

• Big in size
First 1940- • Consumed more power
1
Generation 1956 • Malfunction due to overheat
• Machine Language was used
Vacuum tubes

Chapter 1.indd 1 06-01-2023 15:17:28

 First Generation Computers - ENIAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC 1
ENIAC weighed about 27 tons, size 8 feet × 100 feet × 3 feet and consumed around 150
watts of power
• Smaller compared to First
Generation
• Generated Less Heat
• Consumed less power
compared to first generation
Second 1956- • Punched cards were used
2
Generation 1964 • First operating system was
developed - Batch Processing
Transistors and Multiprogramming
Operating System
• Machine language as well as
Assembly language was used.
Second Generation Computers IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108

• Computers were smaller,

faster and more reliable
Third 1964
3 • Consumed less power
Generation -1971
Integrated • High Level Languages were
used
Circuits (IC)

Third Generation Computers IBM 360 series, Honeywell 6000 series

• Smaller and Faster

• Microcomputer series such
as IBM and APPLE were
Fourth 1971-
4 developed
Generation 1980 Microprocessor
• Portable Computers were
Very Large Scale introduced.
Integrated Circuits
(VLSI)
• Parallel Processing
• Super conductors
• Computers size was drastically
reduced.
• Can recognise Images and
Fifth 1980 - till Graphics
5
Generation date • Introduction of Artificial
Intelligence and Expert
Ultra Large Systems
Scale Integration • Able to solve high complex
(ULSI) problems including decision
making and logical reasoning

Chapter 1.indd 2 06-01-2023 15:17:29

 • Parallel and Distributed
computing
• Computers have become
Sixth smarter, faster and smaller
6 In future
Generation • Development of robotics
• Natural Language Processing
• Development of Voice
Recognition Software
Table1.1 Generations of computers

The first digital computer Optical Character

Recognition (Optical
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Grapheme Recognition) engine
Integrator And Calculator) for the Indus Scripts has been
was invented by J. Presper Eckert and developed using Deep Learning Neural
John Mauchly at Networks (a sub-field of Artificial
the University of Intelligence).
Pennsylvania and Given photographs, scans, or any image
began construction feed of an Indus Valley Civilization
in 1943 and was artifact, the system will
not completed until be able to recognise the
1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and inscriptions (the symbol/
used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing grapheme sequences)
almost 50 tons. ENIAC was the first digital from the image. There
computer because it was fully functional. are totally 417 Symbols/
Graphemes/Characters in the Indus
1.3 Sixth Generation Computing
Scripts and just 3700+ text inscriptions
of data for the machine to learn and
In the Sixth Generation, computers
attain expert-level status.
could be defined as the era of intelligent
computers, based on Artificial Neural
Networks. One of the most dramatic
changes in the sixth generation will be the
explosive growth of Wide Area Networking.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is
a component of Artificial Intelligence
(AI). It provides the ability to develop the 1.4. Data and Information
computer program to understand human
language. We all know what a computer is? It
is an electronic device that processes the
input according to the set of instructions
provided to it and gives the desired output

Chapter 1.indd 3 06-01-2023 15:17:30

 at a very fast rate. Computers are very programs or instructions. Both hardware
versatile as they do a lot of different tasks and software together make the computer
such as storing data, weather forecasting, system to function.
booking airlines, railway or movie tickets
and even playing games.
Data: Data is defined as an un-
processed collection of raw facts, suitable
for communication, interpretation or
pro cessing.
For example, 134, 16 ‘Kavitha’, ‘C’
are data. This will not give any meaningful
message.
Information: Information is a Figure 1.2: Computer
collection of facts from which conclusions Let us first have a look at the
may be drawn. In simple words we can say functional components of a computer.
that data is the raw facts that is processed Every task given to a computer follows an
to give meaningful, ordered or structured Input- Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle).
information. For example Kavitha is It needs certain input, processes that
16 years old. This information is about input and produces the desired output.
Kavitha and conveys some meaning. This The input unit takes the input, the central
conversion of data into information is processing unit does the processing of
called data processing. data and the output unit produces the
output. The memory unit holds the data
and instructions during the processing.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

DATA Control Unit

INFORMATION

Figure 1.1 Data and Information Input Unit

ALU
Output Unit

“A Computer is an electronic device that Internal

Memory Data Path
takes raw data (unprocessed) as an input Control Path

from the user and processes it under the Main Memory

control of a set of instructions (called Secondary Storage

program), produces a result (output), and
Figure 1.3 components of a computer
saves it for future use.”
1.5 Components of a Computer 1.5.1 Input Unit
Input unit is used to feed any form
The computer is the combination of of data to the computer, which can be
hardware and software. Hardware is the stored in the memory unit for further
physical component of a computer like processing. Example: Keyboard, mouse,
motherboard, memory devices, monitor, etc.
keyboard etc., while software is the set of

Chapter 1.indd 4 06-01-2023 15:17:30

 1.5.2 Central Processing Unit to temporarily store the programs and
CPU is the major component data when the instructions are ready to
which interprets and executes software execute. The secondary memory is used
instructions. It also control the operation to store the data permanently.
of all other components such as memory, The Primary Memory is volatile, that
input and output units. It accepts binary is, the content is lost when the power supply
data as input, process the data according is switched off. The Random Access Memory
to the instructions and provide the result (RAM) is an example of a main memory. The
as output. Secondary memory is non volatile, that is,
The CPU has three components the content is available even after the power
which are Control unit, Arithmetic and supply is switched off. Hard disk, CD-ROM
logic unit (ALU) and Memory unit. and DVD ROM are examples of secondary
memory.
1.5.2.1 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
1.5.5. Input and Output Devices
The ALU is a part of the CPU
where various computing functions are Input Devices:
performed on data. The ALU performs (1) Keyboard: Keyboard (wired /
arithmetic operations such as addition, wireless, virtual) is the most common input
subtraction, multiplication, division device used today. The individual keys for
and logical operations. The result of an letters, numbers and special characters
operation is stored in internal memory are collectively known as character keys.
of CPU. The logical operations of ALU This keyboard layout is derived from the
promote the decision-making ability of a keyboard of original typewriter. The data
computer. and instructions are given as input to
the computer by typing on the keyboard.
1.5.2.2 Control Unit
Apart from alphabet and numeric keys,
The control unit controls the flow of it also has Function keys for performing
data between the CPU, memory and different functions. There are different set
I/O devices. It also controls the entire of keys available in the keyboard such as
operation of a computer. character keys, modifier keys, system and
GUI keys, enter and editing keys, function
1.5.3. Output Unit
keys, navigation keys, numeric keypad
An Output Unit is any hardware and lock keys.
component that conveys information to
users in an understandable form. Example:
Monitor, Printer etc.
1.5.4. Memory Unit
The Memory Unit is of two types Figure 1.4 Keyboard
which are primary memory and secondary (2) Mouse: Mouse (wired/wireless)
memory. The primary memory is used is a pointing device used to control the
5

Chapter 1.indd 5 06-01-2023 15:17:30

 movement of the cursor on the display Fingerprint Reader / Scanner is a very safe
screen. It can be used to select icons, and convenient
menus, command buttons or activate device for security
something on a computer. Some mouse instead of using
actions are move, click, double click, right passwords, which
click, drag and drop. is vulnerable to
Different types of mouse available fraud and is hard
are: Mechanical Mouse, Optical, Laser to remember. Figure 1.6 Fingerprint
Mouse, Air Mouse, 3D Mouse, Tactile Scanner
Mouse, Ergonomic Mouse and Gaming (5) Track Ball:
Mouse. Track ball is similar to
the upside- down design
Who invented
of the mouse. The user
Mouse?
moves the ball directly,
The computer while the device itself
Figure 1.7 Track
mouse as we know it remains stationary. The
Ball
today was user spins the ball in
invented various directions to navigate the screen
and developed by movements.
Douglas Engelbart, with (6) Retinal Scanner: This performs
the assistance of Bill a retinal scan which is a biometric
English, during the 1960's technique that uses unique patterns on a
and was patented on November 17, 1970. person's retinal blood vessels.

(3) Scanner: Scanners are used to

enter the information directly into the
c o m p u t e r ’s
memory. This
device works like
a Xerox machine.
The scanner Figure 1.8 Retinal Scanner
converts any Figure 1.5 Scanner (7) Light Pen: A light pen is a
type of printed pointing device
or written information including shaped like a pen
photographs into a digital format, which and is connected
can be manipulated by the computer. to a monitor. The
tip of the light
(4)Fingerprint Scanner: Finger pen contains a
print Scanner is a fingerprint recognition l i g h t - s e n s i t i v e Figure 1.9 Light Pen
device used for computer security, element which detects the light from the
equipped with the fingerprint recognition screen enabling the computer to identify the
feature that uses biometric technology. location of the pen on the screen. Light pens
6

Chapter 1.indd 6 06-01-2023 15:17:31

 have the advantage of ‘drawing’ directly onto new approach to input information into
the screen, but this becomes hard to use, and the Computer.
is also not accurate. (11) Digital Camera: It captures
(8) Optical Character Reader: It is images / videos
a device which directly in the digital
detects characters form. It uses a CCD
printed or written (Charge Coupled
on a paper with Device) electronic
OCR, a user can chip. When light falls
scan a page from a on the chip through
book. The Computer the lens, it converts Figure 1.13
will recognise the Figure 1.10 Optical light rays into digital Digital Camera
characters in the Character Reader format.
page as letters and punctuation marks and
(12) Touch Screen: A touch screen
stores. The Scanned document can be
is a display device that allows the user to
edited using a wordprocessor.
interact with a computer by using the
(9) Bar Code / QR Code Reader: A finger. It can be quite useful as an
Bar code is a pattern printed in lines of alternative to a mouse or keyboard for
different thickness. The Bar code reader
navigating a Graphical
scans the information on the bar codes
User Interface (GUI).
transmits to the
Touch screens are used
Computer for
further processing. on a wide variety of
The system gives devices such as
fast and error free computers, laptops,
entry of monitors, smart
information into Figure 1.11 Bar code phones, tablets, cash
the computer. Reader registers and
QR (Quick response) Code: The information kiosks. Figure 1.14 Touch
Some touch screens Screen
QR code is the two dimension bar code
which can be read by a camera and use a grid of infrared beams to sense the
processed to interpert the image. presence of a finger instead of utilizing
(10) Voice Input Systems: touch-sensitive input.
Microphone serves as (13) Keyer : A Keyer is a device for
a voice Input device. signaling by hand,
It captures the voice by way of pressing
data and send it to one or more
the Computer. Using switches. Modern
the microphone keyers have a
along with speech large number
recognition software
Figure 1.12 Voice of switches but Figure 1.15 Keyer
input System not as many as a full size keyboard.
can offer a completely
7

Chapter 1.indd 7 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 Typically, this number is between 4 and
50. A keyer differs from a keyboard, which
has "no board", but the keys are arranged
in a cluster.
Output Devices:
(1) Monitor: Monitor is the most
commonly used output
device to display the
information. It looks Figure 1.17 Plotter
like a TV. Pictures on (3) Printers: Printers are used to
a monitor are formed print the information on papers. Printers
with picture elements are divided into two main categories:
called PIXELS. • Impact Printers
Monitors may either • Non Impact printers
be Monochrome Impact Printers
which display textFigure 1.16 Monitor These printers print with striking
or images in Black of hammers or
and White or can be color, which display pins on ribbon.
results in multiple colors. There are These printers
many types of monitors available such as can print on
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid multi-part (using
Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting carbon papers) by
Diodes). The monitor works with the using mechanical
VGA (Video Graphics Array) card. The pressure. For Figure 1.18 Impact
video graphics card helps the keyboard example, Dot Printer
to communicate with the screen. It acts Matrix printers and Line matrix printers
as an interface between the computer are impact printers.
and display monitor. Usually the recent
motherboards incorporate built-in video A Dot matrix printer that prints using
card. a fixed number of pins or wires. Each dot is
produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a
The first computer monitor was part of “wire” or “pin”, which works by the power
the Xerox Alto computer system, which of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid, either
was released on March 1, 1973. directly or through a set of small levers. It
generally prints one line of text at a time. The
(2) Plotter: Plotter is an output printing speed of these printers varies from
device that is used to produce graphical 30 to 1550 CPS (Character Per Second).
output on papers. It uses single color or
multi color pens to draw pictures. Line matrix printers use a fixed
print head for printing. Basically, it prints
a page-wide line of dots. But it builds up a
line of text by printing lines of dots. Line
8

Chapter 1.indd 8 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 printers are capable of printing much more
than 1000 Lines Per Minute, resulting
in thousands of pages per hour. These
printers also uses mechanical pressure to
print on multi-part (using carbon papers).
Non-Impact Printers
These printers do not use striking Figure 1.20 Inkjet Printer
mechanism for printing. They use They use the technology of firing
electrostatic or laser technology. Quality ink by heating it so that it explodes towards
and speed of these printers are better than the paper in bubbles or by using
Impact printers. For example, Laser printers piezoelectricity in which tiny electric
and Inkjet printers are non-impact printers. currents controlled by electronic circuits
Laser Printers are used inside the printer to spread ink in
jet speed. An Inkjet printer can spread
Laser printers mostly work with
millions of dots of ink at the paper every
similar technology used by photocopiers.
It makes a laser beam scan back and single second.
forth across a drum inside the printer, Speakers: Speakers
building up a pattern. It can produce very produce voice
good quality of graphic images. One of output (audio)
the chief characteristics of laser printer . Using speaker
is their resolution – how many Dots per along with
inch(DPI). The available resolution range speech synthesise Figure 1.21 Speakers
around 1200 dpi. Approximately it can software, the computer can provide voice
print 100 pages per minute(PPM)
output. This has become very common in
places like airlines, schools, banks, railway
stations, etc.

Multimedia Projectors:
Multimedia projectors are used to
produce computer output on a big screen.
These are used to display presentations in
Figure 1.19 Laser Printer meeting halls or in classrooms.
Inkjet Printers:
Inkjet Printers use colour cartridges
which combined Magenta, Yellow and Cyan
inks to create color tones. A black cartridge
is also used for monochrome output. Inkjet
printers work by spraying ionised ink at a
sheet of paper. The speed of Inkjet printers
generaly range from 1-20 PPM (Page Per
Figure 1.22 Multimedia Projector
Minute).
9

Chapter 1.indd 9 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 1.6 Booting of computer Points to Remember:

An Operating system (OS) is a • Computers are seen everywhere around

basic software that makes the computer us, in all spheres of life.
to work. When a computer is switched • It is an electronic device that processes
the input according to the set of
on, there is no information in its RAM.At
instructions provided to it and
the same time, in ROM, the pre-written
gives the desired output at a very fast
program called POST (Power on Self
rate.
Test) will be executed first. This program • Based on various stages of development,
checks if the devices like RAM, keyboard, computers can be divided into six
etc., are connected properly and ready to different generations.
operate. If these devices are ready, then • The computer is the combination of
the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) gets hardware and software.
executed. This process is called Booting. • Hardware is the physical component of
Thereafter, a program called “Bootstrap a computer.
Loader” transfers OS from hard disk into • Input unit is used to feed any form of
main memory. Now the OS gets loaded data to the computer.
(Windows/Linux, etc.,) and will get • CPU interprets and executes software
executed. Booting process is of two types. instructions.
• The ALU is a part of the CPU where
1) Cold Booting various computing functions are
performed on data.
2) Warm Booting • The control unit controls the flow of
Cold Booting: When the system data between the CPU, memory and
I/O devices.
starts from initial state i.e. it is switched
• An Output Unit is any hardware
on, we call it cold booting or Hard Booting.
component that conveys information
When the user presses the Power button,
to one or more people in user
the instructions are read from the ROM to understandable form.
initiate the booting process. • The Memory Unit is of two kinds which
are primary memory and secondary
Warm Booting: When the system memory.
restarts or when Reset button is pressed,
Activity
we call it Warm Booting or Soft Booting.
The system does not start from initial state STUDENT ACTIVITY
and so all diagnostic tests need not be 1. Explain the classification of computers.
carried out in this case. There are chances
2. Give the details of motherboard names,
of data loss and system damage as the data
RAM capacity used in the years 1993,
might not have been stored properly.
1995, 2005, 2008, 2016.
3. Mention two new input and output
devices that are not given in this
chapter.

10

Chapter 1.indd 10 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 8. Expand POST
Evaluation (a) Post on self Test
(b) Power on Software Test
PART – I (c) Power on Self Test
Choose the correct answer: (d) Power on Self Text
1. First generation 9. Which one of the following is the
computers used main memory?
(a) ROM (b) RAM
(a) Vacuum tubes
(c) Flash drive (d) Hard disk
(b) Transistors
10. Which generation of computer used
(c) Integrated circuits IC’s?
(d) Microprocessors (a) First (b) Second
2. Name the volatile memory (c) Third (d) Fourth
(a) ROM (b) PROM PART – II
(c) RAM (d) EPROM
Very Short Answers
3. Identify the output device
1. What is a computer?
(a) Keyboard (b) Memory
2. Distinguish between data and
(c) Monitor (d) Mouse information.
4. Identify the input device 3. What are the components of a CPU?
(a) Printer (b) Mouse 4. What is the function of an ALU?
(c) Plotter (d) Projector 5. Write the functions of control unit.
5. …....… Output device is used for 6. What is the function of memory?
printing building plan. 7. Differentiate Input and output unit.
8. Distinguish Primary and Secondary
(a) Thermal printer
memor y.
(b) Plotter PART – III
(c) Dot matrix Short Answers
(d) inkjet printer 1. What are the characteristics of a
6. Which one of the following is used computer?
to in ATM machines 2. Write the applications of computer.
(a) Touch Screen (b) speaker 3. What is an input device? Give two
(c) Monitor (d) Printer e x ampl e s .
7. When a system restarts which type 4. Name any three output devices.
of booting is used. 5. Differentiate optical and Laser
mouse
(a) Warm booting
6. Write shortnote on impact printer
(b) Cold booting 7. Write the characteristics of sixth
(c) Touch boot generation.
(d) Real boot. 8. Write the significant features of
m o n i t o r.
11

Chapter 1.indd 11 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 PART – IV
Explain in detail
1. Explain the basic components of a computer with a neat diagram.
2. Discuss the various generations of computers.
3. Explain the following
a. Inkjet Printer b. Multimedia projector c. Bar code / QR code Reader
References

(1) Fundamentals of Computers – V. Rajaraman – PHI Publications

(2) Computer Science text book – NCERT, New Delhi

Internet Resources
(1) www.wikipedia.org
(2) https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/computer.html

Prepare a comparative study of various computers of past and present with respect
to speed, memory, size, power consumption and other features

It is an electronic device that processes the

Computer input according to the set of instructions
provided to it and gives the desired output at a very fast rate.
Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for controlling electron flow
Vacuum tube
and were used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier.
The transistor ("transfer resistance") is made up of semi-
conductors. It is a component used to control the amount of
Transistors
current or voltage used for amplification/modulation of an
electronic signal.
Punch cards also known as Hollerith cards are paper cards
Punched cards containing several punched or perforated holes that were
punched by hand or machine to represent data.
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the
Machine Language
computer reads and interprets.
Assembly language An assembly language is a low-level programming language.

12

Chapter 1.indd 12 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 The IC is a package containing many circuits, pathways,
Integrated Circuits transistors, and other electronic components all working
together to perform a particular function or a series of functions.
Micro computer is used to describe a standard personal
Microcomputer
computer.
A high-level language is a computer programming language
High-level languages that isn't limited by the computer, designed for a specific job,
and is easier to understand.
Natural Language Processing is a method used in artificial
Natural Language
intelligence to process and derive meaning from the human
Processing (NLP)
language.
Robot is a term coined by Karel Capek in the 1921 to play
RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots). It is used to describe a
Robotics
computerized machine designed to respond to input received
manually or from its surroundings.
Nanotechnology is an engineering, science, and technology that
Nanotechnology develops machines or works with one atom or one molecule
that is 100 nanometers or smaller.
A discipline that applies engineering principles of design and
Bioengineering
analysis to biological systems and biomedical technologies

13

Chapter 1.indd 13 06-01-2023 15:17:32

 Unit I Fundamentals of Computers CHAPTER
2
Number Systems
Learning Objectives 2.2 Data Representations

• To know how the computer interprets Computer handles data in the form
and stores data in the memory. of ‘0’(Zero) and ‘1’ (One). Any kind of data
• To learn various data representations like number, alphabet, special character
and binary arithmetic. should be converted to ‘0’ or ‘1’ which can
• To learn conversion between various be understood by the Computer. ‘0’ and
Number Systems. ‘1’ that the Computer can understand is
2.1 Introduction called Machine language. ‘0’ or ‘1’ are
called ‘Binary Digits’(BIT). Therefore,
The term data comes from the the study of data representation in the
word datum, which means a raw fact. The computer is important.
data is a fact about people, places or some • A bit is the short form of Binary digit
objects. which can be ‘0’ or ‘1’. It is the basic
Example: unit of data in computers.
Let ‘Name’, ‘Age’, ‘Class’, ‘Marks’ • A nibble is a collection of 4 bits (Binary
and ‘Subject’ be some defined variables. digits).
Now, let us assign a value to each of these • A collection of 8 bits is called Byte.
variables. A byte is considered as the basic unit
of measuring the memory size in the
Name = Rajesh computer.
Age = 16 • Word length refers to the number of
Class = XI bits processed by a Computer’s CPU.
Mark = 65 For example, a word length can have 8
Subject = Computer Science bits, 16 bits, 32 bits and 64 bits (Present
day Computers use 32 bits or 64 bits)
Figure 2.1 Example for Data Bit
(0 or 1)

In the above example, the values Nibble (4 bits)

assigned to the five different variables Byte (8 bits)
are called data. When the above data is
KiloByte (1024 bytes)
processed, we get an information “Rajesh
MegaByte (1024 KB)
is 16 years old, studying in Class XI, has
scored 65 marks in Computer Science GigaByte (1024 MB)

subject”. TeraByte (1024 GB)

Figure 2.2 Data Representation

14

Chapter 2.indd 14 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 Computer memory (Main Memory represents 1000, that is , 103. In binary
and Secondary Storage)is normally system, 1 KiloByte represents 1024 bytes
represented in terms of KiloByte (KB) or that is 210. The following table represents
MegaByte (MB). In decimal system, 1 Kilo the various memory sizes:
Table 2.1 Memory Size (Read 2^10 as 2 power 10)
Name Abbr. Size
Kilo K 2^10 = 1,024
Mega M 2^20 = 1,048,576
Giga G 2^30 = 1,073,741,824
Tera T 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776
Peta P 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
Exa E 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Zetta Z 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Yotta Y 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,173
Bytes are used to represent characters in a text. Different types of coding schemes
are used to represent the character set and numbers. The most commonly used coding
scheme is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Each
binary value between 0 and 127 is used to represent a specific character. The ASCII value
for (blank space) is 32 and the ASCII value of numeric 0 is 48. The range of ASCII values
for lower case alphabets is from 97 to 122 and the range of ASCII values for the upper case
alphabets is 65 to 90.
The speed of a computer depends on the number of bits it can process at once. For
example, a 64- bit computer can process 64-bit numbers in one operation, while a
32-bit computer break 64-bit numbers down into smaller pieces, making it slower.

2.3 Different Types of Number Systems

Number Systems

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Base value Base value Base value

10 2 8
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) (0,1) (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Base value
16
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

Figure 2.3. Number Systems

15

Chapter 2.indd 15 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 A numbering system is a way Example
of representing numbers. The most
commonly used numbering system in The binary sequence (1101)2 has
real life is Decimal number system. the decimal equivalent:
Other number systems are Binary, Octal,
Hexadecimal number system. Each (1101)2 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
number system is uniquely identified by =8+4+0+1
= (13)10
its base value or radix. Radix or base is the
count of number of digits in each number
system. Radix or base is the general idea 2.3.3 Octal Number System
behind positional numbering system.
Octal number system uses digits
2.3.1 Decimal Number System
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 (8 digits). Each octal
It consists of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9(10
digit has its own positional value or weight
digits). It is the oldest and most popular
as a power of 8.
number system used in our day to day life.
In the positional number system, each Example
decimal digit is weighed relative to its
position in the number. This means that The Octal sequence (547)8 has the
each digit in the number is multiplied by decimal equivalent:
10 raised to a power corresponding to that
digit’s position. (547)8 = 5×82 + 4×81 + 7×80
Example = 5×64 + 4×8 + 7×1
= 320 + 32 + 7
(123)10 = 1x102 + 2x101 + 3x100
= (359)10
= 100 + 20 + 3
= (123)10
2.3.4 Hexadecimal Number System
2.3.2 Binary Number System
There are only two digits in the A hexadecimal number is
Binary system, namely, 0 and 1. The represented using base 16. Hexadecimal
numbers in the binary system are or Hex numbers are used as a shorthand
represented to the base 2 and the positional form of binary sequence. This system is
multipliers are the powers of 2. The left used to represent data in a more compact
most bit in the binary number is called as manner. Since 16 symbols are used, 0 to
the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and it has F, the notation is called hexadecimal. The
the largest positional weight. The right first 10 symbols are the same as in the
most bit is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) decimal system, 0 to 9 and the remaining
and has the smallest positional weight. 6 symbols are taken from the first 6 letters
of the alphabet sequence, A to F, where A
1 1 0 1
represents 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is
MSB LSB 14 and F is 15.

16

Chapter 2.indd 16 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 Table 2.2 Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Example
equivalent of Decimal Numbers The hexadecimal sequence (25)16
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal has the decimal equivalent:
0 0000 000 0000
(25)16 = 2×161 + 5×160
1 0001 001 0001
= 32+5
2 0010 002 0002
= (37)10
3 0011 003 0003
4 0100 004 0004
5 0101 005 0005 Workshop
1. Identify the number system for the
6 0110 006 0006
following numbers
7 0111 007 0007
S. No. Number Number system
8 1000 010 0008
9 1001 011 0009 1 (1010)10 Decimal Number
10 1010 012 A system
11 1011 013 B 2 (1010)2
12 1100 014 C 3 (989)16
13 1101 015 D
4 (750)8
14 1110 016 E
15 1111 017 F 5 (926)10

2. State whether the following numbers are valid or not. If invalid, give reason.
S.No. Statement Yes / No Reason (If invalid)
1. 786 is an Octal number
2. 101 is a Binary number
3. Radix of Octal number is 7

2.4 Number System Conversions decimal system, we will obtain a quotient

2.4.1 Decimal to Binary Conversion N1 and a remainder R1, where R1 can
have a value of either 0 or 1. The process
Generally two methods followed.
is repeated until the quotient becomes 0
Method 1: To convert Decimal to Binary or 1. When the quotient is ‘0’ or ‘1’, it
“Repeated Division by 2” method can be is the final remainder value. Write the
used. Any Decimal number divided by 2 final answer starting from final remainder
will leave a remainder of 0 or 1. Repeated value obtained to the first remainder value
division by 2 will leave a sequence of 0s obtained.
and 1s that become the binary equivalent
Example
of the decimal number. Suppose it is
required to convert the decimal number N Convert (65)10 into its equivalent
into binary form, dividing N by 2 in the binary number

17

Chapter 2.indd 17 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 Given Number : 65
2 65 Remainder
LSB Equivalent or value less than power of 2
2 32 - 1 Note : is : 64
2 16 - 0 65/2 = 32 + 1
(1) 65 - 64 = 1
2 8-0 32/2 = 16 + 0
(2) 1 - 1= 0
16/2 = 8 + 0
2 4-0 Power’s of 2 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8/2 = 4 + 0
2 2-0 4/2 = 2 + 0 Binary
1-0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
2/2 = 1 + 0 Number
MSB
6510 = (1000001)2
(65)10 = (1 0 0 0 0 0 1)2 2.4.2 Decimal to Octal Conversion
To convert Decimal to Octal,
“Repeated Division by 8” method can be
Method 2 : Sum of Powers of 2. used. The method is the same we have
A decimal number can be converted learnt in 2.4.1, but in this method, we
into a binary number by adding up the have to divide the given number by 8.
powers of 2 and then adding bits as needed Example
to obtain the total value of the number. Convert (65)10 into its equivalent
a) Find the largest power of 2 that is Octal number
smaller than or equal to 65. 8 65
LSB
6510 > 6410 8 8-1
b) S et the 64’s bit to 1 and subtract 64 1-0
from the original number MSB
65-64=1
c) 32 is greater than the remaining total. (65)10 = (1 0 1)8
Therefore, set the 32’s bit to 0. 2.4.3 Decimal to Hexadecimal
d) 16 is greater than the remaining total. Conversion
Therefore, set the 16’s bit to 0. To convert Decimal to Hexadecimal,
e) 8 is greater than the remaining total. “Repeated division by 16” method can be
Therefore, set the 8’s bit to 0. used. The method is the same as we have
f) 4 is greater than the remaining total. learnt in 2.4.1, but in this method, we have
Therefore, set the 4’s bit to 0. to divide the given number by 16.
g) 2 is greater than the remaining total. Example
Therefore, set the 2’s bit to 0. Convert (31)10 into its equivalent
h) As the remaining value is equivalent to hexadecimal number.
1’s bit, set it to 1.
1-1=0 16 31 LSB
Conversion is complete 6510 = (1000001)2 1 - 15
MSB
Example
The conversion steps can be given as (16)10 = (1F)16(Refer Table 2.2 F=15)
follows:
18

Chapter 2.indd 18 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 2.4.4 Conversion of fractional Decimal
to Binary Workshop
The method of repeated 3. Convert the following Decimal
multiplication by 2 has to be used to numbers to its equivalent Binary, Octal,
convert such kind of decimal fractions. Hexadecimal.
The steps involved in the method of
1) 1920 2) 255 3)126
repeated multiplication by 2:
Step 1: Multiply the decimal fraction by 2.4.5 Binary to Decimal Conversion
2 and note the integer part. The To convert Binary to Decimal we
integer part is either 0 or 1. can use positional notation method.
Step 2: Discard the integer part of the Step 1: Write down the Binary digits and
previous product. Multiply the list the powers of 2 from right to
fractional part of the previous left(Positional Notation)
product by 2. Repeat Step 1 Step 2: For each positional notation
until the same fraction repeats written for the digit, now write
or terminates (0). the equivalent weight.
Step 3: The resulting integer part forms Step 3: Multiply each digit with its
a sequence of 0s and 1s that corresponding weight
become the binary equivalent of Step 4: Add all the values.
decimal fraction. Table 2.3 Positional Notation and Weight
Step 4: The final answer is to be written Positional Weight Positional Weight
from first integer part obtained Notation Notation
till the last integer part obtained. 20 1 26 64
Integer part 21 2 27 128
0.2 × 2 = 0.4 0 (first integer part obtained) 22 4 28 256
23 8 29 512
0.4 × 2 = 0.8 0
24 16 210 1024
0.8 × 2 = 1.6 1
25 32
0.6 × 2 = 1.2 1
Example
0.2 × 2 = 0.4 0 (last integer part obtained)

Note: Fraction repeats, the product is the Convert (111011)2 into its
same as in the first step. equivalent decimal number.
Write the integer parts from
top to bottom to obtain the equivalent Weight 32 16 8 4 2 1
fractional binary number. Hence Positional
25 24 23 22 21 20
(0.2)10=(0.00110011…)2 = (0.00110011)2 Notation
Given
1 1 1 0 1 1
number

19

Chapter 2.indd 19 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 2.4.7. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
32+16+8+0+2+1 = (59)10
(111011)2 = (59)10 Step 1: Group the given number into 4
bits from right to left.
2.4.6 Binary to Octal Conversion Step 2: You can add preceding 0’s to make
Step 1: Group the given binary number a group of 4 bits if the left most
into 3 bits from right to left. group has less than 4 bits.
Step 2: You can add preceding 0 to make Step 3: Convert equivalent Hexadecimal
a group of 3 bits if the left most value using "2's power positional
group has less than 3 bits. weight method"
Step 3: Convert equivalent octal value
using "2's power positional weight Example
method" Convert (1111010110)2 into
Table 2.4 Octal numbers and their Binary Hexadecimal number
equivalent Step 1: Group the given number into 4
Binary bits from right to left.
Octal
Equivalent 0011 1101 0110
0 000 Note: 0’s are added to the left most group
1 001 to make it a group of 4 bits
2 010 0011 1101 0110
{

{
{
3 011
3 D 6
4 100
(1111010110)2 = (3D6)16
5 101
6 110
2.4.8 C onversion of fractional Binary to
7 111
Decimal equivalent
Example Follow the steps to convert
Convert (11010110)2 into octal fractional Binary number to its Decimal
equivalent number equivalent.
Step 1: Group the given number into 3 Step 1: Convert integral part of Binary
bits from right to left. to Decimal equivalent using
011 010 110 positional notation method
(Procedure is same as discussed in
Note: The left most groups have less
2.4.5)
than 3 bits, so 0 is added to its left
Step 2: To convert the fractional part of
to make a group of 3 bits.
binary to its decimal equivalent.
Step-2: Find Octal equivalent of each
Step 2.1: Write down the Binary
group
digits in the fractional part
011 010 110 Step 2.2: For all the digits write
{

{
{

powers of 2 from left to right

3 2 6
starting from 2-1, 2-2, 2-3...... 2-n,
(11010110)2 = (326)8
now write the equivalent weight.
20

Chapter 2.indd 20 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 Step 2.3: Multiply each digit with 2. For each positional notation of the
its corresponding weight digit write the equivalent weight.
Step 2.4: Add all the values which 3. Multiply each digit with its
you obtained in Step 2.3 corresponding weight
Table 2.5 Positional notation and weight 4. Add all the values
Positional Weight
Example
notation
Convert (1265)8 to equivalent
2 (1/2)
-1
0.5
Decimal number
2 (1/4)
-2
0.25
2 (1/8)
-3
0.125 Weight 512 64 8 1
2-4 (1/16) 0.0625 Positional 83 82 81 80
2-5 (1/32) 0.03125 Notation
2 (1/64) 0.015625
-6
Given 1 2 6 5
2-7 (1/128) 0.0078125
number
Step 3: To get final answer write the
integral part (after conversion), (1265)8 = 512 ×1 + 64×2 + 8×6 +1×5
followed by a decimal point(.) and = 512 + 128 + 48 + 5
the answer arrived at Step 2.4 (1265)8 = (693)10
Example
Convert the given Binary number 2.4.10 Octal to Binary Conversion
(11.011)2 into its decimal equivalent For each Octal digit in the given
Integer part (11)2 = 3 (Refer table 2.2) number write its 3 digits binary equivalent
21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 using positional notation.
Example
1 1 . 0 1 1 Convert (6213)8 to equivalent
3 + . (0×0.5 + 1×0.25 + 1×0.125) Binary number
= 3. 375 6 2 1 3
(11.011)2 = (3.375)10

Workshop
4. Convert the given Binary number 110 010 001 011
into its equivalent Decimal, Octal and (6213)8=(110010001011)2
Hexadecimal number.
1) 101110101 2) 1011010 3) 101011111
Workshop
2.4.9. Octal to Decimal Conversion
5. Convert the following Octal numbers
To convert Octal to Decimal, we
into Binary numbers.
can use positional notation method.
(A) 472 (B) 145 (C) 347
1. Write down the Octal digits and list the
(D) 6247 (E) 645
powers of 8 from right to left(Positional
Notation)
21

Chapter 2.indd 21 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 2.4.11 
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Workshop
Conversion
To convert Hexadecimal to Decimal 6. Convert the following Hexadecimal
we can use positional notation method. numbers to Binary numbers
1. Write down the Hexadecimal digits (A) A6 (B) BE
and list the powers of 16 from right to (C) 9BC8 (D) BC9
left(Positional Notation)
2. For each positional notation written 2.5 Binary Representation for Signed
for the digit, now write the equivalent Numbers
weight. Computers can handle both positive
3. Multiply each digit with its (unsigned) and negative (signed) numbers.
corresponding weight The simplest method to represent
4. Add all the values to get one final negative binary numbers is called Signed
value. Magnitude. In signed magnitude method,
Example the left most bit is Most Significant Bit
Convert (25F)16 into its equivalent (MSB), is called sign bit or parity bit.
Decimal number. The numbers are represented in
Weight 256 16 1 computers in different ways:
Positional 162 161 160 • Signed Magnitude representation
Notation • 1’s Complement
Given 2 5 F(15) • 2’s Complement
number
2.5.1 Signed Magnitude representation
(25F)16 = 2×256 + 5×16 + 15×1 The value of the whole numbers can
= 512 + 80 +15 be determined by the sign used before it. If
(25F)16 = (607)10 the number has ‘+’ sign or no sign it will be
2.4.12 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion considered as positive. If the number has
Write 4 bits Binary equivalent ‘–’ sign it will be considered as negative.
for each Hexadecimal digit for the given Example:
number using positional notation method.
Example +43 or 43 is a positive number
Convert (8BC)16 into equivalent –43 is a negative number
Binary number
In signed binary representation,
8 B C
the left most bit is considered as sign bit.
If this bit is 0, it is a positive number and
if it 1, it is a negative number. Therefore
1000 1011 1100 a signed binary number has 8 bits, only 7
bits used for storing values (magnitude)
(8BC)16 = (100010111100)2
and the 1 bit is used for sign.

22

Chapter 2.indd 22 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 +43 is represented in memory as follows: a. Invert all the bits in the binary
Sign bit Magnitude (Value) sequence (i.e., change every 0 to1 and
every 1 to 0 ie.,1’s complement)
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 b. Add 1 to the result to the Least
Significant Bit (LSB).
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
Most Significant Bit (MSB )
Example
(‘0’ represent that the number is positive)
2’s Complement represent of (-24)10
-43 can be represented in memory as
Binary equivalent of +24: 11000
follows.
Sign bit Magnitude (Value) 8bit format: 00011000
1’s complement: 11100111
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Add 1 to LSB: +1
2’s complement of -24: 11101000
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
Most Significant Bit (MSB )
(‘1’ represent that the number is negative) Workshop
2.5.2 1’s Complement representation 7. Write the 1’s complement number and
This is an easier approach to 2’s complement number for the following
represent signed numbers. This is for decimal numbers:
negative numbers only i.e. the number (A) 22 (B) -13 (C) -65 (D) -46
whose MSB is 1.
The steps to be followed to find 1’s 2.6 Binary Arithmetic
complement of a number:
As decimal numbers, the binary
Step 1: Convert given Decimal number numbers also permit computations like
into Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. The following session deals only
Step 2: Check if the binary number
contains 8 bits , if less add 0 at the with binary addition and subtraction.
left most bit, to make it as 8 bits. 2.6.1 Binary Addition
Step 3: Invert all bits (i.e. Change 1 as 0 The following table is useful when
and 0 as 1) adding two binary numbers.
Example A B SUM (A + B) Carry
Find 1’s complement for (–24)10 0 0 0 -
Given Binary 1’s Compliment 0 1 1 -
Number Number 1 0 1 -
1 1 0 1
(-24)10 00011000 11100111
In 1 + 1 = 10, is considered as sum
2.5.3 2’s Complement representation 0 and the 1 as carry bit. This carry bit is
The 2’s-complement method for added with the previous position of the bit
negative number is as follows: pattern.
23

Chapter 2.indd 23 06-01-2023 15:18:12

 Example Add: 10112 + 10012 Significant Bit is 0, you must borrow from a
(Carry 1
Bit)→ 1 more significant bit that contains 1 and replace
it with 0 and 0s upto that point become 1s.

}
1 0 1 1 Example Substract 10010102 – 101002
10
+ 1 0 0 1 0 1 10 0 10
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
10112 + 10012 = 101002 (-) 1 0 1 0 0
Example Perform Binary addition for the
1 1 0 1 1 0
following: 2310 + 1210
Step 1: Convert 23 and 12 into binary form Example Perform binary addition for the
following: (–21)10 + (5)10
2310
Step 1: Change -21 and 5 into binary form
2’s power 16 8 4 2 1 2110
Binary Number 1 0 1 1 1
2310 = 000101112 2’s power 16 8 4 2 1
Binary Number 1 0 1 0 1
1210 2110 = 000101012
2’s power 8 4 2 1 510
Binary Number 1 1 0 0
1210 = 000011002 2’s power 4 2 1
Binary Number 1 0 1
Step 2: Binary addition of 23 and 12:
510 = 000001012
Carry Bit → 1 1 1
Step 2:
2310 = 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
2110 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1210 = 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1’s Compliment 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
3510 = 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2’s Compliment 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
2.6.2 Binary Substraction Step 3:
The table for Binary Substraction is Binary Addition of –21 and 5 :
as follows: Carry bit 1 1 1 1
A B Difference Borrow -2110 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
(A-B)
510 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
-1610 (Result) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 Workshop
0 1 1 1
8. Perform the following binary
When substracting 1 from 0, borrow
computations:
1 from the next Most Significant Bit, when
borrowing from the next Most Significant (A) 1010 + 1510 (B) –1210 + 510
Bit, if it is 1, replace it with 0. If the next Most (C) 1410 – 1210 (D) (–210) – (–610)

24

Chapter 2.indd 24 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 2.7 Representing Characters in Memory The ASCII code equivalent to
As represented in introduction, the uppercase letter ‘A’ is 65. The binary
all the input data given to the computer representation of ASCII (7 bit) value is
should be in understandable format. In 1000001. Also 01000001 in ASCII-8 bit.
general, 26 uppercase letters, 26 lowercase 2.7.3 
E xtended Binary Coded Decimal
letters, 0 to 9 digits and special characters Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
are used in a computer, which is called This is similar to ASCII Code with
character set. All these character set 8 bit representation. This coding system
are denoted through numbers only. All is formulated by International Business
Characters in the character set needs Machine(IBM). The coding system can
a common encoding system. There handle 256 characters. The input code
are several encoding systems used for in ASCII can be converted to EBCDIC
computer. They are system and vice - versa.
• BCD – Binary Coded Decimal 2.7.4 Indian Standard Code for
• EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Information Interchange (ISCII)
Decimal Interchange Code ISCII is the system of handling
• ASCII – American Standard Code for the character of Indian local languages.
Information Interchange This as a 8-bit coding system. Therefore
• Unicode it can handle 256 (28) characters. This
system is formulated by the department
• ISCII - Indian Standard Code for
of Electronics in India in the year 1986-
Information Interchange
88 and recognized by Bureau of Indian
2.7.1 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Standards (BIS). Now this coding system
This encoding system is not in the is integrated with Unicode.
practice right now. This is 26 bit encoding 2.7.5 Unicode
system. This can handle 26 = 64 characters This coding system is used in most of
only. the modern computers. The popular coding
2.7.2 
American Standard Code for scheme after ASCII is Unicode. ASCII can
Information Interchange (ASCII) represent only 256 characters. Therefore
This is the most popular encoding English and European Languages alone can
system recognized by United States. be handled by ASCII. Particularly there was
Most of the computers use this system. a situation, when the languages like Tamil,
Remember this encoding system can Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu could
handle English characters only. This can not be represented by ASCII. Hence, the
handle 27 bit which means 128 characters. Unicode was generated to handle all the
In this system, each character has coding system of Universal languages. This is
individual number (Refer Appendix). 16 bit code and can handle 65536 characters.
The new edition (version) ASCII -8, Unicode scheme is denoted by
has 2 bits and can handle 256 characters are
8 hexadecimal numbers. The Unicode table
represented from 0 to 255 unique numbers. of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada
is shown in Table 2.6

25

Chapter 2.indd 25 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 Table 2.6
Unicode Table of Tamil Unicode Table of Malayalam

0B8 0B9 0BA 0BB 0BC 0BD 0BE 0BF 0D0 0D1 0D2 0D3 0D4 0D5 0D6 0D7

0 ஐ ர $ீ ௐ ௰ 0 $ഀ ഐ ഠ ര $ീ ൠ ൰
0B90 0BB0 0BC0 0BD0 0BF0 0D00 0D10 0D20 0D30 0D40 0D60 0D70

1 ற $
ு ௱ 1 $ഁ ഡ റ $ു ൡ ൱
0BB1 0BC1 0BF1 0D01 0D21 0D31 0D41 0D61 0D71

2 $ஂ ஒ $
ல ூ ௲ 2 $ം ഒ ഢ ല $ൂ $ൢ ൲
0B82 0B92 0BB2 0BC2 0BF2 0D02 0D12 0D22 0D32 0D42 0D62 0D72

3 ஃ ஓ ண ள ௳ 3 $ഃ ഓ ണ ള $ ൃ $ൣ ൳
0B83 0B93 0BA3 0BB3 0BF3 0D03 0D13 0D23 0D33 0D43 0D63 0D73

4 ஔ த ழ ௴ 4 ഔ ത ഴ $ൄ ൔ ൴
0B94 0BA4 0BB4 0BF4 0D14 0D24 0D34 0D44 0D54 0D74

5 அ க வ ௵ 5 അ ക ഥ വ ൕ ൵
0B85 0B95 0BB5 0BF5 0D05 0D15 0D25 0D35 0D55 0D75

6 ஆ ஶ $ெ ௦ ௶ 6 ആ ഖ ദ ശ $െ ൖ ൦ ൶
0B86 0BB6 0BC6 0BE6 0BF6 0D06 0D16 0D26 0D36 0D46 0D56 0D66 0D76

7 இ ஷ $ே $ௗ ௧ ௷ 7 ഇ ഗ ധ ഷ $ േ $ൗ ൧ ൷
0B87 0BB7 0BC7 0BD7 0BE7 0BF7 0D07 0D17 0D27 0D37 0D47 0D57 0D67 0D77

8 ஈ ந ஸ $ை ௨ ௸ 8 ഈഘ ന സ $ൈ ൘ ൨ ൸
0B88 0BA8 0BB8 0BC8 0BE8 0BF8 0D08 0D18 0D28 0D38 0D48 0D58 0D68 0D78

9 உ ங ன ஹ ௩ ௹ 9 ഉ ങ ഩ ഹ ൙ ൩ ൹
0B89 0B99 0BA9 0BB9 0BE9 0BF9 0D09 0D19 0D29 0D39 0D59 0D69 0D79

A ஊ ச ப $ொ ௪ ௺ A ഊ ച പ ഺ $ൊ ൚ ൪ ൺ
0B8A 0B9A 0BAA 0BCA 0BEA 0BFA 0D0A 0D1A 0D2A 0D3A 0D4A 0D5A 0D6A 0D7A

B $ோ ௫ B ഋ ഛ ഫ $഻ $ോ ൛ ൫ ൻ
0BCB 0BEB 0D0B 0D1B 0D2B 0D3B 0D4B 0D5B 0D6B 0D7B

C ஜ $ௌ ௬ C ഌ ജ ബ $഼ $ൌ ൜ ൬ ർ
0B9C 0BCC 0BEC 0D0C 0D1C 0D2C 0D3C 0D4C 0D5C 0D6C 0D7C

D $் ௭ D ഝ ഭ ഽ $് ൝ ൭ ൽ
0BCD 0BED 0D1D 0D2D 0D3D 0D4D 0D5D 0D6D 0D7D

E எ ஞ ம $ா ௮ E എ ഞ മ $ാ ൎ ൞ ൮ ൾ
0B8E 0B9E 0BAE 0BBE 0BEE 0D0E 0D1E 0D2E 0D3E 0D4E 0D5E 0D6E 0D7E

F ஏ ட ய $ி ௯ F ഏ ട യ $ി ൥ ൟ ൯ ൿ
0B8F 0B9F 0BAF 0BBF 0BEF 0D0F 0D1F 0D2F 0D3F 0D4F 0D5F 0D6F 0D7F

26

Chapter 2.indd 26 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 Table 2.6
Unicode Table of Telugu Unicode Table of Kannada

0C0 0C1 0C2 0C3 0C4 0C5 0C6 0C7 0C8 0C9 0CA 0CB 0CC 0CD 0CE 0CF

0 $ఀ ఐ ఠ ర $ీ ౠ 0 ಀ ಐ ಠ ರ $ೀ ೠ
0C00 0C10 0C20 0C30 0C40 0C60 0C80 0C90 0CA0 0CB0 0CC0 0CE0

1 $ఁ డ ఱ $ు ౡ 1 $ಁ ಡ ಱ $ು ೡ ೱ
0C01 0C21 0C31 0C41 0C61 0C81 0CA1 0CB1 0CC1 0CE1 0CF1

2 $ం ఒ ఢ ల $ూ $ౢ 2 $ಂ ಒ ಢ ಲ $ೂ $ೢ ೲ
0C02 0C12 0C22 0C32 0C42 0C62 0C82 0C92 0CA2 0CB2 0CC2 0CE2 0CF2

3 $ః ఓ ణ ళ $ృ $ౣ 3 $ಃ ಓ ಣ ಳ $ೃ $ೣ
0C03 0C13 0C23 0C33 0C43 0C63 0C83 0C93 0CA3 0CB3 0CC3 0CE3

4 ఔ త  $ౄ 4 ಔ ತ $ೄ
0C14 0C24 0C34 0C44 0C94 0CA4 0CC4

5 అ క థ వ $ౕ 5 ಅ ಕ ಥ ವ $ೕ
0C05 0C15 0C25 0C35 0C55 0C85 0C95 0CA5 0CB5 0CD5

6 ఆ ఖ ద శ $ె $ౖ ౦ 6 ಆ ಖ ದ ಶ $ೆ $ೖ ೦
0C06 0C16 0C26 0C36 0C46 0C56 0C66 0C86 0C96 0CA6 0CB6 0CC6 0CD6 0CE6

7 ఇ గ ధ ష $ే ౧ 7 ಇ ಗ ಧ ಷ $ೇ ೧
0C07 0C17 0C27 0C37 0C47 0C67 0C87 0C97 0CA7 0CB7 0CC7 0CE7

8 ఈ ఘ న స $ై ౘ ౨ ౸ 8 ಈ ಘ ನ ಸ $ೈ ೨
0C08 0C18 0C28 0C38 0C48 0C58 0C68 0C78 0C88 0C98 0CA8 0CB8 0CC8 0CE8

9 ఉ ఙ హ ౙ ౩ ౹ 9 ಉ ಙ ಹ ೩
0C09 0C19 0C39 0C59 0C69 0C79 0C89 0C99 0CB9 0CE9

A ఊ చ ప $ొ ౚ ౪ ౺ A ಊ ಚ ಪ $ೊ ೪
0C0A 0C1A 0C2A 0C4A 0C5A 0C6A 0C7A 0C8A 0C9A 0CAA 0CCA 0CEA

B ఋ ఛ ఫ $ో ౫ ౻ B ಋ ಛ ಫ $ೋ ೫
0C0B 0C1B 0C2B 0C4B 0C6B 0C7B 0C8B 0C9B 0CAB 0CCB 0CEB

C ఌ జ బ $ౌ ౬ ౼ C ಌ ಜ ಬ $಼ $ೌ ೬
0C0C 0C1C 0C2C 0C4C 0C6C 0C7C 0C8C 0C9C 0CAC 0CBC 0CCC 0CEC

D ఝ భ ఽ $్ ౭ ౽ D ಝ ಭ ಽ $್ ೭
0C1D 0C2D 0C3D 0C4D 0C6D 0C7D 0C9D 0CAD 0CBD 0CCD 0CED

E ఎ ఞ మ $ా ౮ ౾ E ಎ ಞ ಮ $ಾ ೞ ೮
0C0E 0C1E 0C2E 0C3E 0C6E 0C7E 0C8E 0C9E 0CAE 0CBE 0CDE 0CEE

F ఏ ట య $ి ౯ ౿ F ಏ ಟ ಯ $ಿ ೯
0C0F 0C1F 0C2F 0C3F 0C6F 0C7F 0C8F 0C9F 0CAF 0CBF 0CEF

27

Chapter 2.indd 27 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 Appendix
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
(Few specific characters only)
Alphabets

Decimal Binary number Octal Hexadecimal

Alphabets
number (8 bit) number number
A 65 01000001 101 41
B 66 01000010 102 42
C 67 01000011 103 43
D 68 01000100 104 44
E 69 01000101 105 45
F 70 01000110 106 46
G 71 01000111 107 47
H 72 01001000 110 48
I 73 01001001 111 49
J 74 01001010 112 4A
K 75 01001011 113 4B
L 76 01001100 114 4C
M 77 01001101 115 4D
N 78 01001110 116 4E
O 79 01001111 117 4F
P 80 01010000 120 50
Q 81 01010001 121 51
R 82 01010010 122 52
S 83 01010011 123 53
T 84 01010100 124 54
U 85 01010101 125 55
V 86 01010110 126 56
W 87 01010111 127 57
X 88 01011000 130 58
Y 89 01011001 131 59
Z 90 01011010 132 5A
a 97 01100001 141 61
b 98 01100010 142 62
c 99 01100011 143 63
d 100 01100100 144 64
e 101 01100101 145 65

28

Chapter 2.indd 28 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 f 102 01100110 146 66
g 103 01100111 147 67
h 104 01101000 150 68
i 105 01101001 151 69
j 106 01101010 152 6A
k 107 01101011 153 6B
l 108 01101100 154 6C
m 109 01101101 155 6D
n 110 01101110 156 6E
o 111 01101111 157 6F
p 112 01110000 160 70
q 113 01110001 161 71
r 114 01110010 162 72
s 115 01110011 163 73
t 116 01110100 164 74
u 117 01110101 165 75
v 118 01110110 166 76
w 119 01110111 167 77
x 120 01111000 170 78
y 121 01111001 171 79
z 122 01111010 172 7A

Numerals

Decimal Binary number Octal Hexadecimal

Alphabets
number (8 bit) number number
0 48 00110000 60 30
1 49 00110001 61 31
2 50 00110010 62 32
3 51 00110011 63 33
4 52 00110100 64 34
5 53 00110101 65 35
6 54 00110110 66 36
7 55 00110111 67 37
8 56 00111000 70 38
9 57 00111001 71 39

29

Chapter 2.indd 29 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 Special Characters

Special Decimal Binary number Octal Hexadecimal

symbols number (8 bit) number number
Blank 32 00100000 40 20
! 33 00100001 41 21
" 34 00100010 42 22
# 35 00100011 43 23
$ 36 00100100 44 24
% 37 00100101 45 25
& 38 00100110 46 26
' 39 00100111 47 27
( 40 00101000 50 28
) 41 00101001 51 29
* 42 00101010 52 2A
+ 43 00101011 53 2B
, 44 00101100 54 2C
- 45 00101101 55 2D
. 46 00101110 56 2E
/ 47 00101111 57 2F
: 58 00111010 72 3A
; 59 00111011 73 3B
< 60 00111100 74 3C
= 61 00111101 75 3D
> 62 00111110 76 3E
? 63 00111111 77 3F
@ 64 01000000 100 40
[ 91 01011011 133 5B
\ 92 01011100 134 5C
] 93 01011101 135 5D
^ 94 01011110 136 5E
_ 95 01011111 137 5F
` 96 01100000 140 60
{ 123 01111011 173 7B
| 124 01111100 174 7C
} 125 01111101 175 7D
~ 126 01111110 176 7E

30

Chapter 2.indd 30 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 Evaluation
Part-I
8. Which amongst this is not an Octal
 hoose the correct answer
C
nu mb e r ?
1.  Which refers to
A) 645 B) 234
the number of bits
C) 876 D) 123
processed by a
computer’s CPU?
Part-II
A) Byte B) Nibble
Very Short Answers
C) Word length D) Bit
1. What is data?
2.  How many bytes does 1 KiloByte
2. Write the 1’s complement procedure.
contain?
3. Convert (46)10 into Binary number
A) 1000 B) 8 4. We cannot find 1’s complement for
C) 4 D) 1024 (28)10. State reason.
3. Expansion for ASCII 5.  List the encoding systems that
A) American School Code for represents characters in memory.
Information Interchange
B) American Standard Code for Part-III
Information Interchange
Short Answers
C) All Standard Code for Information
1. What is radix of a number system?
Interchange
Give example
D) American Society Code for
2. Write note on binary number system.
Information Interchange
3. Convert (150)10 into Binary, then
4. 2^50 is referred as convert that Binary number to Octal
A) Kilo B) Tera 4. Write short note on ISCII
C) Peta D) Zetta 5. Add a) -2210+1510 b) 2010+2510
5. How many characters can be handled
in Binary Coded Decimal System? Part-IV
A) 64 B) 255 Explain in Detail
C) 256 D) 128 1. a) 
Write the procedure to convert
6. For 11012 the equalent Hexadecimal fractional Decimal to Binary
equivalent is? b) Convert (98.46)10 to Binary
A) F B) E 2.  Find 1’s Complement and 2’s
C) D D) B Complement for the following
7.  What is the 1’s complement of Decimal number
00100110? a) -98 b) -135
A) 00100110 B) 11011001 3. a) Add 11010102+1011012
C) 11010001 D) 00101001 b) Subtract 11010112 - 1110102

31

Chapter 2.indd 31 06-01-2023 15:18:13

 Unit I Fundamentals of Computers CHAPTER
3
Computer Organisation

Learning Objectives engineering considerations involved in

designing a computer. On the other hand,
• To know the Computer Organisation deals with the
organisation of hardware components that are transparent
the computer to the programmer.
components and their 3.2. Basics of Microprocessors
interconnections.
The CPU is the major component of
• To know the a computer, which performs all tasks. This
processors and their characteristics. is realized by the microprocessor which
• To know the importance of memory is an Integrated Circuit. Microprocessors
devices and their roles in a computer. were first introduced in early 1970s. The
• To explore RAM, ROM and first general purpose microprocessor,
differentiate each of them. 4004 was developed by Intel Inc.
• To know about cache memory and The microprocessor is a
how it improves the performance of programmable multipurpose silicon chip.
a computer It is driven by clock pulses. It accepts input
• To know the secondary devices and as a binary data and after processing,
their usage it provides the output data as per the
• To know about the ports and instructions stored in the memory. A
interfaces so that external devices block diagram of a microprocessor based
can be connected system is shown in Figure 3.1.
Input Microprocessor Output
3.1 Introduction
Computer organisation deals with
the hardware components of a computer
system. It includes Input / Output devices, Memory

the Central Processing Unit, storage devices Figure 3.1 A Microprocessor - Based System
and primary memory. It is concerned with The microprocessor is made up of 3
how the various components of computer main units. They are:
hardware operate. It also deals with how
• Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU):
they are interconnected to implement
To perform arithmetic and logical
an architectural specification. The term
instructions based on computer
computer organisation looks similar to
instructions.
the term computer architecture. But,
computer architecture deals with the
32

Chapter 3.indd 32 06-01-2023 15:19:13

 • Control unit: To control the overall Every microprocessor has an
operations of the computer through internal clock that regulates the speed at
signals. which it executes instructions. The speed
• Registers (Internal Memory): They are at which the microprocessor executes
used to hold the instruction and data instructions is called the clock speed.
for the execution of the processor. Clock speed is measured in MHz (Mega
Characteristics of Microprocessors Hertz) or in GHz (Giga Hertz).
A Microprocessor’s performance b) Instruction Set
depends on the following characteristics: A command which is given to
a) Clock speed a computer to perform an operation
on data is called an instruction. Basic
b) Instruction set
set of machine level instructions that a
c) Word size microprocessor is designed to execute
a) Clock Speed is called as an instruction set. This

Speed Measurement
Hertz – abbreviated as Hz is the standard unit of measurement used for measuring
frequency. Since frequency is measured in cycles per second, one hertz equals one
cycle per second.
Hertz is commonly used to measure wave frequencies, such as sound waves, light waves,
and radio waves. For example, the average human ear can detect sound waves between 20 and
20,000 Hz. Sound waves close to 20 Hz have a low pitch and are called "bass" frequencies.
Sound waves above 5,000 Hz have a high pitch and are called "treble" frequencies.
While hertz can be used to measure wave frequencies, it is also used to measure the
speed of computer processors. For example, each CPU is rated at a specific clock speed. This
number indicates how many instruction cycles the processor can perform in every second.
Since modern processors can perform millions or even billions of instructions per second,
clock speeds are typically measured in megahertz or gigahertz.
instruction set carries out the following is called its word size. Word size
types of operations: determines the amount of RAM that
• Data transfer can be accessed by a microprocessor.
3.3 Data communication between
• Arithmetic operations CPU and memory
• Logical operations
The Central Processing Unit(CPU)
• Control flow has a Memory Data Register (MDR) and
• Input/output a Memory Address Register (MAR). The
Memory Data Register (MDR) keeps the data
c) Word Size which is transferred between the Memory
• The number of bits that can be processed and the CPU. The Program Counter (PC)
by a processor in a single instruction is a special register in the CPU which always
keeps the address of the next instruction to be
33

Chapter 3.indd 33 06-01-2023 15:19:13

 executed. The Arithmetic and Logic unit of follows:
CPU places the address of the memory to be
fetched, into the Memory Address Register. • 8-bit microprocessor
A bus is a collection of wires used
• 16-bit microprocessor
for communication between the internal
components of a computer. • 32-bit microprocessor
The word in the RAM has the same
size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data • 64-bit microprocessor
Register (MDR). If the processor is an
8-bit processor like Intel 8085, its MDR 3.4.2 Classification of Microprocessors
and the word in the RAM both have 8 bits. based on Instruction Set

The read operation transfers the The size of the instruction set
data(bits) from word to Memory Data is important consideration while
Register. The write operation transfers the categorizing microprocessors.There are
data(bits) from Memory Data Register to two types of microprocessors based on
word. their instruction sets.

• 
Reduced Instruction Set Computers
If 5V is applied at one end of (RISC)
a wire, the other end also can
receive 5V. In the same way, • 
Complex Instruction Set Computers
the buses are wires, and the (CISC)
binary data are voltages (5V as 1 and
0V as 0), and these buses can simply Examples of RISC processors are
pass the data as voltages from one end Pentium IV, Intel P6, AMD K6 and K7.
to other.
Examples of CISC processors are Intel
386 & 486, Pentium, Pentium II and III,
3.4 Types of Microprocessors
and Motorola 68000.
Microprocessors can be classified
3.5 Memory Devices
based on the following criteria:

• The width of data that can be processed A memory is just like a human
brain. It is used to store data and
• The instruction set instructions. Computer memory is the
storage space in the computer, where data
3.4.1 Classification of Microprocessors and instructions are stored. There are two
based on the Data Width types of accessing methods to access (read
or write) the memory. They are sequential
Depending on the data width, access and random access. In sequential
microprocessors can process instructions. access, the memory is accessed in an
The microprocessors can be classified as
34

Chapter 3.indd 34 06-01-2023 15:19:13

 orderly manner from starting to end. But, technology they use to hold data. Dynamic
in random access, any byte of memory can RAM being a common type needs to be
be accessed directly without navigating refreshed frequently. Static RAM needs
through previous bytes. Different to be refreshed less often, which makes
memory devices are arranged according it faster. Hence, Static RAM is more
to the capacity, speed and cost as shown in expensive than Dynamic RAM.
Figure 3.6. 3.5.3 Read Only Memory (ROM)
Read Only Memory refers to special
lar ess t
acc
ger im
ost

memory in a computer with pre-recorded

hig ter
rc

cap e an data at manufacturing time which cannot

nd fas
he

Cache aci d L
e a ity,

Memory ty,s ow be modified. The stored programs that start

tim pac

low er
the computer and perform diagnostics are
ess ca

er cost
Main Memory
acc aller

available in ROMs. ROM stores critical

programs such as the program that boots
Sm

Hard Disk
the computer. Once the data has been
Figure 3.6 Memory Hierarchy written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be
modified or removed and can only be
3.5.1 Random-Access Memory (RAM)
read. ROM retains its contents even when
The main memory is otherwise
the computer is turned off. So, ROM is
called as Random Access Memory. This
called as a non-volatile memory.
is available in computers in the form of
Integrated Circuits (ICs). It is the place in 3.5.3.1 Programmable Read Only Memory
a computer where the Operating System, (PROM)
Application Programs and the data in Programmable read only memory is
current use are kept temporarily so that also a non-volatile memory on which data
they can be accessed by the computer’s can be written only once. Once a program
processor. The smallest unit of information has been written onto a PROM, it remains
that can be stored in the memory is called there forever. Unlike the main memory,
as a bit. The memory can be accessed by PROMs retain their contents even when
a collection of 8 bits which is called as a the computer is turned off.
byte. The PROM differs from ROM.
RAM is a volatile memory, which PROM is manufactured as a blank
means that the information stored in it is memory, whereas a ROM is programmed
not permanent. As soon as the power is during the manufacturing process itself.
turned off, whatever data that resides in PROM programmer or a PROM burner is
RAM is lost. It allows both read and write used to write data to a PROM chip. The
operations. process of programming a PROM is called
3.5.2 Types of RAM burning the PROM.
There are two basic types of RAM 3.5.3.2 Erasable Programmable Read
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Only Memory (EPROM)
• Static RAM (SRAM) Erasable Programmable Read Only
These two types differ in the Memory is a special type of memory which
35

Chapter 3.indd 35 06-01-2023 15:19:13

 serves as a PROM, but the content can up the memory retrieval process. Due to its
be erased using ultraviolet rays. EPROM higher cost, the CPU comes with a smaller
retains its contents until it is exposed to size of cache memory compared with the size
ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light of the main memory. Without cache memory,
clears its contents, making it possible to every time the CPU requests the data, it has to
reprogram the memory. be fetched from the main memory which will
An EPROM differs from a PROM, consume more time. The idea of introducing
PROM can be written only once and a cache is that, this extremely fast memory
cannot be erased. EPROMs are used would store data that is frequently accessed
widely in personal computers because and if possible, the data that is closer to it.
they enable the manufacturer to change This helps to achieve the fast response time,
the contents of the PROM to replace with Where response Time, (Access Time) refers
updated versions or erase the contents to how quickly the memory can respond to
before the computer is delivered. a read / write request. Figure 3.8 shows the
arrangement of cache memory between the
CPU and the main memory.

Main
CPU Cache
Memory
Fast Slow
Figure 3.8 Cache Memory Arrangement
Figure 3.7 Erasable Programmable Read
3.6 Secondary Storage Devices
Only Memory
Most of the EPROM chips A computer generally has limited amount of
have a transparent area at the main memory which is expensive and volatile.
top surface which is covered To store data and programs permanently,
by stickers. If it gets removed, the secondary storage devices are used. Secondary
ultraviolet light in the sunlight may storage devices serve as a supportive storage
erase the contents. to main memory and they are non-volatile
in nature, secondary storage is also called as
3.5.3.3 Electrically Erasable Programmable Backup storage
Read Only Memory (EEPROM) 3.6.1 Hard Disk
Electrically Erasable Programmable Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which
Read Only Memory is a special type of you can store data. The hard disk has the
PROM that can be erased by exposing it stacked arrangement of disks accessed by a
to an electrical charge. Like other types of pair of heads for each of the disks. The hard
PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even disks come with a single or double sided disk.
when the power is turned off. Comparing 3.6.2 Compact Disc (CD)
with all other types of ROM, EEPROM is A CD or CD-ROM is made from 1.2
slower in performance. millimeters thick, polycarbonate plastic
3.5.4 Cache Memory material. A thin layer of aluminium or
The cache memory is a very high speed gold is applied to the surface. CD data is
and expensive memory, which is used to speed represented as tiny indentations known as
36

Chapter 3.indd 36 06-01-2023 15:19:13

 "pits", encoded in a spiral track moulded players, digital cameras and mobile phones.
into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The Flash memory offers fast access times. The
areas between pits are known as "lands". time taken to read or write a character in
A motor within the CD player rotates the memory is called access time. The capacity
disk. The capacity of an ordinary CD- of the flash memories vary from 1 Gigabytes
ROM is 700MB. (GB) to 2 Terabytes (TB). A sample of flash
memory is shown in Figure 3.11.

Fig 3.9 Compact Disc

Figure 3.11 Flash Memory
3.6.3 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) 3.6.5 Blu-Ray Disc
A DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Blu-Ray Disc is a high-density optical
Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc capable disc similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type
of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six of disc used for PlayStation games and for
times what a CD can hold. DVDs are often playing High-Definition (HD) movies. A
used to store movies at a better quality. Like double-layer Blu-Ray disc can store up to
CDs, DVDs are read with a laser. 50GB (gigabytes) of data. DVD uses a red
The disc can have one or two sides, laser to read and write data. But, Blu-ray uses
and one or two layers of data per side; the a blue-violet laser to write. Hence, it is called
number of sides and layers determines how as Blu-Ray.
much it can hold. Double-layered sides are
usually gold-coloured, while single-layered
sides are usually silver-coloured, like a CD.

Fig 3.10 Digital Versatile Disc Fig 3.12 Blu- Ray Disc
3.6.4 Flash Memory Devices 3.7 Ports and Interfaces
Flash memory is an electronic
(solid-state) non-volatile computer storage The Motherboard of a computer
medium that can be electrically erased and has many I/O sockets that are connected
reprogrammed. They are either EEPROM or to the ports and interfaces found on the
EPROM. Examples for Flash memories are rear side of a computer (Figure 3.13). The
pendrives, memory cards etc. Flash memories external devices can be connected to the
can be used in personal computers, Personal ports and interfaces. The various types of
Digital Assistants (PDA), digital audio ports are given below:

37

Chapter 3.indd 37 06-01-2023 15:19:14

 Serial Port: To connect the external USB Port
devices, found in old computers. Mouse Port Network Port
Parallel Port: To connect the printers,
found in old computers.
USB Ports: To connect external devices VGA Serial
like cameras, scanners, mobile phones, Port Port Power Supply
external hard disks and printers to the Keyboard Port
computer. HDMI Port
USB 3.0 is the third major version of the
Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard to Fig 3.14 Ports and Interfaces
connect computers with other electronic High Definition Multimedia Interface
gadgets as shown in Figure 3.13. USB 3.0 (HDMI)
can transfer data up to 5 Giga byte/second. High-Definition Multimedia
USB3.1 and USB 3.2 are also released. Interface is an audio/video interface
which transfers the uncompressed video
and audio data from a video controller,
to a compatible computer monitor, LCD
projector, digital television etc.

Micro HDMI HDMI

Figure 3.13 USB 3.0 Ports Figure 3.15 HDMI Ports
Activity
VGA Connector: To connect a monitor or
any display device like LCD projector. Student Activity
Audio Plugs: To connect sound speakers, • Identify the components of a computer
microphone and headphones. • Connecting external devices like
PS/2 Port: To connect mouse and printer/LCD projector.
keyboard to PC. Teacher Activity
SCSI Port: To connect the hard disk • Show the components of a computer
drives and network connectors. • Display different ROM ICs
• Display the flash memory
• Demonstrate various ports and their
usage

38

Chapter 3.indd 38 06-01-2023 15:19:14

 Evaluation

Part – I 7. How many memory locations are

Choose the correct answer identified by a processor with 8 bits
1. Which of the following is sadi to be address bus at a time?
the brain of a computer? (a) 28 (b) 1024
(a) Input devices (c) 256 (d) 8000
(b) Output devices 8. What is the capacity of 12cm
(c) Memory device diameter DVD with single sided
(d) Microprocessor and single layer?
2. Which of the following is not the (a) 4.7 GB (b) 5.5 GB
part of a microprocessor unit? (c) 7.8GB (d) 2.2 GB
(a) ALU (b) Control unit 9. What is the smallest size of data
(c) Cache memory (d) register represented in a CD?
3. How many bits constitute a word? (a) blocks (b) sectors
(a) 8 (c) pits (d) tracks
(b) 16 10. Display devices are connected to
(c) 32 the computer through.
(d) 
determined by the processor (a) USB port (b) Ps/2 port
used. (c) SCSI port (d) VGA
4. Which of the following device connector
identifies the location when address Part – II
is placed in the memory address Very Short Answers
register? (1)  What are the parameters which
(a) Locator (b) encoder influence the characteristics of a
(c) decoder (d) multiplexer microprocessor?
5. Which of the following is a CISC (2) What is an instruction?
processor? (3) What is a program counter?
(a) Intel P6 (b) AMD K6 (4) What is HDMI?
(c) Pentium III (d) Pentium IV (5) Which source is used to erase the
6. Which is the fastest memory? content of a EPROM?
(a) Hard disk Part-III
(b) Main memory Short Answers
(c) Cache memory (1) Differentiate Computer
(d) Blue-Ray disc Organisation from Computer
Architecture.
39

Chapter 3.indd 39 06-01-2023 15:19:14

 (2) Classify the microprocessor based Part-IV
on the size of the data. Explain in Detail
(3) 
Write down the classifications (1) Explain the characteristics of a
of microprocessors based on the microprocessor.
instruction set. (2) How the read and write operations
(4) Differentiate PROM and EPROM. are performed by a processor? Explain.
(5) Write down the interfaces and ports (3) Arrange the memory devices in
available in a computer. ascending order based on the access time.
(6) Differentiate CD and DVD (4) Explain the types of ROM.
(7) How will you differentiate a flash
memory and an EEPROM?

Computer The physical parts or components of a computer, such as the CPU,

hardware mother board, monitor, keyboard, etc.
Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation
Intel and technology company involving in hardware manufacturing,
especially mother board and processors
Silicon chip is an integrated , set of electronic circuits on one small
Silicon chip
flat piece of semiconductor material, silicon.
Multipurpose Multipurpose is several purpose

Address bus Address bus is a collection of wires that carry the address as bits

Data bus Data bus is a collection of wires to carry data in bits

Control bus is a control line/collection of wires to control the
Control bus
operations/functions
Arithmetic Arithmetic operations are the mathematical operations on data like
operations add, subtract etc
Data Transfer Data Transfer means moving data from one component to another
Logical Logical operations are the operations on binary/Boolean data like
operations AND, OR , NOT
Bidirectional Bidirectional means both the directions/ways

Unidirectional Unidirectional means only one direction

Access time is the time delay or latency between a request to an
Access time electronic system, and the access being completed or the requested
data returned

40

Chapter 3.indd 40 06-01-2023 15:19:14

 Unit I Fundamentals of Computers CHAPTER
4
Theoretical concepts of Operating System

Learning objectives This controls input, output and

other peripheral devices such as disk
99 To know the concept of Operating
drives, printers and electronic gadgets.
Systems and their types.
The functions of an Operating System
99 To acquire the basic Knowledge of
include file management, memory
Operating Systems and its functions.
management, process management and
4.1 Introduction to Software
device management and many more.
A software is set of instructions that
perform specific task. It interacts basically with
the hardware to generate the desired output.
4.1.1 Types of Software
Software is classified into two types: Monitor
Hard drive
1) Application Software APPS
2) System Software Operating
Application Software: System Mo
use
Application software
is a set of programs to
Printer Keyboard
perform specific task.
For example MS-word is an application
software to create text document and VLC
player is familiar application software to
play audio, video files and many more. Figure: 4.1 Operating System
System Software:
System software is a type of Without an Operating System, a
computer program that is designed to run computer cannot effectively manage all the
the computer’s hardware and application resources. When a computer is switched
programs. Example Operating System and on, the operating system is loaded in to the
Language Processor memory automatically.

4.2 Introduction to Operating

System (OS) Some of the popular Operating
Systems used in personal computers and
An Operating System (OS) is laptops are Windows, UNIX and Linux.
a system software which serves as an The mobile devices mostly use Android
interface between a user and a computer. and ioS as mobile OS.

41

Chapter 4.indd 41 06-01-2023 15:19:53

 Application 4.3.2 Multi-user Operating Systems
Software
It is used in computers and laptops
that allow same data and applications to
Operating be accessed by multiple users at the same
System User
time. The users can also communicate with
each other. Windows, Linux and UNIX
are examples for multi-user Operating
Hardware System.
.
Figure: 4.2 Interaction of Operating system 4.4 Key features of the Operating
and user System
Uses of Operating Systems
The various key features are given below
The following are few uses of Operating
System
User
The main use of Operating System is ace
Interf M
an File
ag
ŽŽ to ensure that a computer can be used em
en

ent
t
to extract what the user wants it do. nag ity Key
em
Ma ecur

ŽŽ Easy interaction between the users Features of

S

and computers. Operating

System

Management
ŽŽ Starting computer operation
ess t

Memory
oc men

automatically when power is turned

P ge
a
an
r

on (Booting).
M

Tole
ran
Faul ce
ŽŽ Controlling Input and Output Devices t

ŽŽ Manage the utilisation of main

memory. Figure: 4.3 Key Features of the Operating
System
ŽŽ Providing security to user programs.
4.3 Types of Operating System 4.4.1 User Interface (UI)

Operating System are classified into User interface is one of the

the following types depending on their significant feature in Operating System.
processing capabilities. The only way that user can make
interaction with a computer. This is a main
4.3.1 Single User Operating Systems reason for key success of GUI (Graphical
User Interface) based Operating System.
An operating system allows only a The GUI is a window based system with a
single user to perform a task at a time. It pointing device to direct I/O, choose from
is called as a Single user and single Task menus, make selections and a keyboard
operating system.MS-DOS is an example to enter text.Its vibrant colours attract the
for a single user and single task Operating user very easily.
System.

42

Chapter 4.indd 42 06-01-2023 15:19:53

 Now Linux distribution is also • Keeping track of which portion of
available as GUI based Operating System. memory are currently being used and
The following points are considered who is using them.
when User Interface is designed for an • Determining which processes (or
application. parts of processes) and data to move
in and out of memory.
1. The user interface should enable the
user to retain this expertise for a • Allocation and de-allocation of
longer time. memory blocks as needed by the
2. The user interface should also satisfy program in main memory. (Garbage
the customer based on their needs. Collection)
3.The user interface should save user’s 4.4.3 Process management
precious time. Process management is function
4. The ultimate aim of any product is to that includes creating and deleting
satisfy the customer. The User Interface processes(program) and providing
is also to satisfy the customer. mechanisms for processes to communicate
5. The user interface should reduce number and synchronize with each other.
of errors committed by the user . A system task, such as sending
4.4.2 Memory Management output to a printer or screen, can also be
called as a Process.
Memory Management is the A computer consists of a collection
process of controlling and coordinating of processes, they are classified as two
computer’s main memory and assigning categories:
memory block (space) to various running
• Operating System processes which is
programs to optimize overall computer
executed by system code
performance. The Memory management
involves the allocation of specific memory • User Processes which is execute by
blocks to individual programs based on user code
user demands. All these processes can potentially
execute concurrently on a single CPU.
The objective of Memory
The following algorithms are
Management process is to improve both
mainly used to allocate the job (process)
the utilization of the CPU and the speed
to the processor.
of the computer’s response to its users
via main memory. For these reasons the 1. FIFO 2. SJF 3. Round Robin
computers must keep several programs in
4. Based on Priority
main memory that associates with many
different Memory Management schemes. FIFO (First In First Out)Scheduling
The Operating System is responsible
for the following activities in connection This algorithm is based on queuing
with memory management: technique. Assume that a student is

43

Chapter 4.indd 43 06-01-2023 15:19:53

 standing in a queue (Row) to get grade Job B is assigned to the processor
sheet from his/her teacher. The other before job A.
student who stands first in the queue gets
his/her grade sheet first and leaves from 4.4.4 Security Management
the queue (Row). Followed by the next
student in the queue gets it corrected and The major challenge in computer
so on. This is the basic logic of the FIFO and software industry is to protect
algorithm. user’s legitimate data from hackers. The
Operating System provides three levels of
Technically, the process that enters securities to the user end. They are
the queue first is executed first by the
CPU, followed by the next and so on. The (1) File access level
processes are executed in the order of the
queue (row). (2) System level

SJF (Shortest Job First)Scheduling (3) Network level

This algorithm works based on the In order to access the files created
size of the job being executed by the CPU. by other people, you should have the
Consider two jobs A and B. access permission. Permissions can either
be granted by the creator of the file or
1) A = 6 kilo bytes 2) B = 9 kilo bytes bythe administrator of the system.

First the job “A” will be assigned System level security is offered by
and then job “B” gets its turn. the password in a multi-user environment.

Round RobinScheduling Both windows and Linux offer the

password facility.
The Round Robin (RR) scheduling
Network security is an indefinable
algorithm is designed especially for time
one. So people from all over the world try
sharing systems. Jobs (processes) are
to provide such a security.
assigned and processor time in a circular
method. For example take three jobs A, B, All the above levels of security
C. First the job A is assigned to CPU then features are provided only by the Operating
job B and job C and then again A, B and C System.
and so on.
4.4.5 Fault Tolerance
Based On Priority
The Operating Systems should be
The given job (process) is assigned robust. When there is a fault, the Operating
based on a Priority. The job which has System should not crash, instead the
higher priority is more important than Operating System have fault tolerance
other jobs. Take two jobs A and B. Let the capabilities and retain the existing state of
priority of A be 5 and priority B be 7. system.

44

Chapter 4.indd 44 06-01-2023 15:19:53

 4.4.6 File Management respectively. If the process P1 completes
within 20 minutes then processor takes
File management is an important the next process P2 for the execution. If
function of OS which handles the data the process P2 could not complete within
storage techniques. The operating 40 minutes, then the current process P2
System manages the files, folders and will be paused and switch over to the next
directory systems on a computer.The process P3.
FAT(File Allocation Table) stores general
information about files like filename, type 4.4.9 Distributed Operating Systems
(text or binary), size, starting address
and access mode.The file manager of the The Distributed Operating System
operating system helps to create, edit, is used to access shared data and files
copy, allocate memory to the files and that reside in any machine around the
also updates the FAT. There are few other world using internet/intranet.The users
file management techniques available like can access as if it is available on their own
Next Generation File System (NTFS) and computer.
ext2(Linux).
The advantages of distributed
4.4.7 Multi-Processing Operating System are as follows:
• A user at one location can make use of
This is a one of the features of
all the resources available at another
Operating System. It has two or more
location over the network.
processors for a single running process
(job). Processing takes place in parallel • Many computer resources can be
is known as parallel processing.Since added easily in the network
the execution takes place in parallel, this
• Improves the interaction with the
feature is used for high speed execution
customers and clients.
which increases the power of computing.
• Reduces the load on the host computer.
4.4.8 Time-sharing

This is a one of the features of

Operating Systems. It allows execution of
multiple tasks or processes concurrently.
For each task a fixed time is allocated. This
division of time is called Time- sharing.
The processor switches rapidly between
various processes after a time is elapsed or
the process is completed.

For example assume that there are

three processes called P1, P2, P3 and time Figure: 4.4 Distributed Operating Systems
allocated for each process 30, 40, 50 minutes
45

Chapter 4.indd 45 06-01-2023 15:19:54

 4.5 Prominent Operating Systems Evaluation
Prominent OS are as follows:
Part – I
• UNIX
Choose the correct answer
• Microsoft Windows
1) Operating system is a
• Linux
A)Application
• iOS
Software
• Android B) Hardware
Modern operating systems use a C)System Software
Graphical User Interface(GUI). A GUI lets D)Component
use to your mouse to click icons, buttons, 2) Identify the usage of
menus and everything, is clearly displayed Operating Systems
on the screen using a combination of
A) 
E asy interaction between the
graphics and text elements.
human and computer
Student Activity

B) 
C ontrolling input & output
Activity 1: Draw a line between the Devices
operating system logo and the correct
C) Managing use of main memory
description.
D) All the above
A command-line operating
system is an example of Open 3) Which of the following is not a
Source software development function of an Operating System?
and Free Operating System A)Process Management
A popular Operating System B)Memory Management
for mobile phone technology C)Security management
which is not linked with D)Complier Environment
Apple products. 4) Which of the following OS is a
Used with Apple computers Commercially licensed Operating
and works well with cloud system?
computing.
A)Windows B)UBUNTU
Designed to be used for the C)FEDORA D)REDHAT
Apple iPhone 5) Which of the following Operating
systems support Mobile Devices?
Is an Operating System that is A)Windows 7 B)Linux
very popular in universities,

C)BOSS D)iOS
companies, big enterprises etc
6) File Management manages
The most popular GUI
A) Files
Operating System for personal
computers. B) Folders

46

Chapter 4.indd 46 06-01-2023 15:19:55

 C) Directory systems Part-III
D) All the Above Short Answers
7) 
Interactive Operating System 1) What are the advantages and
provides disadvantages of Time-sharing
features?
A)Graphics User Interface (GUI)
2) List out the key features of Operating
B)Data Distribution system
C)Security Management 3) Write a note on Multiprocessing
D)Real Time Processing Part-IV
8) An example for single task operating Explain in Detail
system is 1) Explain the concept of a Distributed
A)Linux Operating System along with its
advantages.
B) Windows
2) List out the points to be noted while
C)MS-DOS creating a user interface for an
D) Unix Operating system.
9) The File management system used 3) Explain the process manangement
by Linux is algorithms in Operating System.

A) ext2
B) NTFS
References
C) FAT
1) Silberschatz, galvin gagne, Operating
D) NFTS System concepts – john wiley&sons,inc
Part – II 2) Andrew s. Tanenbaum, modern
Very Short Answers Operating Systems – pearson
1) List out any two uses of Operating publication
System? 3) Andrew s. Tanenbaum , Operating
2) What is multi-user Operating System? Systems design and implementation,
prentice hall publication
3) What is a GUI?
4) Tom anderson, Operating Systems:
4) What are the security management
principles and practice, recursive
features available in Operating System ?
books
5) What is multi-processing?
5) Thomas w. Doeppner, Operating
6) What are the different Operating Systems in depth: design and
Systems used in computer? programming, john wiley & sons, inc

47

Chapter 4.indd 47 06-01-2023 15:19:55

 Unit I Fundamentals of Computers CHAPTER
Working with Windows Operating
5
System

Learning Objectives • Memory Management

• Process Management
After learning the concepts in this
chapter, the students will be able • Device Management
• To know the concepts of Operating • File Management
Sy ste m . • Security Management
• To know the versions of the windows • Control overall system performance
operating system.
• To know the concepts like desktop
User 1 User 2 User n
and the elements of window.
• To explore the document window.
System Application
• To compare the different types of icons. Softwares Softwares
• To explore the windows directory Software
structure. Operating System
• To practice creating files and folders
in specific drives. Hardware CPU RAM I/O
• To manage the files
and folders. Figure 5.1. Overview of an Operating
• To know the procedure System
to start and shutdown 5.2. Introduction to Windows Operating
the computer. System
5.1. Introduction to Every computer needs an Operating
Operating System System to function. Microsoft Windows is
one of the most popular Graphical User
An Operating System (OS) is Interface (GUI). Multiple applications can
a system software (Figure 5.1) that execute simultaneously in Windows, and
enables the hardware to communicate this is known as “Multitasking”.
and operate with other software. It also
acts as an interface between the user and Windows Operating System uses
the hardware and controls the overall both Keyboard and mouse as input
execution of the computer. devices. Mouse is used to interact with
Following are some of the important Windows by clicking its icons. Keyboard
functions of an Operating System as is used to enter alphabets, numerals and
discussed in the previous chapter: special characters.

48

Chapter 5.indd 48 06-01-2023 15:20:25

 Some of the functions of Windows • Change computer settings such as
Operating System are: colour scheme, screen savers of your
• Access applications (programs) on the monitor, etc.
computer (word processing, games, With reference to the Table 5.1, let us see the
spread sheets, calculators and so on). versions of Windows Operating System.
• Load any new program on the computer. 5.4. Handling the mouse
• Manage hardware such as printers,
scanners, mouse, digital cameras etc., Before learning Window Operating System,
• File management activities (For you should know more about mouse and its
example creating, modifying, saving, actions.
deleting files and folders).

5.3. Various versions of Windows

Versions Logo Year Specific features

Windows • Introduction of GUI in 16 - bit. processor

1985
1.x • Mouse was introduced as an input device.

• Supports to minimize or maximize windows.

Windows
1987 • Control panel feature was introduced with various
2.x
system settings and customising options.
• Introduced the concept of multitasking.
Windows
1992 • Supported 256 colours which brought a more modern,
3.x
colourful look to the interface.
• Introduced Start button, the taskbar, Windows Explorer
Windows and Start menu.
1995
95 • Introduced 32 - bit processor and focused more on
multitasking.
• Integration of the Web browser (Internet Explorer) with
the Operating System.
Windows
1998 • DOS gaming began to disappear as Windows based
98
games improved.
• Plug and play feature was introduced.

Windows
• Designed to act as servers in network.
NT

Windows • It introduced automated system diagnostics and

2000
Me recovery tools.

49

Chapter 5.indd 49 06-01-2023 15:20:27

 • Served as an Operating System for business desktop and
laptop systems.
• Four versions of Windows 2000 were released: Professional
Windows
2000 (for business desktop and laptop systems), Server (both a
2000
Web server and an office server), Advanced Server (for
line-of-business applications) and Data Centre Server
(for high-traffic computer networks).
• Introduced 64-bit Processor.
Windows
2001 • Improved Windows appearance with themes and
XP
offered a stable version.
Windows
2006 • Updated the look and feel of Windows.
Vista
• Booting time was improved, introduced new user
Windows
2009 interfaces like Aero Peek, pinning programs to taskbar,
7
handwriting recognition etc. and Internet Explorer 8.
• Windows 8 is faster than previous versions of Windows.
• Start button was removed.
Windows • Windows 8 takes better advantage of multi-core
2012
8 processing, solid state drives (SSD), touch screens and
other alternate input methods.
• Served as common platform for mobile and computer.
• Start Button was added again.
• Multiple desktop.
Windows
2015 • Central Notification Center for App notification and
10
quick actions.
• Cortana voice activated personal assistant.
Table 5.1 Versions of Windows Operating System.
Right Click The following are the mouse actions:
Action Reaction
Point to Move the mouse pointer over the
an item item.
Point to the item on the screen,
Click press and release the left mouse
button.
Left Click
Point to the item on the screen,
press and release the right mouse
Right
button. Clicking the right mouse
click
button displays a pop up menu
with various options.
Figure 5.2.Mouse actions
Point to the item on the screen,
Double-
quickly press twice the left mouse
click
button.

50

Chapter 5.indd 50 06-01-2023 15:20:27

 Point to an item then hold the left files, folders, shortcuts etc., Icons play a
mouse button as you move the vital role in GUI based applications.
Drag and
pointer press and you have reached
drop 5.5.1.1.Standard Icons
the desired position, release the
mouse button. The icons which are available
5.5. Windows Desktop on desktop by default while installing
Windows OS are called standard icons. The
The opening screen of Windows is
standard icons available in all Windows
called “Desktop”.
OS are My Computer, Documents and
The desktop of your computer may
Recycle Bin.
look different from what is seen in Figure 5.3.
This is because Windows allows you
to change the appearance of the desktop.
In Figure 5.3, the desktop shows Aero peek button
the Start button, Taskbar, Notification Figure 5.4. Aero peek button
Area and date and time. 5.5.1.2. Shortcut Icons:
Shortcut icons can be created for
Gadgets any application or file or folder. By double
clicking the icon, the related application
or file or folder will open.
Icons (Figure5.5)

Application Icon
Task bar

Start Button Notification Area

Figure 5.3. Microsoft Windows 7 Desktop
Folder Icon
5.5.1. The Icons
Icon is a graphic symbol
representing the window elements like Figure 5.5.The types of Icons
Hard disk drives with
Various Disk drive total and remaining
icons space available

Removable Storage (pen drive)

Figure 5.6.Disk drive Icons

51

Chapter 5.indd 51 06-01-2023 15:20:28

 5.5.1.3. Disk drive icons: Note
The disk drive icons graphically When you open any
represent five disk drive options. (i) Hard application, such as OpenOffice Writer,
disk (ii) CD-ROM/DVD Drive (iii) Pen OpenOffice Impress or OpenOffice Calc
drive (iv) Other removable storage such etc., you will find two Windows on the
as mobile, smart phone, tablet etc., (v) screen. The larger Window is called
Network drives if your system is connected the Application Window. This Window
with other system. helps the user to communicate with
the Application program. The smaller
You can move to the Desktop
window, which is inside the Application
any time by pressing the Winkey
Window, is called the Document
+ D or using Aero Peek while
window. This Window is used for typing,
working in any application.
editing, drawing, and formatting the text
You can see Figure 5.4 to know where
and graphics.
Aero peek lies in the Taskbar.
Title bar with title of the document
5.6. The Window
Window is a typical rectangular area
in an application or a document. It is an area

Window Control buttons

on the screen that displays information for a
specific program.
5.7. Application Window
Menu bar Tools bar
It is an area on a computer screen
with defined boundaries, and within which re a
t i on w or k a
information is displayed. Such windows Applica Scroll bars
can be resized, maximised, minimised,
placed side by side, overlap, and so on.
An Application Window contains
an open application i.e. current application Figure 5.6. Application Window
such as Word or Paint. When two or more
windows are opened, only one of them is
active and the rest are inactive. Figures 5.6
and 5.7 display the Application Window
of OpenOffice Writer and the appearance
of the Multiple Windows opened
(overlapped) in the Desktop.
5.8. Document Window
A document window is a section of
the screen used to display the contents of
a document. Figure 5.8 is an example of a Figure 5.7. Multiple Windows
document window. opened in Desktop
52

Chapter 5.indd 52 06-01-2023 15:20:28

 In Windows 7, in the absence of the
menu bar, click Organise and from the
drop down menu, click the Layout option
and select the desired item from that list.
Application Window
Document window
Ruler

Document Area

Figure 5.8.Document Window

5.9. Elements of a window
Figure 5.9 helps to understand the
elements of a window.
Figure 5.10. To display Menu Bar
5.9.1. Title Bar – The title bar will display
the name of the application and the name Figure 5.10 helps to understand how to
of the document opened. It will also contain make menu bar visible in its absence.
minimize, maximize and close button. 5.9.3. The Workspace
Title Bar
Corners Borders Corners The workspace is the area in the
Menu Bar document window to enter or type the text
of your document. Figure 5.10 Shows the
workspace area in the document window.
5.9.4. Scroll bars - The scroll bars are used
to scroll the workspace horizontally or
Borders

Scroll Bar vertically. Figure 5.9 shows the Scroll bars.

5.9.5. Corners and borders
Workspace
The corners and borders of the window
helps to drag and resize the windows. The
Corners Borders Corners mouse pointer changes to a double headed
Figure 5.9 The elements of a window. arrow when positioned over a border or a
corner. Drag the border or corner in the
5.9.2 Menu Bar
direction indicated by the double headed
The menu bar is seen under the title bar. arrow to the desired size as shown in Figure
Menus in the menu bar can be accessed by 5.9. The window canbe resized by dragging
pressing Alt key and the letter that appears the corners diagonally across the screen.
underlined in the menu title. Additionally,
pressing Alt or F10 brings the focus on the
first menu of the menu bar.
53

Chapter 5.indd 53 06-01-2023 15:20:29

 5.10.1. Start Menu
In the lower left-hand corner of the windows screen is the Start button. When you
click on the button, the Start menu will appear. Using the start menu, you can start any
application.

This symbol
indicates
Sub menu is
attached to this
option
Modify system
Settings
View a list of Add / Modify
installed devices and
Programs Printer settings

Get Help
Search Box

Log off / Restart /

Start Shutdown
Button

Figure 5.11 - Start Menu

Taskbar
At the bottom of the screen is a horizontal bar called the taskbar. This bar contains
(from left to right) the Start button, shortcuts to various programs, minimised programs
and in the extreme right corner you can see the system tray which consist of volume
control, network, date and time etc. Next to the Start button is the quick Launch Toolbar
which contains task for frequently used applications.
5.10.2. Computer Icon
By clicking this icon, the user can see the disk drivers mounted in the system. In
windows XP, Vista, this icon is called "My computer" in Windows 8 and 10, it is called "This
PC". The functionality of computer icon remains the same in all versions of windows as shown
in Figure 5.13.

54

Chapter 5.indd 54 06-01-2023 15:20:29

 Start Button

Minimised program /
Folders
show
hidden icons

Volume
Default Network Adjustment
Language icon Aero peek
Time and button
Date
Figure 5.12.Taskbar

Figure 5.13. Computer icon in versions of Windows OS

5.10.3. Starting and Closing Applications 3. You can also open an application by
clicking Run on the Start menu, and the
Most of the applications installed
name of the application. (Figure 5.15)
on your computer are available through
the start menu. Depending on the system
setup, the applications in the Start menu
varies. To start an application:
1. Click the Start
button and then
point to All
Programs. The Figure 5.15.Starting a program using Run
Program menu option
appears.(Figure 4. To quit an application, click the Close
5.14) button in the upper right corner of the
2. Point to the group application window. (Figure 5.16)
that contains the Workshop
application you 1.  Start the application Wordpad
want to start, and using Start menu and Run option.
then click the Figure 5. 14.Starting Close the Wordpad application
application name. a applicatioin using using File menu.
Start menu
55

Chapter 5.indd 55 06-01-2023 15:20:29

 Close button There are two ways in which you can
create a new folder:
Method I:
Step 1: Open Computer Icon.
Step 2: Open any drive where you want to
create a new folder. (For example
select D:)
Step 3: Click on File → New → Folder.
Step 4: A new folder is created with the
default name “New folder”. (Figure
Exit Option 5.19)
Step 5: Type in the folder name and press
Figure 5.16. Closing the application using Enter key. (Figure 5.20 shows the
Close button and Exit option newly created Folder named “Test
Folder ").
5. You can also quit an application by
clicking on File → Exit and File → Close
option in Windows 7. (Figure 5.16)
5.11. Managing Files and Folders
In Windows 7, you can Organise
your documents and programs in the
form of files and folders. You can move,
copy, rename, delete and search the files
and folders.
5.11.1. Creating files and Folders
5.11.1.1 Creating Folders
You can store your files in many
locations – on the hard disk or in other
devices. To better organise your files, you Figure 5.17. Creating a Folder using File
can store them in folders. menu

Figure 5.18. New Folder created with the default name

56

Chapter 5.indd 56 06-01-2023 15:20:29

 Figure 5.19. Renaming the new Folder

Method II: 2. Type the contents in the workspace

In order to create a folder in the and save the file using File → Save or
desktop: Ctrl + S.
Step 1: In the Desktop, right click → New 3. Save As dialog box will be opened.
→ Folder. (Figure 5.20 Shown the 4. In the dialog box, select the location
procedure) where you want to save the file by
Step 2: A Folder appears with the default using look in drop down list box.
name “New folder” and it will be 5. Type the name of the file in the file
highlighted as shown in the Figure name text box.
5.22. 6. Click save button.
Step 3: Type the name you want and press
Enter Key.
Step 4: The name of the folder will change.
Workshop
2. Create a Folder in My Documents
with your name using any one of the
methods discussed.

5.11.1.2 Creating Files (Wordpad)

Wordpad is an in-built word processor
application in Windows OS to create and
manipulate text documents.
In order to create files in wordpad Figure 5.20. Creating a folder
you need to follow the steps given below. in the desktop
1. Click Start → All Programs → Workshop
Accessories → Wordpad or Run →
type Wordpad, click OK. Wordpad 3. Open the Wordpad application and
window will be opened as shown in save it under a folder created with
Figure 5.22. your name in My Documents.

57

Chapter 5.indd 57 06-01-2023 15:20:29

 click that file, it will directly open
that file or the folder.

Figure 5.22. Wordpad - Word Processor

application
4. There is another option called “See
more results” which appears above
the search box.
5. If you click it, it will lead you to a
Search Results dialog box where you
can click and open that file or the
folder.
Searching Files or folders using
Computer icon
Figure 5.21 New folder icon on the dektop 1. Click Computer Icon from desktop or
from Start menu.
5.11.2. Finding Files and Folders
2. The Computer disk drive screen will
You can use the search box on the
appear and at the
Start menu to quickly search a particular
top right corner of
folder or file in the computer or in a
that screen, there
specific drive.
is a search box
To find a file or folder: option. (Figure
1. Click the Start button, the search 5.24)
box appears at the bottom of the 3. Type the name
start menu. of the file or the
2. Type the name of the file or the folder you want
folder you want to search. Even if to search. Even
you give the part of the file or folder if you give the
name, it will display the list of files part of the file or
or folders starting with the specified folder name, it
name. (Figure 5.23) will display the list
of files or folders Figure 5.23. Finding
3. The files or the folders with the
starting with the a File/Folder using
specified names will appear, if you
specified name. Start button
58

Chapter 5.indd 58 06-01-2023 15:20:29

 Figure 5.24. Finding a File/Folder in the Computer icon screen

4. Just click and open that file or the or folders. You can rename using the File
folder. menu, left mouse button or right mouse
Workshop button.
4. Find the file created in Workshop-3 Method 1
using the above procedure Using the FILE Menu
1. Select the File or Folder you wish to
5.11.3. Opening existing Files or Folders
Rename.
The most common way of opening a file
2. Click File→ Rename.
or a Folder is to double click on it.
3. Type in the new name.
5.11.4. Renaming Files or Folders
4. To finalise the renaming operation,
There are number of ways to rename files
press Enter as in Figure 5.25.

Figure 5.26.Folder renamed

Figure 5.26, you can see that the folder is
renamed as SCERT-DPI from SCERT.
Method 2
Using the Right Mouse Button
1. Select the file or folder you wish to
rename.
2. Click the right mouse button over the
file or folder. (Figure 5.27)
Figure 5.25. Renaming File/Folders using 3. Select Rename from the pop-up menu.
the File menu
59

Chapter 5.indd 59 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 4. Type in the new name. 2. Press F2 or click over the file or folder.
5. To finalise the renaming operation, A surrounding rectangle will appear
press Enter. around the name.
6. Figure 5.29. Shows that the folder "New 3. Type in the new name.
Folder" is renamed as C++. 4. To finalise the renaming operation,
press Enter.
Workshop
5. Rename the file created by you using
the File menu, left mouse button or
right mouse button.

5.11.5. Moving/Copying Files and

Folders
You can move your files or folders to other
areas using variety of methods.
Moving Files and Folders
Method I-CUT and PASTE
To move a file or folder, first select the
file or folder and then choose one of
the following:
• Click on the Edit → Cut or Ctrl + X
Or right click → cut from the pop-up
menu.
Figure 5.27. Renaming File/Folders using • To move the file(s) or folder(s) in the
the Right Mouse Button new location, navigate to the new
location and paste it using Click Edit
→ Paste from edit menu or Ctrl + V
using keyboard.
• Or Right click → Paste from the pop-
up menu. The file will be pasted in the
new location.
Method II – Drag and Drop
In the disk drive window, we have two
panes called left and right panes. In
Figure 5.28. New Folder is renamed as C++ the left pane, the files or folders are
displayed like a tree structure. In the
Method 3 right pane, the files inside the specific
Using the Left Mouse Button folders in the left pane are displayed
1. Select the file or folder you wish to rename. with various options.
60

Chapter 5.indd 60 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 • In the right pane of the Disk drive • To paste the file(s) or folder(s) in the
window, select the file or folder you new location, navigate to the target
want to move. location then do one of the following:
• Click and drag the selected file or folder • Click Edit → Paste or Ctrl + V.
from the right pane, to the folder list
• Or Right click → Paste from the
on the left pane.
pop-up menu.
• Release the mouse button when the
target folder is highlighted (active). Method II – Drag and Drop
• Your file or folder will now appear in
the new area. Figrue 5.29 shows how • In the RIGHT pane, select the file or
to move files or folders using drag and folder you want to copy.
drop method.
• Click and drag the selected file and/or
folder to the folder list on the left, and
drop it where you want to copy the file
and/or folder.
• Your file(s) and folder(s) will now
appear in the new area.

Note
If you want to select multiple files
or folders, use Ctrl + Click.

5.11.6. Copying Files and Folders to

removable disk
There are several methods of
transferring files to or from a removable
Figure 5.29.Moving the File/ disk.
Folder using drag and drop • Copy and Paste
Copying Files and Folders
• Send To
There are variety of ways to copy files
and folders: METHOD I - Copy and Paste

Method I - COPY and PASTE • Plug the USB flash drive directly into
an available USB port.
To copy a file or folder, first select the
file or folder and then choose one of • If the USB flash drive or external drive
the following: folder does NOT open automatically,
follow these steps:
• Click Edit → Copy or Ctrl + C or right
• Click Start→Computer. (Figure 5.31)
click→ Copy from the pop-up menu.

61

Chapter 5.indd 61 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 Figure 5.32. Copying File using right click
• Return to the Removable Disk window,
right-click within the window, then
select Paste. (Figure 5.33)

Figure 5.30. Selecting Computer

option from Start menu
• Double-click on the Removable Disk
associated with the USB flash drive.
(Figure 5.31)

Figure 5.33. Pasting File using right click

METHOD II - Send To
• Plug the USB flash drive directly into an
available USB port.
• Navigate to the folders in your computer
Figure 5.31. Double Clicking containing files you want to transfer.
Removable Disk
• Right-click on the file you want to
• Navigate to the folders in your
transfer to your removable disk.
computer containing files you want to
transfer. • Click Send To and select the Removable
Right-click on the file you want to copy, Disk associated with the USB flash drive.
then select Copy. (Figure 5.32) (Figure 5.34)

62

Chapter 5.indd 62 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 Workshop Workshop

6.  Move the file created by you in My 7. Delete the file created by you after
Documents to Drive D. duplicating the same under My
D o c uments.
 Copy the file created by you from
drive D: to a removable disk. Note
To permanently delete a file or folder
(i.e. to avoid sending a file or folder to
the Recycle Bin), hold down the SHIFT
5.11.7. Deleting Files and Folders
key, and press delete on the keyboard.
• When you delete a file or folder, it will
move into the Recycle Bin. Recycle Bin
Recycle bin is a special folder to keep
To delete a file or folder: the files or folders deleted by the user, which
Select the file or folder you wish to delete. means you still have an opportunity to recover
them. The user cannot access the files or folders
available in the Recycle bin without restoring
it. To restore file or folder from the Recycle Bin
• Open Recycle bin.
• Right click on a file or folder to be
restored and select Restore option from
the pop-up menu.
• To restore multiple files or folders, select
Restore all items.
• To delete all files in the Recycle bin, select
Empty the Recycle Bin.
5.12. Creating Shortcuts on the Desktop
Shortcuts to your most often used
folders and files may be created and placed
Removable disk
on the Desktop to help automate your work.
Figure 5.34. Copying File using Send to • Select the file or folder that you wish to
option have as a shortcut on the Desktop.
1. Right- click the file or folder, select • Right click on the file or folder.
• Select Send to from the shortcut menu,
Delete option from the po-pup menu or
then select Desktop (create shortcut)
Click File → Delete or press Delete key from the sub-menu.
from the keyboard. • A shortcut for the file or folder will now
appear on your desktop and you can
2. The file will be deleted and moved to the
open it from the desktop in the same
Recycle bin. way as any other icon. Figure 5.36.
63

Chapter 5.indd 63 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 Figure 5.35 Creating Shortcut
5.13. Shutting down or Logging off a Computer
Once you have closed all open applications, you can either log off your computer or shut down
the computer.
Log Off
To Log off/Shut down the computer:

Figure 5.36. Log off option

64

Chapter 5.indd 64 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 • Click start → log off (click the arrow
next to Shut down) or Start → Evaluation
Shutdown (Figure 5.37)
• If you have any open programs, then Part – I
you will be asked to close them or Choose the correct answer
windows will Force shut down, you
will lose any un-saved information if 1. From the options
you do this. given below, choose
• Switch User: Switch to another user the operations
account on the computer without managed by the
closing your open programs and operating system.
Windows processes. a. Memory
• Log Off: Switch to another user b. Processes
account on the computer after closing c. Disks and I/O devices
all your open programs and Windows d. all of the above
processes.
2. Which is the default folder for many
• Lock: Lock the computer while you're
Windows Applications to save your
away from it.
file?
• Restart: Reboot the computer. (This
a. My Document
option is often required as part of
b. My Pictures
installing new software or Windows
c. Documents and Settings
update.)
• Sleep: Puts the computer into a low- d. My Computer
power mode that retains all running 3. Under which of the following
programs and open Windows in OS, the option Shift + Delete –
computer memory for a super-quick permanently deletes a file or folder?
restart. a. Windows 7 b. MS-DOS
• Hibernate (found only on laptop c. Linux d. Android OS
computers): Puts the computer
into a low-power mode after saving 4. What is the meaning of "Hibernate"
all running programs and open in Windows XP/Windows 7?
Wwindows on the machine's hard a. 
Restart the Computer in safe
drive for a quick restart. mode
b. Restart the Computer in hibernate
Activity
mode
Student Activity c. 
Shutdown the Computer
terminating all the running
1. Create files and folders using Windows applications
and Ubuntu and compare them. d. Shutdown the Computer without
closing the running applications
2. Create a File/Folder in Windows 7,
5. The shortcut key used to rename a
Windows 8 and Windows 10. Prepare file in windows
a report on the differences you face a. F2 b.F4
while creating the same. c.F5 d. F6
65

Chapter 5.indd 65 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 Part – II 2. Write a note on Recycle bin.
Very Short Answers 3. Write a note on the elements of a
w i n d o w.
1. What is known as Multitasking?
4. Write the two ways to create a new
2. What are called standard icons
folder.
3. Differentiate Files and Folders.
5. Differentiate copy and move
4. Differentiate Save and save As
option. Part-IV
5. How will you Rename a File? Explain in Detail
Part-III 1. Explain the versions of Windows
Short Answers Operating System.
2. Explain the different ways of finding
1. What are the functions of Windows a file or Folder
Operating system. 3. 
Write the procedure to create
shortcut in Windows OS.

System software that enables the harware to communicate

Operating System (OS)
and operate with other software.
Handheld hardware input device that control a cursor
Mouse in a GUI and can move and slect text, icons, files, and
folders.
Windows Familer operating system developed by Microsoft corpn.
Desktop Opening screen of windows operating system.
Icon Tiny image represent a command.
Folder Container of files
Linux An operating system.

66

Chapter 5.indd 66 06-01-2023 15:20:30

 Unit II Office Automation Tools CHAPTER
6
Part - I : Introduction to Word Processor

Learning Objectives Table 6.1 - Proprietary Software & Open

Source Software
• To understand the
importance of a word Proprietary source Word processing software
pro c e s s or. Package Developer
• To understand this Microsoft Word Microsoft Corporation
application in Open
WPS Word Kingsoft
Office.
WordPro Lotus Corporation
• To understand the working of
Open Source Word processing software
OpenOffice writer in Windows OS.
Package Developer
• To know the editing options in
OpenOffice writer. OpenOffice Writer Apache
LibreOffice Writer The document
• To know the text formatting and page
foundation
formatting options in OpenOffice
writer. Abiword Abisource

• To know the use of spell check features

Tamil Word Processors
of OpenOffice writer.
6.1 Introduction to Word Processor Tamil openoffice writer, Tamil
LibreOffice Writer, Kamban 3.0,
Word processor is a computer Mentamizh2017 – These are familiar
software to create, edit, manipulate, word processors exclusively for Tamil
transmit, store and retrieve a text Language. Microsoft also provides full
document. The above said activities are Tamil interface for all office suits.
called as “Word Processing”. In other words,
Word processing is an activity carried out In this chapter, you are going to learn
by a computer with suitable software to about an word processor (OpenOffice
create, edit, manipulate, transmit, store and Writter).
retrieve text documents.
There are many word processing 6.2 An Introduction to OpenOffice
software available as proprietary source Writer
as well as open source. The familiar
word processing packages are given in the OpenOffice is the leading open-
following Table. source office software suite for word

67

Chapter 6.indd 67 06-01-2023 15:21:32

 processing, spreadsheets, presentations, • Change tracking during revisions.
graphics, databases and much more. It is • Database integration, including a
available in many languages and works bibliography database.
on all computers. It stores all data in an • Export to PDF.
International open standard format and 6.2.1 Download and Install openoffice
can also read and write files from common
Download and Install the latest
office software packages. OpenOffice is
version of OpenOffice suite from http://
easy to learn.
www.openoffice.org/download at free of
OpenOffice is a productive office suite cost.
with a collection of different software 6.2.2 Creating a new document in
packages such as OpenOffice Writer
• OpenOffice Writer - Word Processor to A new OpenOffice Writer
create text documents document can be created by various
methods. From Windows, select
• OpenOffice Calc - Spreadsheet to create
worksheets Start → All Programs → OpenOffice →
OpenOffice Writer
• OpenOffice Base - Database
(or)
• OpenOffice Impress - Presentation
s oftware From Star Center (Welcome Screen):
• OpenOffice Draw - • Double-click on “OpenOffice” icon on
the desktop
Drawing Software
• Now, a welcome screen appears as
• OpenOffice Formula - shown in Figure 6.1
Create formula and equations
OpenOffice Writer is the word
processor component of OpenOffice. In
addition to the usual features of a word
processor (spelling check, thesaurus,
hyphenation, autocorrect, find and
replace, automatic generation of table of
contents and indexes, mail merge and
others), Writer provides these important
Figure 6.1 Opening Screen (Star Center) of
features:
OpenOffice
• Templates and styles. The opening screen is called as “Star
• Page layout methods, including frames, Center”. Writer is one of the components
columns, and tables. of OpenOffice. So, it may be invoked from
• Embedding or linking of graphics, the “Star Center” by simply clicking on the
spreadsheets, and other objects. “Text Document” icon. (or)
• Built-in drawing tools. A new text document can also
• Master documents-to group a collection be created by selecting File → New →
of documents into a single document. Text Document from any OpenOffice

68

Chapter 6.indd 68 06-01-2023 15:21:32

 Application. Ctrl + N keyboard short of the document and its application. By
cut can also be used to open a new text default, the document is given the name
document as shown in the Figure 6.2 as Untitled1.
Control Buttons:
At the right corner of title bar the
control buttons are available: (1) minimize,
(2) maximize/restore and (3) close shown
in Figure 6.4

1 2 3

Figure 6.4 Control Buttons

Figure 6.2 A new OpenOffice Writer Window (1) Minimize button:

Click here to Minimize
6.2.3 Parts of Writer Window:

The Figure 6.3 displays the contents

of OpenOffice Writer window such as
Title bar, Menu bar, Standard Toolbar,
Formatting Tool bar, Ruler, Work space
and Status bar. The components of a
OpenOffice Writer window are explained
below in Figure 6.3.

Figure 6.5 - Window Showing Minimize

Tool bar Control buttons
Title bar with document name Menu bar

button
When you click minimize button,
Ruler
it shrinks your document window smaller
Insertion Point
in size and shows it as a small button on
the task bar. To restore it in its original
size, place your mouse pointer on the
Scroll bars
OpenOffice button which is available in
the Taskbar, you can view your document
Status bar
as miniature and when you click on the
button, your document is restored to its
Figure 6.3 Components of Writer Window original size.

Title Bar
The title bar is displayed at the top
Figure 6.6 - Minature Window of Open
of the window, which displays the name
Office Document

69

Chapter 6.indd 69 06-01-2023 15:21:32

 (2) Maximize button : such as: New, Open, Close, Save, Save As,
When you click maximize button, Print, Export etc.
your document window is displayed in Edit –The Edit menu contains cut,
full screen. When it is in full screen, the copy, paste, Undo, Redo etc.
maximize button is changed to “Restore”. View –The View menu contains
Restore
the options that used to modify the
environment of Writer such as display
of toolbars, web layout, print layout,
Figure 6.7 - Sizing Buttons navigator etc.
When you click restore button, the Insert – The Insert menu contains
document window regains to its original commands for inserting various elements
size. such as pictures, tables, charts, comments,
(3) Close button : headers, footers, special characters etc.
This button is called as “Close” Format – The Format menu
button, when you click this button, the contains the options of various text and
application is closed and OpenOffice page formatting features like page size,
returns back to the desktop. The red layout, font characteristics, bullets and
colored close button may also be called as numbering etc.
“Exit” or “Quit”. Tables– The Tables menu contains
Exit / Close openoffice
various tools to manage and manipulate
tables such as to create a table, insert rows,
insert columns, split cells, merge cells etc.
Tools – The Tools menu contains
various tools and functions such as spell
Close document check, macros, mail merge, end notes/
Figure 6.8 - Close Button footnotes etc.
There is another X mark on the Window – The window menu shows
right most corner of the menu bar. This display options such as New Window,
is actually used to close your document. Close Windows, Split and Freeze.
When you click this X mark, your Help – The Help menu displays the
document will be closed, OpenOffice will inbuilt help features in OpenOffice.
continue to be in open condition. Tool Bar:
Menu Bar Under the menu bar, there are two
The menu bar is below the title toolbars available by default. They are:
bar which comprises of various menus (1) Standard Toolbar
consisting of various options.
(2) Formatting Toolbar
Standard Tool Bar– This tool bar
Figure 6.9 - Menu Bar is just below the menu bar which consists
File – The File menu contains of shortcut icons for frequently performed
various options for file management tasks

70

Chapter 6.indd 70 06-01-2023 15:21:32

 tasks. There are many shortcut icons like cut, copy, paste, undo etc…

Figure 6.10- Standard Toolbar

Formatting Tool Bar– The formatting tool bar is below the standard tool bar which
consists of icons used for formatting the text like bold, underline, italics, font type, font
color etc.

Figure 6.11- Formatting Toolbar

Ruler
The ruler is a scale below the formatting tool bar which shows the margins.There
are two set of rulers (1) Horizontal ruler and (2) Vertical ruler. Horizontal ruler is used to
set left and right margins of a page and vertical ruler for top and bottom setting.

Figure 6.12 - Ruler

Work Space The Enter key must not be pressed at the

The work space is the blank area end of the each line. The Enter key should
which is used to type the content of the be pressed only at the end of a paragraph
file.A flashing vertical bar that appears at or when a blank line is to be inserted.
the beginning of the screen which is called When a page is filled up, OpenOffice
as “Insertion pointer”. Writer automatically creates a new page.
Status Bar
6.2.5 Moving within a document
The status bar is at the bottom of the
window which shows the current status of There are different ways of moving
the document such as number of pages, within a document. The shortcut keys
current page number, default language etc. given in Table 6.2 are used to move easily
within a document.
6.2.4 Entering the Text
Table 6.2 Keyboard shortcut Keys
Once a new document is opened,
the text can be typed in the blank area of KEY ACTION
the screen. As the text is typed they appear → To move a character right
on the screen and the flashing vertical bar ← To move a character left
called the insertion pointer moves to the ↑ To move one line up
right. When the text reaches the end of the
↓ To move one line down
line, the word is automatically wrapped
to the next line. This feature in any word Ctrl + → One word right
processor is known as “Word Wrap”. Ctrl + ← One word left

71

Chapter 6.indd 71 06-01-2023 15:21:32

 Ctrl + ↑ One paragraph up • Select location to store your document.
The default location to store all
Ctrl + ↓ One paragraph down
documents is “Documents” folder in
Home To the beginning of line Windows.
End To the end of line
• Type your document name in the File
Ctrl + To the beginning of
Home document Name box.

Ctrl + End To the end of document • All documents in OpenOffice Writer

Tab To move one cell to right will be stored with .odt extension. You
Shift + Tab To move one cell to left can store your OpenOffice document
as Microsoft Word document or pdf. To
Pg up(Page To scroll one screen up
Up) do so, select file type from Save as type
list box. This list box shows variety of
Pg To scroll one screen down
formats to be saved.
Down(Page
Down)
• Finally, Click “Save” button.
6.2.6 Saving the Document • Once the file is saved, your document
The first time the document is name will be displayed on the title bar.
saved, OpenOffice Writer prompts for a
name. Naming the file enables the user Saving with password
to find and open that file again. One can Enter Your Password here
select the drive and folder where the file
will be stored. To save a document for a
first time, the following steps are used:
• Click File → Save (or) File → Save As
(or) Ctrl + S
• The “Save As” dialog box appears as on
Figure 6.13.

Click Ok to Finalise

Enter the same Password once again

Figure 6.14 – Password dialog box

In OpenOffice Writer, a document

can be protected with a password. You can
Figure 6.13 Save As dialog box set a password to protect your document

72

Chapter 6.indd 72 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 while saving a file. To save a file with the “Save” button, it proceeds to save the
password, click on “Save with Password” file. If you are not willing to save the file,
check box in Figure 6.13 and then click then click “Discard”, or if you want to
“Save” button. Immediately it shows “Set cancel this warning and continue working
Password” dialog box as shown in the in the same document, click “Cancel”.
Figure 6.14.
6.2.8 Opening an existing document
In this dialog box, Enter a password
in “Enter Password to open” text box and Once a document is saved, it can be
retype the same password in “Confirm opened at any time. To open an existing
Password” box for confirmation. Finally document, Click on the File → Open or
click “OK” button. Ctrl + O, the Open dialog box appears,
enter the name of the file in the File Name
“More Options” button in Figure text box and click the OPEN button as in
6.14 provides some more features to your Figure 6.16.
protected document such as “Read only”
and change password.

6.2.7 Closing a Document

After your document is saved, it is

still open. So, you can continue typing your
document. When the work is finished, you
should save the document and then close
document using File → Close command Figure 6.16 – Open dialog box
(or) Press Ctrl + W.
6.3 Tamil Typing Interface
Closing Unsaved Document:
Typing in Tamil has different methods.
When you close an unsaved file
• Using Tamil Font
using the close control button, Writer
shows a warning message as shown in • Using Tamil Interface.
Figure 6.15. In the first method specific Tamil fonts are
available which has to be downloaded and
installed and should be included in the
font folder of the control panel. But this
method has some drawbacks:
• The user must be aware of Tamil typing.
• The particular font must be available in
Figure 6.15 Alert Message box the system.
• It does not support other languages
If you accept the warning message,
including English.
click the “Save” button. When you click

73

Chapter 6.indd 73 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 • The computer accepts characters as to the right of the insertion pointer
symbols not as language. To insert a text in between if
• It is not portable, i.e. if the document something is left out, the insertion can be
is sent to another computer, if the same made by taking the insertion pointer to
font is not available, it is recognized as the current location and Press the Insert
symbols not as original characters. key the newly typed text is inserted, so that
To overcome the drawbacks in the first the existing text moves to the right. This is
method, the interface method provides Insert mode. Press the Insert key again,
the following advantages: the text is over written on the existing text.
• It follows Unicode technique. Hence This is called Type over mode. You can
knowledge of Tamil typing is not toggle between the insert mode and type
necessary. over mode by pressing the Insert key.
• It is easy to type documents in Tamil in 6.5 Select, Move and Copy text
any word processor.
6.5.1 Selecting Text
• Some of the Unicode fonts like “Arial
In any word processor, the text has to
Unicode” supports all Indian languages
be selected for performing any operations
including Tamil and English using
like copying, moving, formatting etc. The
respective language interface.
text selection can be done in two methods:
6.3.1 Download and Install Tamil Typing
i) Selecting the continuous text.
Interface
ii) Selecting the non continuous text.
Many Tamil Typing Interfaces are available
as open source such as “Murasu”(it is Selecting the continuous text
exclusively for Tamil), “NHM Writer”(It is
universal to all Indian languages) etc. To select the text continously move the
insertion pointer to the begining of the
To download and install:
text.
• “Murasu” use the link : http://anjal.net/
• hold the SHIFT key and drag the mouse
download
across until the required text is selected
• “NHM writer” use the link : http:// and then release the SHIFT key.
software.nhm.in
• The selected text can be used for any
6.4 Editing a document operation.
Once a document is typed, it can Selecting the non continuous text
be edited in many ways. If there is some
To select the text not continuous, move
insertions or deletions, it can be done while
the insertion pointer to the begining of
typing or after typing also. Corrections
the text,
can be made in two different ways :
• hold the CTRL key and drag across the
Backspace Key: Deletes the
required text to be selected and release
character to the left of the insertion
the CTRL key
p o i n t e r.
• The required text is selected and can be
Delete Key : Deletes the character
used for any operation

74

Chapter 6.indd 74 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 Selection using other methods: • Click Ctrl + V or Paste Icon or Edit
Selection using Mouse: → Paste
To select the text using mouse: The required text is moved to the new
i) Move the insertion pointer to the location.
begining of the text Coping text
ii) Hold down the Left mouse button and To copy a text from one location to
drag it across the text another
iii) Release the mouse button when the • select the text to be copied
required portion of text is selected
• Click Ctrl + C or Copy Icon or
iv) The selected text will be highlighted. Edit → Copy
Selection using Keyboard: • A duplicate copy of the text is made and
To select the text using keyboard: sent to the clipboard
i)Move the insertion pointer to the • Take the insertion pointer to the new
begining of the text location to be copied and
ii) Hold the Shift key and use the • Click Ctrl + V or Paste Icon or
movement keys to drag across the Edit→ Paste
required portion. The required text is copied to the new
iii) when the required portion is selected location.
release the Shift key The Editing shortcut keys are as given in
iv) The selected text will be highlighted. Table 6.3
Selection using Shortcut keys: Table 6.3 - Cut, Copy and Paste Icons
Shortcut keys help to select the text quickly and Shortcuts
and easily.
Shortcut
• To select a word - Double click on the Operation Action Icons
Key
word Cuts the
CUT Ctrl +X
• To select the entire document - Press selected text
Ctrl + A To make a
COPY duplication Ctrl +C
6.5.2 Moving and Coping text of the text.
Moving text To paste
To move a text from one location to the text to a
new location
an ot h e r PASTE Ctrl +V
after cut
• Select the text to be moved or copy
process.
• Click Ctrl + X or Cut Icon or
Cancels the
Edit →Cut previous
• The text is removed from the source UNDO operation Ctrl +Z
that was
location and placed in the clipboard performed
• Take the insertion pointer to the new
location to be moved and

75

Chapter 6.indd 75 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 6.5.3 Paste Special 6.6 Help System in Writer
When you move or copy selected
text, the Paste option is used to send the Open Office Writer provides several
information as a whole. But, to move or forms of help. By pressing F1 or select Help
copy only some aspects of the data, like from the menu bar the help window appears
only its formatting or only value, the as shown in Figure 6.18.
Paste Special option is used.
To use Paste special option, select
the text and apply move or copy, then at
the destination location,
• Click Edit → Paste Special (or) press
Ctrl+Shift+V, or Alt+E+S the Paste
Special dialog box opens as shown in
Figure 6.17.
• The Paste Special menu varies depending
upon the origin and formatting of the
text (or object) to be pasted. Figure 6.18 – Help window
• Select DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange)
link from the Paste special dialog box. • To activate tooltips, extended tips, and
the help Agent, click Tools → Options
→ OpenOffice

• For a more detailed explanation, select

Help → What’s This? and hold the
mouse pointer over the icon where you
want more help. Figure 6.19 shows the
Figure 6.17 - Paste Special dialog box General settings window
• Select the type of application and click
the OK button.
Tips
• The copied data is pasted into the Extended tips

document with a link.

Note
Dynamic Data Exchange(DDE) is a
mechanism whereby the source data
can be pasted into the destination as
a linked, 'live' copy of the original.
Figure 6.19 - General settings window
Any changes made in the source
will immediately reflect in the
destination.

76

Chapter 6.indd 76 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 Workshop

6.1
• Open a new document in Open office writer.
• Type the following paragraph.
“The ignited minds of the youth is the most powerful resource on the earth. The power
of the youth, if properly directed, will bring about transformed humanity by meeting
its challenges and bring peace and prosperity.”
• Save and close the document.
• Exit from Open Office Writer.

6.2
• Open the document created in Workshop-6.1.
• Append the following paragraph.
“We are as young as our faith and as old as our doubts. We are also as young as our self-
confidence and as old as our fears. We are as young as our hopes and as old as our despairs".
• Save the document
• Using Delete or Backspace key remove the last line of the first paragraph.
• Type the following lines after the second paragraph and create it as a new paragraph.
“It doesn’t matter who you are, if you have a and determination to achieve that vision,
you will certainly do so.”
• In the third paragraph insert the word “vision” between “a” and “and ”.

6.3
• Open the document created in workshop-6.1.
• Copy and paste the following words into a new document either using keyboard
or mouse shortcuts. (i) Ignited (ii) powerful (iii) humanity (iv) challenges (v)
prosperity
• Save the new document
• In the first document, move the following words either using keyboard or mouse
shortcuts. (i) Ignited (ii) Challenges (iii) Prosperity

77

Chapter 6.indd 77 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 Part - II : Formatting Text and Paragraph

6.7 Text formatting The default font color is black and

the font color can be changed by clicking
A text without any special on the Font colour icon which shows
formatting gives a monotonous the color palette from which the required
appearance. OpenOffice Writer offers a color can be selected.
number of choices for formatting such as Besides the regular formatting
Bold, Italics and defining the font type, Bold, Italics and underline, many other
and font size. Bold, Italic, underlined are formatting can be done by using the
the most common types of text formatting. dialog box shown in Figure 6.20. The
Almost all the formatting options are other formatting options can be selected
available under the Format menu. by using Format → Character. The
Character dialog box is displayed as
6.7.1 Changing font style, size and colour shown in the Figure 6.20 using which all
the formatting can be done at a single
A font is a set of characters in a
stretch with a preview options.
particular style. Changing the default
appearance of the text like changing the
font type , size, color, style etc., are called
as Text formatting. To make the text
attractive and more appealing, various
formatting like bold, italic and underline
can be done by using the following text
formatting shortcuts shown in Table 6.4 Font Tab

Preview window
Table 6.4 Text formatting shortcuts
SHORTCUT
OPERATION ACTION ICON
KEY
Makes the Figure 6.20 – Character dialog box
BOLD Ctrl + B
text bold
Italicizes the
ITALICS
text
Ctrl +I 6.7.2 Changing Case
Underlines
UNDERLINE Ctrl +U
the text Normally any text can be typed
in upper or lower case. The text can be
The default font type is Times changed to different cases like:
New Roman and the type of font can be • Uppercase (Capital letters)
changed by clicking on the Font Type icon
• toggle case (reverse case),
• sentence case (first letter of each
The default size of font is 12 points sentence in capital),
which can be changed by clicking on the • Capitalize every word (first letter of
Font Size icon each word in capital),

78

Chapter 6.indd 78 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 • lower case. (Small letters) the appearance of individual paragraphs.
This can be done by: There are four types of alignment available
• Select the required text to change case in Open Office Writer - left - alignment,
Right - alignment, Center - alignment,
• Select Format → Change case.
and Justify - alignment.
• Select the required options
Left-alignment - A paragraph's
6.7.3 Highlighting text
text is LEFT aligned when it is aligned
Highlighting is used to draw evenly along the left margin and uneven
attention to important information in text. along the right margin. This is the default
Highlighting is beneficial because it first alignment when a paragraph is typed.
asks the reader to pick out the important
parts, and then gives an effective way to Right-alignment - A paragraph's
review that information later. text is RIGHT aligned when it is aligned
evenly along the right margin and uneven
Highlighting can be applied by
along the left margin.
selecting the text and click Highlighting
icon , the color palette is displayed, Center-alignment- All the lines in
select the required color, and the text is the paragraph are aligned to the center of
highlighted. Highlighting can be removed the page size.
by selecting the text and click No Fill from Justify-alignment - All the lines
the color palette. in the paragraph, are arranged evenly
Highlighting is to draw attention both on the left and right margins. This
to important or key points in a is achieved in Writer by automatically
document for easy reference by inserting additional space between the
marking it in a different color. words.
Paragraph formatting can be
6.7.4 Clearing the formatting
applied by Format → Paragraph, the
To clear the formatting applied to paragraph dialog box appears as displayed
the text in Figure 6.21.
• Select the entire document by Ctrl + A
or Edit →Select All
• Clear applied formatting by Ctrl + M
6.8 Paragraph formatting

6.8.1 Paragraph Alignment

A paragraph is any text that ends
with a hard return. A hard return is
accomplished anytime you press the
Enter key. Paragraph Alignment or
justification refers to the way in which
the lines of a paragraph are aligned.
Paragraph alignment lets you to control Figure 6.21 – Paragraph dialog box

79

Chapter 6.indd 79 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 The paragraph formatting can also be done by icons using the formatting tool bar
as shown in Figure 6.22 and shortcut keys as shown in Table 6.5

Figure 6.22 Formatting toolbar

Table 6.5 Paragraph Alignment Icons and shortcut Keys
ALIGNMENT ACTION ICON SHORT CUT KEY
Align the paragraph with respect to
LEFT Ctrl + L
the left margin
Align the paragraph with respect to
RIGHT Ctrl + R
the right margin
Align the paragraph with respect to
CENTER Ctrl + E
the center of the page
Align the paragraph with respect to
JUSTIFY Ctrl + J
both the left and right margin

An example showing all the four paragraph alignment:

Left Alignment
All power is with in you take up one idea, make that one idea your life. Think
of it dream of it, live on that idea let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part
of your body be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the
way to success.
Right Alignment
All power is with in you take up one idea, make that one idea your life.
Think of it dream of it, live on that idea let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part
of your body be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone.
This is the way to success.
Center Alignment
All power is with in you take up one idea, make that one idea your life.
Think of it dream of it, live on that idea let the brain, muscles, nerves,
every part of your body be full of that idea, and just leave every other
idea alone. This is the way to success.
Justify Alignment
All power is with in you take up one idea, make that one idea your life. Think of it
dream of it, live on that idea let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body
be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success.

Example 6.1 Paragraph Alignment

80

Chapter 6.indd 80 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 6.8.2 Line Spacing: line of text can be created by moving the
Line spacing determines the amount insertion pointer to the begining of the line
of vertical space between lines of text in a and pressing the tab key on the keyboard.
paragraph. By default, the lines are single- There are four types of indentations:
spaced, that is the spacing accommodates • Left Indent
the largest font in that line, plus a small • Right Indent
amount of extra space. In Open Office, • First Line Indent
setting line spacing is quite easy through
• Hanging Indent.
the context menu, select the line or word
or phrase, right-click → line spacing, Left indent - The Left indent
select the type single, 1.5 or double. There controls the space between the paragraph
are seven different types of line spacing and the left margin. This is the default
as shown in the dialog box given below in indent. Each click on the Increase indent
Fig.6.23. icon moves the paragraph ½ inch away
from the left margin.
• Select the entire document by Edit →
Select All The left indent can also be applied
by Format → Paragraph → Indents &
• Format → paragraph
Spacing tab, enter a value in the “Before
• The paragraph dialog box appears, click text” spin box as shown Figure 6.23. This
Indents & Spacing tab results in left indent.
• In the line spacing option, select the Right Indent - The Right indent
type and click OK button. controls the space between the paragraph
and the right margin. Each click on the
decrease indent icon removes the indent
applied by the Increase indent. The Right
indent can be applied by using dialog box as
shown in Figure 6.23.
Select Format → Paragraph →
Indents & Spacing tab, enter a value in
“after text” spin box. This results in right
indent.
First Line Indent - This First-Line
indentation indents the first line of the
Figure 6.23 Paragraph dialog box
paragraph. It is the most common way to
6.8.3 Indenting text start a new paragraph.
Indent is the distance from the left
and right margin of a paragraph. It is used This indent can be applied by
to improve the efficiency and readability Format → Paragraph → Indents &
of the paragraph and makes the paragraph Spacing tab, select First line option in the
look more attractive. In paragraphs, Figure 6.23, enter a positive value which
an easy way to apply indent for the first results in first line indent.

81

Chapter 6.indd 81 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 Hanging indent -This is a special 6.8.5 Style of Bullets and Numbering
kind of indent where the first line of the
The default type of bullet is ( . ) and
paragraph alone hangs outside leaving the
the default type of numbering is (1, 2, 3
rest of the text. To apply Hanging indent, a
……). The style of bullets and numbering
negative value is given in the “First line”
can be changed by applying the following
option of the paragraph dialog box as
steps:
shown in Figure 6.23.
• Select the text to be bulleted
6.8.4 Bullets and Numbering • Format → Bullets and Numbering
Bullets and numbering are used • Select Bullets Tab
to emphasize list of things and make the • The Bullets and Numbering dialog box
list easy to read and follow. It provides appears where different styles of bullets
an excellent way to segregate, list and are displayed
organize information to the reader. You
can control the appearance, or format a • Click on the required style
bulleted or numbered list. • Click Ok button
• The selected text is bulleted.
Bullets – This is a paragraph level The bullets and numbering dialog
attribute that applies a bullet character box with the bullets tab is displayed in
to the start of the paragraph. In bulleted Figure 6.24.
lists, each paragraph begins with a bullet
character. This is suitable when the
text has to be presented as a list of items
preceded by a bullet symbol and no
sequence has to be followed. Bullets are
quickly created by clicking on the Bullet
icon
Numbering – This attribute applies
a numeral to the start of the paragraph.
Numbering is more suitable when the
text has to be presented as a sequence. In
numbered list, each paragraph begins with
an expression that includes a number or Figure 6.24 Bullets and Numbering dialog
letter and a separator such as a period or box
parenthesis. The numbers in a numbered Note
list are updated automatically when you
add or remove paragraphs in the list. If the text is not typed, then apply the
Numbering is quickly created by clicking steps above and then type the text, the
on the Numbering icon. newly entered text will appear in bulleted
form.

82

Chapter 6.indd 82 06-01-2023 15:21:33

 To apply Numbering
1. Select the text to be numbered
2. Format → Bullets and Numbering
3. Select Numbering Type Tab
4. The Bullets and Numbering dialog
box appears where different styles of
numbering are displayed
5. Click on the particular style
6. Click Ok button
7. The selected text is numbered.
The bullets and numbering dialog Figure 6.25 Bullet and Numbering dialog
box with the numbering type tab is box
displayed in Figure 6.25. 6.9 Page formatting
Bullets and numbered lists The most important thing in a
provide an excellent way to word processor is how to format the page
segregate, list and organize elements such as margins, numbering, page
information to the reader. You layout, headers and footers. Formatting
can control the appearance or format, of a your page makes it look more attractive
bulleted or numbered list. and make it easier to read.
Note 6.9.1 Setting the page size and margins
Changing page size
If the text is not typed, then apply the The default page size in Writer is
steps above and then type the text, 8.5 x 11”, the same as that of a standard
the newly entered text will appear in A4 printing paper. However, for different
numbered form. types of documents, you may need to
change the page size. To change the paper
Turning off Bullets and Numbering
size:
As you can quickly add bullets or
• Select the page to be resized
numbers to existing text by clicking on
the icons, the bullets and numbers can be • Select Format → Page, the page style
removed easily. dialog box appears as shown in Figure
6.26.
• Select the text where the bullets and
numbers are to be removed. • Select Page Tab
• Click on the Bullets icon again to • In the paper format group, select the
remove bullets. format like A4, legal etc.
• Click on the Numbering icon again • Or the width and height option can be
to remove numbering. used to set the page size.
Changing page margins
Page margins are the white space

83

Chapter 6.indd 83 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 around the top, bottom, left, and right of 1. Right-click anywhere on the page and
your document. Margins let Writer know select Page from the popup menu and
where to start placing the text at the top of select page tab of Page Style dialog box
a document, when to move on to the next as shown in Figure 6.26.
page at the bottom, where to start typing
text on the left side, and where to stop and 2. In the Margins group, specify the values
move to the next line on the right. for left , right , top and bottom margins.
3. Click ok button.
6.9.2 Orientation
Page orientation refers to how the
document will be displayed on screen
and printed. There are two different
or ient at ions:
Landscape - The width of the
document is more than the height. This
is best suited for displaying professional
photos, invitations, albums, tables etc.

Figure 6.26 Page style dialog box

Changing or setting page margins Landscape
in OpenOffice Writer can be done in two
ways:
1. Using the Rulers - quick and easy, but Portrait – This is the most common
does not have precise values. and default orientation . Here, the height
2. Using the Page Style dialog box - can of the document is more than the width.
specify precise values for the margins. Normally books, newspapers will be
1. Changing page margins - using Ruler displayed in this format.
1. The shaded sections of the rulers are
the margins.
2. Hold the mouse pointer over the line
between the gray and white sections.
Portrait
3. The mouse pointer turns into a double-
headed arrow.
4. Hold down the left mouse button and
drag the mouse to move the margin and
release it at the required point.
To change the orientation:
5. The new margin is set.
• Select the page whose orientation is to
2. Using the Page Style dialog box be changed
To change margins using the Page Style
dialog box

84

Chapter 6.indd 84 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 • In the Page Style dialog box, under the
Orientation group,
• Select Portrait or Landscape button.

• Click ok button.

6.9.3 Page colour and borders

Changing the page color is not quite

common. To do so, in the Page Style dialog
box, select Background tab, In As option
click on color and select the “color” from the
color palette or select “graphic” to apply Figure 6.28 Page style dialog box - Borders
an image as a page background, as shown
6.10 Working with Headers and
in Figure 6.27.
Footers

The Header is a section of the

document that appears in the top margin,
which displays the title or chapter name ,
author name of a document.

The Footer is a section of the

document that appears in the bottom
margin of the page which displays the
page number, date, time etc. which gets
displayed on all the pages automatically.

6.10.1 Inserting Header and Footer

Figure 6.27 Background color
• Select from the main menu Insert →
Borders can be applied to an entire Header → Default
document, an entire page, paragraph, or • The header text area is separated from
just to certain sections of the document. the normal text area.
From the Page Style dialog box, select
• In the header area, enter the text that
the Borders tab, the User-defined area is to be repeated in all pages or Select
helps to define the area of borders, the Insert → Fields →Title.
line style of borders, color of borders can
Similarly to insert a Footer, the steps are as
be selected. The dialog box in Figure 6.28
given below:
shows the borders setting in the Page Style
dialog box. • Select from the main menu Insert →
Footer → Default

85

Chapter 6.indd 85 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 • Place the insertion pointer in the footer • Position the insertion pointer where the
area of the page. page number has to appear
• Select Insert → Fields → Date to insert • Select Format → page, which will
date in all the pages. display the Page Style dialog box as in
Figure 6.29.
Once the Headers and Footers
are given in the first page, the same text • Select Page Tab
appears in all the pages. • In the Layout settings, select the Format
6.10.2 Inserting and Formatting page drop down combo box
numbers • Select the desired style and click OK
button.
Once the Header / Footer area are
created, the page numbers can be inserted
by performing the following steps:
• Place the insertion pointer where you
want to insert the page number
• choose Insert → Fields → Page
Number
• The page number appears with a gray
background
Normally, the page numbers appear
as 1,2,3….., To change the numbering Figure 6.29 Page Style dialog box
style, the following sequence of steps can
be performed:

86

Chapter 6.indd 86 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 Workshop

6.4
1. Open a new document in OpenOffice writer.
• Type the following paragraph
“Learning gives creativity, creativity leads to thinking, thinking provides knowledge,
and knowledge makes you great”
• Save the document
• Perform text formatting features like Bold, Italics, Underline, Change font, change
Size, Color and change case (Upper case to lower case, lower to upper) for the words
in the paragraph and make the paragraph more appealing to read.
• Highlight the text “Knowledge makes you great”
• Undo all formatting options using keyboard shortcut.

6.5
• Open the document created in the workshop 6.1
• Type the following lines below the first paragraph
“ When one door closes, another opens, but we often look so long and so regretfully
upon the closed door that we do not see the one that has opened for us – Alexander
Grahambell ”
• Using any one of the paragraph alignment icons or keyboard shortcuts (left, right,
center, or justified) align the first paragraph.
• Change the line spacing of second paragraph to any one of the type.
• Create bullets for the first paragraph and numbering for the second paragraph using
icon or menu choice.
• Save and close the documents.

6.6
• Open the document created in workshop-6.2.
• Change page size, margin and orientation, change border and background color.
• Apply suitable header and footer for the table.

87

Chapter 6.indd 87 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 Part - III : Find & Replace and Spell check

6.11 Find & Replace 3. To replace text, click Replace button.

The highlighted word is replaced with the
OpenOffice Writer has a Find and word given in the Replace with box.
Replace feature that helps to locate for a 4. Click Find All, Writer selects all
text inside a document and replace it with instances of the search text in the
another word. In addition to finding and document.
replacing words and phrases, you can also
All occurances of Bombay are highlighted.
use wildcards and regular expressions to
perform advanced search. To search a word 5. Click Replace All button, Writer
replaces all matches.
• Click Edit → Find & Replace (or)
Ctrl + F This will replace all occurances of
"Bombay" with "Mumbai".
• The Find & Replace dialog box appears as
shown in Figure 6.30 6. Enable Match case to perform the search
case sensitively so that uppercase and
Steps to Find & Replace a text
lower cases are distinguished separately.
1. Type the text you want to find in the
7. Enable Whole Words only to make
Search for box
the search more specific to words. For
For Example : To search a word "Bombay" in example, if you search for the word
a document and replace with "Mumbai", "Image", the command will only find
enter the word "Bombay" in the Search "Image" not "Imaging", "Images" etc.
for box.
6.12 Spell Check
2. Enter the word " Mumbai" in the Replace The documents prepared using word
with box and Click Find button , to start processing software should be without
the search , the found word is highlighted any spelling mistake. For this purpose
and the first occurrence of "Bombay" is OpenOffice Writer includes a dictionary
highlighted. and a spell check program. OpenOffice
Writer can identify the spelling mistakes
as the document is typed or after the entire
Bombay
document is typed.
6.12.1 Auto SpellCheck
Auto SpellCheck option checks
Mumbai each word as it is typed and displays a wavy
red line under any misspelled word. Once
the word is corrected, the red wavy line
disappears. This can be done byclicking
the Auto SpellCheck icon
• Right-click on a word with a wavy
Figure 6.30 Find & Replace dialog box underline, to open a powerful context
menu. Correct words can be selected

88

Chapter 6.indd 88 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 from the suggested words on the menu. 6.12.2 Automatic correction
The selection will replace the misspelled Auto Correct feature has the facility
word with correct word. to correct the common misspellings and
To perform a separate spelling typing errors, automatically. For example,
check on the document (or a text selection) “hte” will be changed to “the”, which can
click the Spelling and Grammar icon be done through the menu option, Tools
This checks the document or selection → AutoCorrect to open the AutoCorrect
and opens the Spelling dialog box (Figure dialog box as shown in the Figure 6.32
6.31) if any misspelled words are found. which provides the chance to change the
This can also be achieved by pressing F7 misspelled word with the correct word.
key To make an AutoCorrect entry

• Select Tools → AutoCorrect

• AutoCorrect dialog box appears
• Click Replace Tab
• In replace box, type the misspelt word
• In with box, type the correct word
• Click New

Fig: 6.31 The Spelling dialog box

Here are some more features of the spelling
command:
• Not in Dictionary text area displays
the misspelled word Suggestions box
displays alternate spellings. Ignore
once button is to skip the word once,
Ignore All button skip all occurances
of the word. Change button will change
only that particular occurance. Change Figure 6.32 AutoCorrect wizard
All button will change all occurances of
the word. AutoCorrect is automatically
turned on. To turn it off, uncheck
• The text language can be changed (for Format → AutoCorrect →
example, Spanish, French, or German) While Typing.
from the Spelling dialog box.
AutoCorrect can be used as a quick way to
C The new words can be added to a
insert special characters. For example, (c)
dictionary. Click Add in the Spelling
will be autocorrected to ©. You can add
dialog box and pick the dictionary to
your own special characters.
add it to.

89

Chapter 6.indd 89 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 Activity 1:
Do the necessary steps to correct
the word “comupter” into “computer”
au t o m at i c a l l y
1. Goto Tools → AutoCorrect Options
AutoCorrect dialog box appears as shown
in Figure 6.34
2. Click the Replace tab and type “comupter” in
Replace text box and type “computer” in with
textbox then Click New and then OK button.
3. The word “Comupter” is replaced with
“Computer” and displayed in the list. Figure 6.35 Auto correct list
4. After entering this, when you type
“comupter” in the document, it will be Workshop
automatically changed to the correct • Open a new document and type the
spelling “computer”. following paragraph
• “All birds find shelter during a rain.
But Egles avoid rain by flying above
the clouds. Problems are common,
but attitude make the difference.”
• Apply spelling check and find the
word “Egles” and replace it with
“Eagles”.
• Save the document with password.

Figure 6.33 Auto correct menu

Figure 6.34 Autocorrect dialog box

90

Chapter 6.indd 90 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 Part - IV : Working with Tables

6.13 Inserting Tables

A table is a grid with a specified
number of rows and columns. Tables
can often be used as an alternative to
spreadsheet to organize materials. A
well-designed table can help readers to
understand better what you are trying to
convey.
Figure 6.36 Insert Table Dialog Box
6.13.1 
Different techniques to insert
tables • Select the number of rows and columns
of the table
To insert a new table, position the
insertion pointer where you want the table • Give a Name to the table in the Name
to appear, then use any of the following Text box
methods to open the Insert Table dialog • Select the Heading check box to define
box as shown in Figure 6.36. the first row in the table as the heading
• Select the Repeat heading check box
There are two methods to create a table :
to repeat the heading row if the table
Method 1. Table Icon spans more than one page
To insert a table quickly from the • Select the Don't split table check box
standard tool bar: to prevent the table from spanning
1. Place the insertion pointer where you more than one page
want the table to appear. • Select the Border check box to display
2. Click the down arrow to the right side table with grid.
of the Table icon .
• Click ok
3. In the drop down grid, select the
The AutoFormat button at the bottom
number of rows and columns for the
of the Insert table dialog box opens the
table.
AutoFormat dialog box as shown in
4. The table will appear at the location of Figure 6.37.
the insertion pointer.
From here, it is possible to choose
Method 2. Insert table dialog box among different predefined formats.
To insert a table with more control If none of the predefined auto
over the settings and properties, use the formats have the desired characteristics
Insert Table dialog box. for your table, you can tune the format
To open the dialog box: Select Table → of the table or a particular cell with the
Insert →Table or Ctrl +F12 or left-click contextual Table toolbar. Open the toolbar
the Table icon. From this dialog box, you by placing the insertion pointer inside a
can: table cell or

91

Chapter 6.indd 91 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 select View → Toolbars → Table. This will 3. Click OK to close the dialog box.
bring the table formatting toolbar which
helps to format the table in the desired
format.
6.14 Formatting table
Formatting a table involves
formatting of the table layout, formatting
the table text, adjusting the size of the
table, its position on the page, adding or
removing rows or columns, merging and
splitting cells, changing borders and the Figure 6.39 Insert Row Dialog Box
background. 6.14.2 Deleting rows and columns
To delete rows or columns inside a table:
1. Place the insertion pointer in the row
or column to be deleted and right-click.
2. Choose Row → Delete to delete a row
or Column → Delete to delete a column.
3. The selected row / column is deleted.
6.14.3 Merging and Splitting cells
Figure 6.37 Auto format Dialog Box To merge a group of cells:
1. Select the cells to merge.
2. Right click and choose Cell → Merge or
choose Table → Merge Cells from the
menu bar.
Figure 6.38 Table Formatting Toolbar
To split a cell:
6.14.1 Inserting rows and columns
1. Place the insertion pointer inside the
To insert rows or columns inside a table:
cell.
1. Place the insertion pointer in the row
2. Right click and choose Cell → Split, or
or in the column where you would like
to add new rows or columns and right- choose Table → Split Cells from the
click. menu bar.
2. Choose Row →Insert – to insert a new 3. Select the direction of the split,
row or Column → Insert – to insert a horizontally (for rows), or vertically (for
new column. A dialog box will appear, columns), as well as the total number of
from which you can select the number cells to create.
of rows or columns to insert. You can
also set the position of the new rows or
columns to Before or After as shown in
Figure - 6.39.

92

Chapter 6.indd 92 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 Workshop

6.7
• Open a new document.
• Using icon or table menu create the given table with required of 5 rows and6 columns
with the labels S.No., Name, Maths, Phy, Che and Total
• After the sixth row add a new row and type suitable data for the new row.
• Delete the second row using icon or command.
• Using icon or command after the second column add a new column and type
suitable data for the new column.
• Delete any one column using icon or command.
• Save and close the document.

6.8
• Open the document created in workshop-6.7.
• Do the following options :
• Change the border style and border line width for one table.
• Change height and width for the row and column respectively.
• Save and close the document.
• Create a new document.
• Create a 4 x 4 table using icons in toolbars or using commands.
• Split any one row/ column in one given table into more than one cell using icon or
command.
• Merge any two or more row / column in the given table using icon or command.

6.9
• Open the document created in workshop-6.8.
• Delete the table contents.
• Perform all table formatting options for this table.
• Add two more rows and columns and also delete the rows and columns.
• Save and close the document.

93

Chapter 6.indd 93 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 Part - V : Enhancing and Printing a document

6.15 Enhancing a Document in mathematical equations. To insert such

characters, the procedure given below is
6.15.1 Inserting pictures followed:

OpenOffice Writer has the ability • Place the insertion pointer in your
to insert and edit images in a more simple document where you want the character
way. The picture gallery of the Writer to appear
consists of a collection of images from
which the desired image can be selected • Click on Insert → Special Characters
and inserted into the document. To insert • The Special Characters dialog box
an image from a file, the steps are as appears as shown in Figure 6.41 from
follows: which the desired symbol can be
selected by clicking on the character.
• Place the insertion pointer where you
want the image to appear • As you select each character, it is shown
on the lower right, along with the
• Select Insert → Picture → From file numerical code for that character

• The insert picture dialog box appears • If you do not find a particular special
where the picture gallery opens from character you want, try changing the
which the desired picture can be font selection.
selected. • Click the OK button and the character
is inserted at the current location.
• If the picture is not in the gallery, then
browse the pictures from the folder, The insert special characters dialog
choose the desired picture. box is displayed in Figure 6.40.

• Click on the Open button

• The selected picture is inserted into the

document

6.15.2 Inserting Special Characters

Many symbols which are used in Figure 6.40 Insert Symbol Dialog box
a mathematical equation like alpha(∞),
beta(β), pi(π) etc., are not available on the 6.15.3 Inserting Shapes
standard keyboard. However, representing
these characters are very much essential OpenOffice Writer uses the drawing
tools, to create various shapes by using

94

Chapter 6.indd 94 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 the Drawing toolbar. To use the drawing tools repeatedly, you can move this toolbar to a
convenient place on the window. The drawing tool bar can be obtained by clicking View
→ Toolbars → Drawing as displayed on Figure 6.41.

Figure 6.41 Drawing toolbar

To use a drawing tool, the steps are as press F3. You can also save a formatted
given below: Tip as AutoText and then insert a copy by
• Click in the document where you want typing "tip" and pressing F3.
the drawing to be displayed. To assign AutoText shortcut to
• Select the tool from the Drawing some text, the steps are as follows :
toolbar as shown in Figure 6.44 The 1. Type the text into your document.
mouse pointer changes to a cross-hair 2. Select the text so that it is highlighted.
pointer. 3. Select Edit → AutoText (or press
• Move the cross-hair pointer to the Ctrl+F3).
place in the document where you want 4. Enter a name for your shortcut. Writer
the drawing to appear and then click- will suggest a one-letter shortcut, which
and-drag to create the drawing object. you can change.
• Release the mouse button. The selected 5. Click on the inverted arrow of the
drawing function remains active, so you AutoText button on the right and select
can draw another object of the same New (text only) from the menu.
type.
6. Click Close to return to your document.
• To cancel the selected drawing function,
press the Esc key or click on the Select 7. Once the entry is created, to insert the
icon on the Drawing toolbar. auto text into the document, place the
cursor where the text is to be inserted
• You can now change the properties
(fill color, line type and width, change and click Ctrl+F3,
Anchor, and others) of the drawing 8. Select the name from the list of entries
object using either the Drawing Object and click Insert button.
Properties toolbar or the choices in the 9. The auto text is inserted into your text.
dialog box.
Note
6.15.4 Inserting AutoText
If the only option under the
AutoText allows you to assign text, AutoText button is Import, either
tables, graphics and other items to a key or you have not entered a name for your
key combination. For example, rather than AutoText or there is no text selected in
typing "TamilNadu" every time you use the document.
that phrase, you might just type "tn" and

95

Chapter 6.indd 95 06-01-2023 15:21:34

 6.16 Page Preview , Setting the
printer and Printing a document
6.16.1 Preview the document to be
pr i n te d
It is a good practice to preview the
document before taking the print out.
The steps to be followed to preview the
document :
1. Click File → Page Preview, or click Figure 6.42 Print Dialog box
the Page Preview icon. The Writer
displays the Page Preview toolbar 2. Click General Tab.
2. In the page preview tool bar click 3. Select the required printer from the
Multiple Pages icon to display list of printers.
multiple pages. 4. Under Range and copies section :
3. To close the preview click the Close select All Pages option to print all
Preview button. pages, select Pages option to specify
6.16.2 Setting the Printer and Printing the particular page or page range.
The following are the steps to 5. Specify Number of Copies using spin
change the printer setting : arrows.
1. Click File → Print or Ctrl + 6. Click Print button.
P or Print File Icon which
opens the Print dialog box as
shown in Figure 6.42.

Activity

Student Activity
1. Make the students prepare a invitation for school annual day.
2. Let the students prepare their class timetable in table format and format it in an attractive
manner.
3. Make the students create a greeting card in landscape format with a picture and a birthday
message and distribute to students on their birthday.
Teacher Activity
1. To show a demo to the students how to type a question paper by using formulas and
special characters, changing the margins and printing in the practical session.
2. To show the students a demo of inserting a picture and applying crop , color changes,
background and others features to modify it and make more attractive.

96

Chapter 6.indd 96 06-01-2023 15:21:35

 Workshop

6.10 6.12
• Open the document created in • Open the document created in
Part-1 workshop-6.1 workshop-6.2
• Download images related to Dr. • Using Autotext command or
A.P.J ABDUL KALAM From keyboard shortcut create shortcut
net and insert the images in the for
document at required place using • “Vital Information Under Seize” as
command or icon. “VIRUS” and make it appear in one
• Open the document in Part-III – document.
workshop-1 , download images • Using Print icon change printing
related to the content from net attributes, preview and print the
and insert the images at required document.
place.
• Save the document and close.
6.13
• Open the document created in
6.11 workshop-6.4
• Open a new document. • Insert suitable picture of a circle.
• Using the commands to insert • Type the formula for the
special characters, special symbols circumference of a circle using insert
• Type the following equations (i) special character option.
Aα+Br+cβ (ii) πr2h. • Using drawing tools draw the
• Using drawing toolbar insert following in the document.
various drawings/ shapes in your • Print the document using print
document command.
• Save and close the document.

s
p re s
Im

Writer
Database

Calc

97

Chapter 6.indd 97 06-01-2023 15:21:35

 Annexure 1

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl+A Select the whole document.
Ctrl+B Makes text bold.
Ctrl+C Copy the text.
Ctrl+D Double Underline text.
Ctrl+E Text is center aligned.
Ctrl+F Find and Replace.
Ctrl+I Makes text Italics.
Ctrl+J Text is Justifed.
Ctrl+L Text is left aligned.
Ctrl+R Text is right aligned.
Ctrl+U Underlines text.
Ctrl+V Paste the text.
Ctrl+X Move the text.
Ctrl+Y Redo last action.
Ctrl+Z Undo last action.
Left Arrow Move cursor one character left.
Right Arrow Move cursor one character right.
UpArrow Move cursor one line up.
DownArrow Move cursor one line down.
Shift+ LeftArrow Move cursor with selection to the left.
Shift+ RightArrow Move cursor with selection to the right.
Ctrl+ LeftArrow Go to beginning of word.
Ctrl+ RightArrow Go to end of word.
Home Go to beginning of line.
End Go to end of line.
Ctrl+Home Go to start of document.
Ctrl+End Go to end of document.
Shift+Home Go and select from the beginning of line.
Shift+End Go and select till end of line.
Insert Insert mode on/off.
Page Up Move one screen up.
Page Down Move one screen down.
Ctrl+Shift+B Subscript.
Ctrl+Shift+P Superscript.

98

Chapter 6.indd 98 06-01-2023 15:21:35

 Annexure 2

Unicode Tamil Keyboard Typing Chart

a அ k க் ka க ke கே
aa ஆ ng ங் nga ங kee கே
i இ s ச் sa ச ko க�ொ
ii ஈ nj ஞ் nja ஞ koo க�ோ
u உ d/t ட் da / ta ட kau க�ௌ
uu ஊ N ண் Na ண
e எ w ந் wa ந we நெ
ee ஏ th த் tha த wee நே
ai ஐ p ப் pa ப wo ந�ொ
o ஒ m ம் ma ம woo ந�ோ
oo ஓ y ய் ya ய wau ந�ௌ
au ஔ r ர் ra ர
q ஃ l ல் la ல
v வ் va வ
z ழ் za ழ
L ள் La ள
R ற் Ra ற
n ன் na ன

j ja jaa je jee jo joo ji jii ju juu

ஜ் ஜ ஜா ஜெ ஜே ஜ�ொ ஜ�ோ ஜி ஜீ ஜு ஜூ
sh sha shaa she shee sho shoo shi shii shu shuu
ஷ் ஷ ஷா ஷெ ஷே ஷ�ொ ஷ�ோ ஷி ஷீ ஷு ஷூ

WorkShop -6.14 : Type the following content in Tamil using any interface (Murasu / NHM / Azhagi).

kaNNan - கண்ணன் joothpur – ஜ�ோத்பூர்

sennai – சென்னை juulai – ஜூலை
thamiznaadu – தமிழ்நாடு shiiradi – ஷீரடி
thaajmahaal – தாஜ்மஹால் hamadu – ஹமது
shaajakaan – ஷாஜகான் vaashingtan - வாஷிங்டன்

சென்னையில் உள்ள மாநகராட்சிப் பள்ளிகள் சென்னைப்பள்ளிகள் (Chennai Schools)

என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இந்த பள்ளிகளை நிர்வகிக்க சென்னை மாநகராட்சியில் கல்வித்துறை
(Education Department) இயங்கி வருகின்றது. ஒரு இந்திய ஆட்சிப்பணி (IAS) அதிகாரி, ஒரு கல்வி
அலுவலர் (Educational Officer) மற்றும் 10 துணைகல்வி அலுவலர்களுடன் (Assistant Educational
Officers – AEO) இத்துறை செயல்படுகிறது.

99

Chapter 6.indd 99 06-01-2023 15:21:35

 Evaluation
Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. Which is the opening screen of OpenOffice?
a. Star desktop b. Star center c. Star screen d. Star window
2. Which option allows you to assign text, tables, graphics and other items to a key or key
combination?
a. Autoformat b. Automatic c. Auto text d. Autographics
3. Which menu contains the Numbering option?
a. File b. Edit c. Tools d. Format
4. Which is displayed at the top part of the window?
a. Menu bar b. Tool bar c. Title bar d. Format bar
5. What is changing the default appearance of the text called?
a. Text formatting b. Page formatting c. Special formatting d. Paragraph formatting
6. Find & Replace option is available in which menu?
a. File b. Edit c. Format d. Tools
7. Which button selects all instances of the search text in the document?
a. Find b. Find All c. Replace d. Replace All
8. What is the shortcut key to go to the start of the document?
a. Ctrl + Home b. Ctrl + End c. Home d. End
9. What is the shortcut key for finding and replacing text in a document?
a. Ctrl + F1 b. Ctrl + F4 c. Ctrl + F5 d. Ctrl +F7
10. What is the short cut key for Undo?
a. Ctrl +E b. Ctrl + U c. Ctrl + Z d. Ctrl + n
Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. How do you insert pictures in to your document?
2. What are the different packages in OpenOffice Writer?
3. What is auto text in Writer?
4. How do you merge cells in a table?
5. State the differences between proprietary software and open source software.
Part-III
Short Answers
1. What is the difference between moving and copying text?
2. What are the different types of orientation?

100

Chapter 6.indd 100 06-01-2023 15:21:35

 3. How do you insert rows and columns?
4. What are the different ways to save a document?
5. Write the steps to change the line spacing of text.
Part-IV
Explain in Detail
1. What are the different methods to change margin in Writer?
2. What is Header and Footer? How do you insert page numbers in footer area?
3. Write the steps to Find and Replace a word with another word in OpenOffice Writer?
4. Explain Page formatting in Writer.

WORD MEANING
A software used to create, edit, view, manipulate, transmit, store,
Word processor
print and retrieve a text document.
OpenOffice writer A word processor component of OpenOffice.
Proprietary Owner or ownership.
Embedding To surround tightly or firmly.
Highlighting is used to draw attention to important information
Highlighting
in a text.
Indents is the distance from the margin that is used to improve
Indents
the efficiency and readability of the paragraph.
Dynamic Data Exchange – a mechanism where source data can
DDE
be pasted into a destination with a link of the original.
The PasteSpecial option is used when only some aspects of the
Paste Special data, like only its formatting or only value is send while moving
or copying.
This is the section at the top of the page where any references
Headers like title, chapter name, author name can be given which gets
repeated on all pages.
This is the section at the bottom of the page where any references
Footers
like page number can be given which gets repeated on all pages.
This helps to assign shortcuts to some text which are frequently
AutoText
used.
This feature automatically checks the spelling while typing and
Auto spell check underlines the misspelt words with wavy lines which can be
corrected later.
This feature automatically corrects the common misspellings
Automatic Correction
and typing errors automatically.

101

Chapter 6.indd 101 06-01-2023 15:21:35

 Unit II Office Automation Tools CHAPTER
7
Part – I Working with OpenOffice Calc

7.1 Introduction to spreadsheet

Daniel Singer "Dan" Bricklin
Spreadsheet is a very useful office The Father of Spreadsheet
automation tool to organise, analyse and Daniel Singer "Dan"
store data in a tabular form. Spreadsheet Bricklin (born 16 July
was developed as computerized equivalent 1951), often referred
to paper-based accounting worksheets. to as “The Father of
the Spreadsheet”, is
Spreadsheet users can adjust any the American co-creator, with Bob
of the stored values and can observe the Frankston, of the VisiCalc spreadsheet.
effects on the calculated values. This He also founded Software Garden, Inc.,
is called "What if " analysis. Modern of which he is currently President of
spreadsheet can have multiple interacting Trellix Corporation, which is currently
sheets and can display data either as text owned by Web.com. He currently
or numerals or in a graphical form. serves as the Chief Technology Officer
of Alpha Software.
7.1.1 Evolution of Spreadsheet

Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston OpenOffice Calc is a popular open

developed the first spreadsheet called source spreadsheet application maintained
“VisiCalc” in 1979 for Apple II. In 1982, by Apache Foundation. StarOffice calc
Lotus Corporation introduced “Lotus was the parent application of OpenOffice
1-2-3”; Lotus 1-2-3 was the first to Calc which was developed by a German
introduce cell names and macros. In 1987, Company namely, Star Division in 1985.
Microsoft Corporation introduced Excel.
Excel implemented a Graphical User
7.2 Working with OpenOffice Calc
Interface (GUI) and the ability to point
and click using a mouse. There are lots of
Calc is the spreadsheet component
other spreadsheet applications; Microsoft
of OpenOffice. You can enter any kind of
Excel continues to be the most popular
data in a spreadsheet and then manipulate
spreadsheet software.
this data to produce certain results.
Alternatively, you can enter data and
then use Calc in a ‘What If...’ manner by
changing some of the data and observing
the results without having to retype the
entire spreadsheet.

102

Chapter 7.indd 102 06-01-2023 15:22:28

 • Functions: which can be used to
First Spreadsheet create formula to perform complex
calculations on data
• Database functions: to arrange, store,
and filter data

7.3 Creating a new worksheet

A new spreadsheet can be created
through various methods. From windows,
select
VisiCalc ("Visible Calculator") was
the first spreadsheet for personal Start → All Programs → OpenOffice →
computers, originally released for the OpenOffice Calc (or)
Apple II by VisiCorp. It is considered From Star Center (Welcome Screen):
that VisiCalc turned the microcomputer
Double-click on “OpenOffice” icon the
from a hobby for computer enthusiasts
desktop
into a serious business tool, prompting
IBM to introduce the IBM PC, two Now, a welcome screen appears as shown
years later. It was sold over 700,000 in Figure 7.1.
copies in six years, and as many as 1 This open screen is called as “Star
million copies over its history. Center”. Calc is one of the component of
OpenOffice. So, it may be invoked from
7.2.1 Features of OpenOffice Calc: the “Star Center” by simply clicking on
• Connecting with Excel - Ability to the “Spreadsheet” icon. (or)
open, edit, and save Microsoft Excel A new spreadsheet can also be
spreadsheets created by selecting File → New →
• AutoSum - helps you to add the Spreadsheet from any OpenOffice
contents of a cluster of adjacent cells. Application. After using any one of the
• List AutoFill - automatically extends above said methods, OpenOffice Calc
cell formatting when a new item is window appears as shown in Figure 7.2.
added to the end of a list. The outline of the window is very similar to
• AutoFill - allows you to quickly fill cells other application windows of OpenOffice.
with repetitive or sequential data such The main area of the Calc window is called
as chronological dates or numbers, and as “Work area” or “Worksheet”.
repeated text. AutoFill can also be used
to copy functions. You can also alter A worksheet is a grid of cells with a
text and numbers with this feature. programmable calculator attached to each
• Charts - helps you in presenting a cell. When you open a new spreadsheet,
graphical representation of your data there are three worksheets available by
in the form of Pie, Bar, Line charts and default. You can include more sheets and
more. organize them.

103

Chapter 7.indd 103 06-01-2023 15:22:28

 Figure 7.1 Opening Screen (Star Center) of OpenOffice

1 3 2

6 7 4
5

11 9
10

Fig 7.2 OpenOffice Calc Window

104

Chapter 7.indd 104 06-01-2023 15:22:28

 1. Title Bar 2. Control Buttons the current file, Save a file, Save a file in
3. Menu Bar 4. Tools Bar another name, print file, Export file etc.
5. Name Box / 6. Quick Function
Edit - menu contains the editing
Address Box Wizard
commands like, cut, copy, paste, Undo,
7. Formula Bar / 8. Formatting
Redo, Fill etc., Most of the menu items are
Input Line Properties
similar to Writer Edit menu. But, for Calc,
9. Zoom 10. Scroll bar
some special editing options are available
11. Status Bar
under this menu.
7.3.1 Parts of the OpenOffice Calc
View - menu contains the
Wi n d o w
commands which are used to modify the
Appearance of the Calc window is environment of calc.
very similar to that of the Writer window.
The workspace of writer is a big blank Insert – menu contains commands
area. But, in calc, the grid of cells is the for inserting various calc elements such
workspace. as cells, columns, rows, functions, charts
etc.,
7.3.1.1 Title Bar
Format – menu contains the
Top of the window is called the commands of various text and cell
“Title Bar”. It is used to show the name formatting features.
of the file and name of the application.
In OpenOffice calc, the default name for Tools – menu contains various tools
the first unsaved worksheet is “Untitled1”. and functions such as spell check, protect
When you save the file, Untitled will document, insert pictures, macros, etc.,
change to the name in which you saved.
Data – menu contains the
7.3.1.2 Control Buttons: commands to manipulate data in a
spreadsheet such as sort, filter, subtotal,
In the right corner of title bar, (1) validity etc.,
minimize, (2) maximize / restore and (3)
close control buttons are available. Window – menu shows display
options such as New Window, Close
7.3.1.3 Menu Bar Windows, Split and Freeze.

Below the title bar is menu bar. Help – menu lists in-built help
Most of the menus are very similar to features available with OpenOffice.
what you learnt in OpenOffice Writer.
7.3.1.4 Tools Bar
File - menu contains the commands
of all file management tasks like, Create Under the menu bar, there are three
a new file, Open an existing file, Close toolbars available by default. They are:

105

Chapter 7.indd 105 06-01-2023 15:22:28

 (1) Standard Toolbar (2) Formatting Toolbar (3) Formula bar
Standard Toolbar

Formula bar
Formatting Toolbar

Fig. 7.3 OpenOffice Calc Toolsbar

Standard Toolbar – contains

frequently used File, Edit and Data menu Name box / Address Box Input Line
commands as icons such as New Open
Save, Send, print, print preview, Cut,
Copy, Paste, Sorting, inserting chart etc.,

Formatting Toolbar – contains Function

Function
frequently used text and cell formatting Wizard Sum button button
commands as such as changing font style,
font size, font colour, alignments, cell Fig. 7.4 Calc Formula bar
formatting etc.,

Formula bar – This is a very 7.3.1.5 Scroll bar

important element in a spreadsheet. It
contains Name box, Function Wizard, Spreadsheet window also has two
Sum button, Function button and Input sets of scrolling bars (1) Vertical Scrollbar
line (Refer Figure 7.4).
and (2) Horizontal Scrollbar (Refer Figure
Name box : It display the current 7.5)
cell address
Vertical Scroll bar : It is used to move the
Function Wizard : It is used to screen up and down.
insert function
Horizontal Scroll bar : It is used move
Sum button : It is used to quickly the screen left and right.
insert sum function.
Scroll buttons : used to move the screen
Input Line : This is used to show to the relative distance.
the contents of the current cell. It always
shows actually what you typed in a cell. It
is also used to edit the contents.

106

Chapter 7.indd 106 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Upward
Scroll arrow

Scroll button Scroll button

Downward
Scroll arrow

Left Scroll
Scroll button Right Scroll
arrow
arrow
Fig. 7.5 Calc Scrolling bar

7.3.1.6 Row, Column, Cell and Cell Cell address is the combination of
Pointer column heading and row number. For
example, the intersection of column B
Below the formula bar contains the
worksheet of work area which consist of and row 4 makes a cell B4. (Figure 7.7).
grid cells The worksheet has number of Every cell is thus identified by its unique
rows and columns, where each column is cell address.
labelled as A, B, C, D ….. AA, AB, AC …..
and the rows are numbered from 1, 2, 3 Cell pointer is a rectangle box which
…. (Figure 7.6). can be moved around the worksheet. The
cell in which the cell pointer is currently
OpenOffice Calc version 4.1.5
located is known as “Active cell”. When
contains 1024 columns and 10,48,576
rows. Column heading starts from A and you type anycontent, it will appear in the
end with AMJ. In the case of Microsoft active cell. The address of the active cell
Excel 2016, there are 16,384 columns (A is displayed in the Name box / Address
to XFD) and 10,48,576 rows available. box. Active cell’s column name and row
number will be highlighted. Using this
Cell
visual clue, one can easily identify an
Intersection of each row and active cell. Moreover, the contents of an
column makes a box which is called as active cell will be displayed in the formula
“Cell”. Each cell has its unique address. bar.

107

Chapter 7.indd 107 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Column Heading
Row numbers

Cell Pointer
of Cells
Grid

Fig. 7.6 Calc Rows, Columns, Cells

Current Cell Address Highlighted Column Heading

Active all

Highlighted lighted Row

Number

Fig. 7.7 Cells, Rows and Columns

7.3.1.7 Worksheet tabs:

Active Sheet

Sheet Count
Sheet Navigation buttons
Fig. 7.8 Calc Sheet Tab

108

Chapter 7.indd 108 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 At the bottom of the grid of cells
are the sheet tabs. By default there are 3
sheets “Sheet1”, “Sheet2” and “Sheet3”,
(Figure 7.8). When you open a new
worksheet, sheet1 is the default active
sheet. Active sheet tab will appear in white
colour. If you click on another sheet, it
will become active and its colour will turn Figure. 7.10 Rename Sheet dialog box
white. Multiple sheets can also be selected
by clicking the sheet and press the Ctrl It shows the current name; delete
button (Ctrl + Click). Selected sheets will or overwrite the existing name and type
turn to white colour. a new name; click OK button. New name
will be displayed on the sheet.
On the left of the sheet tab, four
navigation buttons are used to move 7.3.1.8 Status bar
between worksheets (Figure 7.9).
Below the sheet tabs and horizontal
1 3 scrolling bar is the “Status Bar”. It shows
the current status of the worksheet (Refer
Figure 7.11).

Sheets count: Displays current

2 4 serial number of the sheet / total number
of sheets available.
(1) Move to the First sheet
Page Style: Displays the page style
(2) Move to the previous sheet
of the current sheet. To make changes, just
(3) Move to Next sheet double-click on “Default” and it will show
(4) Move to the Last sheet you the “Page Style” dialog box, which is
Fig. 7.9 Calc Sheet tab and Navigation used to change the margin, orientation,
buttons paper size, inserting header, footer, border
style etc.,
Left corner of status bar shows the
total count of sheets and the present active Selection Mode: Displays the
sheet number. For example, if the status selection mode of the current sheet. There
bar shows sheet 3/12; 3 refers to the serial are three modes available to select the cells
number of the current sheet and 12 refers of a worksheet. They are, Standard (STD),
to the total number of sheets available. Extend (EXT) and Add (ADD).

Every sheet name can be renamed. Unsaved Changes: An asterisk ( * )

To rename a sheet, just double-click on symbol indicates the changes made in the
the sheet, which will show a small box as worksheet but not yet saved. If you have
shown in Figure 7.10. saved your changes, it will disappear.

109

Chapter 7.indd 109 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Sheets count Selection Mode Zoom

Page Style Unsaved Changes cell information

Fig. 7.11 Calc Status bar

7.4 Working with Data it has numbers and symbols. In general,

data types are classified as:
When you open a new spreadsheet,
the cell pointer is located in cell A1. So, Alphabetic data type – consists
the Cell A1 is known as “Home Cell”. Cell of alphabets only Numeric data type –
pointer can be moved anywhere in the consists only of numbers (whole number
spreadsheet using the direction keys. or fractional numbers) Alphanumeric
data types – consists of a combination of
“Tab key” is used to move the cell
alphabets and numerals Date data type
pointer towards the right side or forward
direction. “Shift+Tab” is used to move – consists only of date Time data type –
backward i.e. from right to left in a row. consists only time
“Enter” key is also used to move the cell
7.4.1.1 Entering Numbers:
pointer. Enter moves the cell pointer to a
cell below the current cell i.e. downwards.
Any numeric data can be entered
Four “direction keys” are used to move the
in a spreadsheet. Entered numbers are
cell pointer anywhere in the worksheet.
aligned to the right side within the cell
7.4.1 Entering Data: by default. Negative numbers may be
entered with a minus sign or within
Any data can be typed directly in any cell brackets (Refer Figure 7.12). If you enter
of the worksheet. But, the cell in which any number within the bracket, it will be
you type data should be an active cell.
changed as negative number i.e., number
So, move the cell pointer to a particular
prefixed with minus. If any number starts
cell to make it active cell; or click any
with 0 (zero); Calc will drop the leading
cell to make it active cell. Then, start
zero.
typing any data. When you type data,
spreadsheet recognises the type of data
entered in cells.

Data types:

Data are in different types. Data

are made up of alphabets, numbers, Date
and time is another data type even though Figure 7.12 Entering data

110

Chapter 7.indd 110 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 7.4.1.2 Entering Text: (Figure 7.14). This is a visual clue to know
whether the date is accepted or not.
Unlike numbers, any character can
be entered as data in Calc. Entered text will A Date format can be changed to any
be aligned to the left side within the cell other valid form using “Cell Formatting”
by default. When you enter any numeric dialog box, and it will be discussed later.
value, if it has aligned left, it is understood
that the entered content is not a number.
If there is any number that starts with a
single quote, calc converts that number to
text (Refer Figure 7.13).

Fig. 7.14 Entering Date

Like dates, for entering time, calc

follows the general format HH:MM:SS.
where HH, MM and SS represent hours,
minutes and seconds respectively.

Different Date Formats

Figure 7.13 Entering Text Order styles Countries
Asia (Central, SE,
7.4.1.3 Entering Date and Time: West), Australia, New
Zealand, parts of Europe,
Before entering date, ensure the DD/MM/YYYY
Latin America, North
format of your system date. Calc accepts Africa, India, Indonesia,
date as per the system date format. If your Bangladesh and Russia
system has American date format i.e. Bhutan, Canada, China,
month-date-year; you should enter dates Koreas, Taiwan, Hungary,
YYYY/MM/DD
in Calc spreadsheet as mm/dd/yy. If your Iran, Japan, Lithuania,
system follows the Indian date format, Mongolia.
date should be entered as dd/mm/yy form United States, Federated
MM/DD/YYYY States of Micronesia,
in Calc. Only the correct form of date is Marshall Islands
accepted by Calc. DD/MM/YYYY Malaysia, Nigeria,
For example: If your system has and Philippines, Saudi Arabia,
MM/DD/YYYY Somalia
American Date format, 18th December
Afghanistan, Albania,
2017 should be entered as 12/18/17. As Austria, Czech Republic,
soon as the date is typed in the correct DD/MM/YYYY Germany, Kenya, Macau,
form, the entered date will be aligned on the and Maldives, Montenegro,
right side within the cell, and if you place YYYY/MM/DD Namibia, Nepal,
the cell pointer in that cell, the formula Singapore, South Africa,
Sri Lanka, Sweden.
bar shows your date as “12/18/2017”

111

Chapter 7.indd 111 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 7.5 Creating Formulae 7.5.1.1 Arithmetic Operators

After entering the data Arithmetic operators are symbols for

in worksheet, you can perform performing simple arithmetic operations such as
calculations on the data in the addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.,
worksheet. In order to create These operators return a numerical result.
formulae, you first need to
know the syntax that describes

Column D

Column D
Column C
Column B

Operator
Result in
Formula
Value in

Value in
Operator
the format for specifying a

in
Name
formula.
+ Addition 98 25 = B3 + C3 123
In Calc, you can enter
- Subtraction 125 25 = B3 – C3 100
formulas in two methods, either
* Multiplication 25 5 = B3 * C3 125
directly into the cell or at the
/ Division 90 10 = B3 / C3 9
input line. Formula in Calc may
^ Exponent 25 2 = B3 ^ C3 625
start with equal (=) or plus(+)
% Percent 600 = B3 * 35% 72
or minus(–) sign followed Percentage (%) operator shows percentage of the content.
by a combination of values,
operators and cell references. Table 7.1 List of Arithmetic Operators
But, as a general practice, all
formulas should start with an Formula bar shows the formula what the user
equal sign. If any formula starts had entered. But, the cell shows the resulted value
with a + or –, the values will (Figure 7.15).
be considered as positive or
negative respectively. Formula Entered

7.5.1 Operators
Operators are symbols
for doing some mathematical,
statistical and logical
calculations. Combination
of values, operators and
cell references is called as Figure 7.15 Percentage Operator
“Expression”. Calc supports a
variety of operators which are 7.5.1.2 Relational Operators
categorized as:
Relational operators are symbols used for
(1) Arithmetic Opertors
comparing two values such as greater than, less than,
2) Relational Operators equal to etc. The relational operators are also called
(3) Reference Operators as "Comparative operators". These operators return
(4) Text Operator either a True or a False.

112

Chapter 7.indd 112 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 7.5.1.3 Reference Operator

Formula in
Column D

Column D
Column C
Column B
Operator

Result in
Value in

Value in
Name
Reference operators are used to
refer cell ranges. A continuous group
of cells is called as “Range”. There are
Greater three types of reference operators that
> 98 100 =B3>C3 FALSE
than are used to refer cells in calc; they are
Greater (1) Range Reference Operator, (2) Range
than Concatenation (3) Intersection Operator.
>= 85 72 =B3>=C3 TRUE
or equal
to Range Reference Operator
< Less than 54 24 =B3<C3 FALSE
Colon (:) is the range reference
operator. It is used to group a range of
Less than cells. An expression using a range operator
<= or equal 55 55 =B3<=C3 TRUE has the following syntax:
to
reference left : reference right
=Equal to 12 12 =B3=C3 TRUE
Not equal where reference left is the starting cell
<> 54 45 =B3<>C3 TRUE
to address of a linear group of cells or upper
left corner address of a rectangular group
Table 7.2 List of Relational Operators of
cells.
Reference right is the last cell address of a
linear group or lower right corner address
of a rectangular group of cells.

Figure 7.16 Entering Relational Operator

113

Chapter 7.indd 113 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Example:

(i) Linear group of cells A1, A2,A3,A4,A5 is referred as A1:A5

(ii) Rectangular group of cells A2, A3, A4, ….. B2, B3, B4,….D5, D6 is referred as
A2:D6 (Refer Figure 7.17)

Range of Cells Highlighted Columns (Selected)

Highlighted Row (Selected)

Figure 7.17 Range of selected cells

Name box shows the reference A2:D6 corresponding to the cells included in the
drag operation with the mouse to highlight the range.

Reference concatenation operator:

Concatenation means joining together. Tilde (~) symbol is used as a concatenation

operator in calc. An expression using a concatenation operator has the following syntax:
reference left ~ reference right
Example:

If you want to find the sum of the values from A1 to A6 and C3 to F3. The formula
is =SUM(A1:A6 ~ C3:F3)

SUM is a function to find the sum of a group of values.

114

Chapter 7.indd 114 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Intersection Operator:

Intersection operator is used to join two set of groups. It is very similar to Range
concatenation operator. The intersection operator is represented by an exclamation

reference left ! reference right

Example: (A2:D3 ! B2:E4)

Range - 1 A2 : D3 Range 2 B2:E4

A B C D E F
1 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1

2 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2

3 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3

4 A4 B4 C4 D4 E4 F4

Intersection of
Range 1 and B2:D3
Range 2

Figure 7.19 Intersection operator

The result of (A2:D3 ! B2:E4) is referred by the range B2:D3, because these cells are
both inside A2:D3 and B2:E4 (Refer Figure 7.19 and 7.20).

Figure 7.20 Worksheet with Intersection operator

115

Chapter 7.indd 115 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 7.5.1.4 Text Operator:

In Calc, “&” is a text operator which is used to combine two or more text. Joining two
different texts is also known as “Text Concatenation” (Refer Figure 7.23). An expression
using the text operator has the following syntax:

text reference1 & text reference2

Figure 7.21 Text operator

When arithmetic operators are used in a formula, Calc calculates the results using
the rule of precedence followed in Mathematics. The order is:

I. Exponentiation ( ^ ) II. Negation ( - )

III. Multiplication and Division ( *, /) IV. Addition and Subtraction (+, -)

Here is an example to illustrate how to create a formula:

Illustration 1:

Create a Marks worksheet with the following data:

Reg. No Name Tam Eng CS Com Acc

12001 Jayashree J 147 136 105 163 162
12002 Kowsalya T 156 148 149 147 179
12003 Muskan S 149 165 123 168 179
12004 Ashia Stephy R 168 144 146 192 167
12005 Vennila T P 199 198 150 200 200
12006 Deepika M 187 141 98 130 178
12007 Tharani J 165 102 100 192 192
12008 Thulasi A 143 169 88 176 173
12009 Ayisha B 120 138 109 182 167
12010 Jenifer A 145 135 95 180 185

After completing the data entry, your worksheet will look as shown in Figure 7.22.

116

Chapter 7.indd 116 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Small red triangle indicates the column width
is not enough to display the entire text

Figure 7.22 Worksheet Illustration

7.5.2 Construction of formula

To construct a formula, follow the steps below:

• Cell pointer should be in the cell in which you want to display the result.
• Formula should begin with an = sign.
• In a formula, use only cell reference (cell addresses) instead of the actual values within
the cells.
• While constructing a formula, BODMAS rule should be kept in mind.
• General Syntax of constructing a formula is: = cell reference1 <operator> cell
reference2 <operator> ……………….
• Cell references are of two types (i) Relative cell reference (ii) Absolute Cell reference.
• If you refer cell addresses directly while constructing formulae, it is called as “Relative
Cell reference”.
• Examples of Relative Cell references:

Adding values of A1, B1, C1, D1 =A1+B1+C1+D1

Subtract E4 from H3 = H3 – E4
Multiply A5 and B5 = A5 * B5
Average of G1, G2, G3, G4 =(G1+G2+G3+G4)/4

117

Chapter 7.indd 117 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 • In the above table, all cell references are “Relative cell references”.

• While writing a formula, if you use the $ symbol in front of a column name and row
number, it will become an “Absolute Cell reference”.

• Examples of Absolute cell references:

Adding values of A1, B1, C1, D1 =$A$1+$B$1+$C$1+$D$1

Subtract E4 from H3 = $H$3 – $E$4

Multiply A5 and B5 = $A$5 * B5

Average of G1, G2, G3, G4 =($G$1+G2+$G$3+G4)/4

• In an expression, all cells need not necessarily be relative or absolute. You can mix
both type of references.

• The following section explains the use of relative cell reference. About “Absolute cell
reference”, you will be learn later in this chapter.

Finding Total to the above Illustration:

• Move the cell pointer to H2 (Total column)

• Type the following formula; after entering the formula, press “Enter” key

= C2+D2+E2+F2+G2 (Refere Figure 7.23)

• Now, you will get the sum of all the values of C2, D2, E2, F2 and G2

• The above-mentioned formula clearly stated that, how worksheets are working with
cells.

• While referring to the cell addresses in a formula, the spreadsheet reads the value
inside the cell that you refer. This is a good practice of constructing a formula. Because,
if you change any value, the spreadsheet recalculates with that new value.

After entering a formula the result is displayed as in Figure 7.23

118

Chapter 7.indd 118 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Figure 7.23 Constructing formula in Worksheet

7.6 Save, Close and Open the Worksheet:

7.6.1 Saving Worksheet

The process of saving a worksheet is very similar to saving a document. Steps to

save a worksheet are as follows:

Step 1: File → Save (or) Ctrl + S (or) Click “Save” icon on the standard tool bar.

Step 2: If the spreadsheet has not been saved previously, the Save As dialog box will
appear.

Step 3: Type the name in “File Name” list box. OpenOffice Calc Spreadsheets are stored
with extension .ods by default.

Step 4: Click “Save” button.

After clicking the save button, the given file name is displayed in the title bar as shown in Figure 7.24

File Extension:
A file extension or file name extension helps to identify the type of file.
Following table gives the file extension of commonly used files.

119

Chapter 7.indd 119 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Familiar File Type Extension
Text Files .txt
Microsoft Word Documents .doc / .docx
OpenOffice Documents .odt
Microsoft Excel .xls / .xlsx
OpenOffice Calc .ods
Microsoft PowerPoint .ppt / .pptx
OpenOffice Impress .odp
Executable Files / Applications .exe
Web Pages .htm / .html
Portable Document Format .pdf
Photos .jpg / .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
Animated Images .gif (Graphical Image Format)
Audio .mp3
Audio / Video .mp4

File Name Application Name

Figure 7.24 Saved Spreadsheet

120

Chapter 7.indd 120 06-01-2023 15:22:29

 Note: The saved file is stored in the 7.6.3 Closing a Worksheet
"Document folder" by default.
After saving the worksheet; it
remains open. So, you can continue to
What is save? work with the spreadsheet. When the work
Technically saving is a process of is finished, you should save using File →
transferring or shifting contents Save (or) Click “Save” icon (or) Ctrl + S
from primary memory (RAM) to and then to close the worksheet using File
Secondary storage medium such as → Close command (or) Press Ctrl + W.
Hard disk, Pen drive, memory chip 7.6.4 Opening an existing worksheet
etc.
7.6.4.1 Using Open dialog box
7.6.2 Auto Save: To reopen an existing worksheet,
the File → Open command (or) “Open”
The OpenOffice saves a file at
icon (or) Ctrl + O can be used. An Open
regular intervals. This is called as “Auto
dialog box appears as shown in Figure 7.25
Save” feature. The default time interval
that is similar to “Save As” dialog box.
is 15 minutes. It can be reduced even to
one minute. If any unexpected shutdown The name of the file to be opened
occurs, this feature will recover your can be chosen from the list or folder in
file. which the worksheet has been saved.

Default location

Available Files
and Folders

Read only
Option

Figure 7.25 Open Dialog box

121

Chapter 7.indd 121 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 7.6.4.2 Using Recent documents • Move the cell pointer to the cell in
which you want to paste.
OpenOffice keeps a list of recently
opened files. File → Recent Documents • Select Edit → Paste or Click “Paste”
option can be used to open an existing icon or Press Ctrl + V
worksheet from the list as shown in
7.7.2 Cut and Paste Data
Figure 7.26
• Select the cell or cells you want to cut

• Select Edit → Cut or Click “Cut”

icon from the standard toolbar or
Press Ctrl + X

• Move the cell pointer to the cell in

List of recently used files
which you want to paste.

Figure 7.26 List of Recent Documents • Select Edit → Paste or Click “Paste”
icon or Press Ctrl + V

7.7 Copy, Cut and Paste 7.7.3 Copy and Paste Formula

• The process of Copy and Paste data is

used for copying formula.
7.7.1 Copy and Paste Data
• When you copy a formula from one
• Select the cell or cells you want to cell to another cell, the address of the
copy pasted formula will change according
to its row. This is called “Relative Cell
• Select Edit → Copy or Click “Copy”
Reference” (Refer Figure 7.27).
icon from the standard toolbar or
Press Ctrl + C • Example:

While pasted it becomes = B3* C3

Row number

Originally typed formula = B2*C2

Figure 7.27 Copy and Paste formula to multiple cells

122

Chapter 7.indd 122 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 7.7.4 Copy a formula from one cell and paste it in multiple cells:
(For illustration 1 - Refer 7.23)
Step 1: Copy the formula from H2 using Ctrl + C or Edit → Copy (or) click “Copy” icon.

Figure 7.28 Copy and Paste forumla to Multiple cells

Step 2: Select all cells (i.e. H3 to H11) in which you want to paste this addition formula.
Step 3: Paste the copied formula using Ctrl + V or Edit → Paste (or) Click “Paste” icon.

Self Practice:
1. Open the spreadsheet which was created in Illustration 1.
2. Add one more column heading “Average” in I1
3. Create a formula to find the average of all marks in I2.
4. Apply the formula to the remaining cells.
5. Save the changes and close the file

7.8 Auto Fill Feature:

You have learnt how to copy and paste a formula from one cell to other cells in the
previous section. The process of Copy and paste can be replaced by a click and drag and it is
called as “Auto Fill”. This is an alternate way to copy and paste.

Auto Fill feature fills the contents from one cell to all the dragged cells. The content may
be a data or formula. If you fill a relative formula, all the addresses of filled formulae will be
changed.

123

Chapter 7.indd 123 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Drag
fill handle
Drag Fill Handle

Figure 7.29 Drag fill handle Drag Cells

Cell pointer’s “Drag fill handle” is

used to auto fill. Just click and drag this
Generated series
handle to fill the contents. It can be dragged
towards right or down. Same can be achieved
by Edit →Fill → Down (or) Edit → Fill → Figure 7.30 AutoFill series
Right.
7.8.2 Generating series using command
7.8.1 Auto Fill Series:
Edit → Fill → Series Command is used
Auto Fill is also used to generate a to generate different set of series. Before
using this feature, a set of cells should be
series of values. For example, if you want to
selected. Using Fill Series feature, you can fill
generate 1,2,3……. up to some length; it can series of values at any direction. (Remember
be done by a simple click and dragging over. that, auto fill only fills either right or down).
Refer Figure 7.31
Generating whole number series:
(Refer Figure 7.30) Direction : Down / Right / Up / Left
(Selected cell direction will be default)
Step 1:In cell A1, type as 1 (one) and press
Series type :
enter key
Linear : To generate a sequence of series
Step 2:click A1 to place the cell pointer (Example 2,4,6,8,10…….)

Growth : To generate multiplication series

Step 3:Click “Drag Fill Handle” of cell
(Example 2,4,8,16,32,64……)
pointer; now the mouse pointer becomes a
small + sign Date : To generate date series (when you
select date as series type; time unit section
Step 4:Drag over the cells; while dragging, gets enabled)
the generated values will be displayed. AutoFill : To generate a continuous series
of values (1,2,3,…….). When you select
Step 5:Release the mouse pointer. Selected “AutoFill”, Time unit section, End value and
cells will be filled with series of values. Increment text boxes become disabled.

124

Chapter 7.indd 124 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Time Unit: (Enabled only when you select the series type as “Date”

Day : To generate date series day-wise

Weekday : To generate date series weekday-wise
Month : To generate date series month-wise
Year : To generate date series year-wise
Start Value:

• Initial value of the series should be typed

End Value:

• End value of the series should be typed

• If you fail to specify the end value, series will be generated upto the selected cells.

Figure 7.31 Fill series dialog box

• If your selection is less than the specified end value, series will be generated only upto the
selected cells.

Increment:

• It is a middle value between the first and second value of your series. So, the next value
(Third value) of the series will be generated based on this value.

• If you want to generate a decreasing order series, negative value should be specified as an
increment value.

125

Chapter 7.indd 125 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Self Practice:
(i) Generate Even number series from 2 to 20
(ii) Generate a series of 5, 10, 15, 20 ……. upto selected cells.
(iii) Generate a series of 2,4,8,16,……… 2048
(iv) Generate a series of 33, 30, 27 …… upto 3
(v) Assume, today is Friday and generate next 25 Fridays (Date series).

7.8.3 Date Arithmetic:

Manual date calculations can be tricky because you have to keep track of the number
of days in a month. In spreadsheets, date calculations become very simple. Here you can
add a number to a date and arrive at a new date, find the difference between two dates
and use a wide variety of function and formats to get what you want.

For example, enter a date 02/26/2018 in a cell, say A2. Suppose you want to calculate
the date 80 days after this date. To do so, enter the formula, = A2 + 80, in another cell, say
A4.

The date 05/17/18 appears in the cell.

Find out how many days you were born?

• Type today’s date in first cell.

• Type your birth date in second cell.
• Type the following formula in third cell = first_cell_reference – second_cell_
refernce

126

Chapter 7.indd 126 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Part – II Editing and Formatting Worksheet

7.9 Inserting Columns, Rows and Cells

In Calc, Columns, rows and cells can be inserted individually or in groups.

7.9.1 Inserting a Column:

When you insert a new column, it is inserted to the left of the current column. The
location of the cell pointer present, is the Current column. In Calc, you can insert a new
column anywhere in the worksheet.

Step 1: Select the column where a new column should be inserted.

Step 2: Right-click on the selected column name that you have selected. A pop-up menu
appears.

Step 3: click the “Insert Columns” option from the menu.

Now, a new column will be inserted to the left of the current column.

To insert column click

Right Click here

Pop - up Menu appears

Figure 7.32 Insert Column pop-up menu

A new column can also be inserted using Insert → Columns command.

(Refer Figure 7.32)

127

Chapter 7.indd 127 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Click "Insert" menu
Select "columns" option

Figure 7.33 Insert Column menu bar

Practical Practice:
1. Open the spreadsheet which was created in Illustration 1.
2. Insert a new column between column E and F
3. Give the heading as “Eco” and Enter the Economics marks for all the students
4. Insert one more column between the columns, Name and Tamil marks.
5. Give the heading as “Date of Birth” and Enter the date of birth for all the students.
6. Save the changes and close the file.

7.9.2 Inserting Rows

When you insert a new row, it is inserted above the current row. The location of the
cell pointer present is the current row. In Calc, you can insert a new row anywhere in the
worksheet.

Step 1: Select the row where a new row is to be inserted.

Step 2: Right-click on the row number, a pop-up menu appears
Step 3: click “Insert Rows” option from the menu.
Now, a new row will be inserted above the current row.

128

Chapter 7.indd 128 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Right Click here to select the row as well as get popup menu

Select "Insert Rows"

Figure 7.34 Insert Rows popup menu

Insert → Rows command is used to insert a new row. Refer Figure 7.35

Click "Insert" menu

Select "Rows" option

A new "Row"
inserted
above the
selected row

Figure 7.35 Insert Rows menu bar

129

Chapter 7.indd 129 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Self Practice:
1. Open the spreadsheet which was created in Illustration 1.
2. Insert 8 rows one by one, then insert the following student details
3. Save the changes and close the file.

Reg. No Name Date of Birth Tam Eng CS Eco Com Acc

12101 Sarika S 26/05/2001 145 135 145 125 180 196
12102 Jewees Celcya J 11/04/2001 102 165 134 95 180 134
12103 Yuvarani T 27/06/1999 172 130 107 155 162 130
12104 Meharunisha I 30/05/2001 132 146 112 185 192 176
12105 Priya W 07/03/2000 130 172 100 92 162 155
12106 Vijaya Vasavi K 03/06/2001 198 175 149 148 158 135
12107 Deepika B 14/03/2001 120 182 103 144 107 186
12108 Viji V 19/04/2001 137 173 128 148 125 177

7.9.3 Inserting Cells

• To insert a new cell between two existing cells, just right-click on any existing cell
• From the pop-up menu, select “Insert” option Refer Figure 7.36
• The “Insert Cells” dialog box appear with four options
i) Shift cells down ii) Shift cells right iii) Entire row iv) Entire Column
• Any one of the four options is selected.
• Selecting “Shift cells down”, inserts a new cell in the present location and the existing
cells are shifted downwards.
• Selecting “Shift cells right”, inserts a new cell in the present location and the existing
cells are shifted towards right.
• Selecting the “Entire Row” or “Entire Column” option, inserts a new row or a new
column.

Figure 7.36 Insert cells

130

Chapter 7.indd 130 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 7.9.4 Inserting multiple columns or rows
Inserting a new Column or
row is really possible in a
Multiple columns or rows can be inserted
Spreadsheet?
at once rather than inserting one at a time.
All spreadsheets have some
• Select multiple rows or columns for specific number of rows and columns,

insertion. then how can you insert an additional

row or column. Is this possible?
• Follow steps as in 7.9.1 and 7.9.2
Technically this is NOT POSSIBLE.

7.9.5 Inserting Columns, Rows and Cells Additional column, row or

using “Insert Cells” Toolbar even cell cannot be inserted in any
spreadsheet. When you insert a
• Insert Cells floating toolbar is also column or row, the contents within
used to insert cells, rows and columns the column or row will be shifted to
the next column or row. But visually
• Click View → Toolbars → Insert Cell it is felt that a new column or row has
been inserted.
• A tiny floating toolbar appears on the
screen with four icons. Using these 7.10.1 Delete single column or row
icons, you can insert cells, rows and
A single column or row can be
columns. Refer Figure 7.37 deleted by using the mouse:
Insert Rows • Select the column or row to be deleted.

• Choose Edit →Delete Cells from the

Insert menu bar.
Columns
(Or)
Insert cell right
Insert cell down • Right-click on the column or row
header.
Figure 7.37 Insert cell tool bar
• Choose Delete Columns or Delete
Rows from the pop-up menu.
7.10 Deleting columns and rows
7.10.2 Delete multiple columns or rows

A single or multiple columns or Multiple columns or rows can be

rows can be deleted. deleted at a time. Refer Figure 7.38

131

Chapter 7.indd 131 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 • Select the required columns or rows
Deleting Column or Row is
for deletion.
not Possible
• Right-click on the selected columns Same as inserting column or
or row. row, Deleting a column or row is
also not possible. No one can delete
• Choose Delete Columns or Delete any column or row in a spreadsheet.
Rows from the pop-up menu or Edit When you delete a column or row, all
→ Delete Cells. the contents will be removed from
the column or row. Actually, this is
also another kind of deleting contents
Practical Practice: from a column or row.
1. Open the spreadsheet which was
created in Illustration 1.
7.11 Formatting Worksheet
2. Delete the details of any 3
Formatting Data in a cell gives
students. Save the changes and
additional effect to the text. Additional
close the file.
effect includes changing the font style,
font size, automatic wrapping, bold,
underline, italic etc. The data in Calc
can be formatted in several ways. Using
formatting icons can be used.

Selected columns

To Delete Selected
columns; click
here

Figure 7.38 Delete multiple columns

132

Chapter 7.indd 132 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 7.11.1 Text Formatting

Making the cell contents as bold, italics, underlined, changing font style, size,
colour etc., comes under text formatting. All text formatting options are available as icons
in Formatting toolbar learnt in OpenOffice Writer. Figure 7.39(a) Text Formatting Toolbar

Merge
Bold Italic Cells
Moving handle Underline

Styles Font Styles Fond Size Align Justify

Center Align
Figure 7.39(a) Text Formatting Toolbar

Formatting Keyboard Description 7.11.2 Number formatting

Option Shortcut
Number formatting options are
Used to change
Font style
Font style
used to visually change the format of
a numeric content. These formatting
Used to change
Font size
Font size
changes are only for visual as, it does not
change its original value. For example, To
Used to make
Bold Ctrl + B the data as
display a number in currency form use
Bold Number format: Currency.
Used to
Italic Ctrl + I
italicize data
Number format: Currency will be used as
shown Figure 7.39(b).
Used to
Underline Ctrl + U underline the Delete
data Percentage
Decimal
Left Align data
Left Align Ctrl + L
within a cell
Right Align Add
Right Align Ctrl + R data within a Currency
cell
Decimal
Standard
Center the
Center Align Ctrl + E data within a Figure 7.39(b) Formatting toolbar
cell
Number Keyboard
Align the data
Format Shortcuts
evenly both on
Justify Ctrl + J Currency Symbol Ctrl+Shift+4
left and right
side of a cell Percent Ctrl+Shift+5
Makes selected Standard Ctrl+Shift+6
Merge cell cells as a single Add Decimal Place
cell Delete Decimal Place

133

Chapter 7.indd 133 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Practical Practice:
1. Open the spreadsheet which was created in Illustration 1.
2. Align all headings as center and make them bold.
3. Align all Register numbers and marks in center
4. Apply different font styles to the entire worksheet.
5. Save the changes and close the file

Part – III Working with Functions and Chart

= SUM (range 1; range 2; range 3……

7.12 Functions
range n)
If you want to know the sum of the
OpenOffice Calc has more than 350 values in A1, A2, A3, A4 and in A5, Place
functions under 11 categories. Functions your cell pointer in A5 and directly type
are predefined formulae already available the formulae as follows.
with Calc. They are used to perform
several frequently done calculations. = SUM (A1:A4)
Every function has a unique name and While inserting a function the
a prototype. Functions are categorized following points should be kept in mind.
according to their functionality. For
example, the functions such as Sum, 1. A function should begin with an equal
Average, Sin, Cos etc., are categorized as sign.
“Mathematical Functions”. 2. Use proper name for the function to
be used.
7.12.1 Inserting Functions into
Worksheet: 3. Arguments should be given within
the brackets as per the syntax. Each
A function can be inserted by function has a unique argument list.
(i) Direct Insert Method or (ii) Using
4. Press “Enter” key after typing the
Function Wizard method.
function.
7.12.1.1 Direct Insert method: Funciton name
Funciton arguments
If you know the function name and
its syntax, it can be directly typed in any = Sum (A1 : A4)
cell of the worksheet.
Equal First Last
For example, SUM is the most Sign Cell Cell
frequently used function to add a set of
values. The syntax of the SUM ( ) is Figure 7.40 Function Syntax

134

Chapter 7.indd 134 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Self Practice:
1. Open the spreadsheet which was created in Illustration 1.
2. Delete all the formula in Total column.
3. Use SUM function to add all the marks of each student.
4. Save the changes and close the file

7.12.1.2 Using Function Wizard method

A function can be inserted using Function Wizard in Calc. Function Wizard is a

dialog box which provides step-by-step procedure to insert a function. Function wizard
can be invoked by clicking the Function Wizard icon on the Formula bar (or) Insert →
Function (or) Ctrl + F2. Refer Figure 7.41

Function category drop down list box:

Function Wizard has two tabs viz. Functions and Structure. In Functions Tab, the
list of categories is available in Category drop down list box. In Calc, the functions are
categorized into 11 types. They are,
1. Database 2. Date and Time 3. Financial 4. Information
5. Logical 6. Mathematical 7. Array 8. Statistical
9. Spreadsheet 10. Text 11. Add-in

Function Category List box

Function Name
with arguments

Short description
about the Function
List of Functions

Figure 7.41 Function wizard

135

Chapter 7.indd 135 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 If you select any particular category, the About POWER ( ) function:
Functions list box shows the functions
which belongs to the selected category. If POWER ( ) is a function which is
“All” is selected under category all functions used to calculate power of an exponent
in calc is displayed in alphabetical order. value of a number. This function is
Refer Figure 7.42 categorized as a Mathematical function.
Selected Category There are two inputs needed to find the
power value of a number. They are, Base
value and exponent value. For example,
to find the value of 25 to the power of 2
(252) where 25 is the base value, 2 is the
exponent value.
List of Functions

The syntax of POWER( ) is = POWER

(Base ; Exponent)

Both Base and Exponent are

arguments. In Calc, arguments are
separated by a semicolon.

Inserting POWER( ) in a worksheet:

Step 1: In cell A2 type the base value 25

Step 2: In cell B2 type the exponent value

Figure 7.42 Function wizard – Function 2
Category list box
Step 3: Move the cell pointer to C2; in
Function Description
which you want display result.
When you select a function, the
Step 4: Click fx icon from Formula bar
function wizard shows the function name,
syntax and a small description about the (or) choose Insert → Functions
function on the right side of the dialog (or) Press Ctrl + F2.
box. Refer Figure 7.43
Step 5: Pull down category list box, Choose
Inserting a function using Function “Mathematical”
Wizard: (with Cell Reference)
All function under Mathematical
The following steps explains to insert category is displayed in the
POWER( ) function in a cell. “Functions” list box

136

Chapter 7.indd 136 06-01-2023 15:22:30

 Step 6: Scroll the “Functions” list box and select “POWER( )”. The function wizard shows the
description about the selected function on the right corner of the dialog box

Step 7: Click “Next” command button. Now, Function wizard appears as shown in the Figure
7.44.
Selected Category

Function
Name Function
Syntax

Description about
Selected Function
Function
.
Figure 7.43 Function wizard dialog box
Step 8: Click on the cell which is contains the base value (A2).

Now, the minimized wizard shows the cell address you have selected (A2). Refer Figure 7.45

Function button
(Nesting of Functions

Select Cell
button

Select Function

Figure 7.44 Function wizard

137

Chapter 7.indd 137 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Function name in input box Maximize

Shrinked Function wizard

Selected Cell with Function name
Figure 7.45 Function wizard

Step 9: Click “Maximize” button to display full wizard. Now, Function wizard appears as
shown in Figure 7.46

Cell address with

contains Base

Formula for finding

Power

Figure 7.46 Function wizard

Base box shows the cell address which contain base value.

Step 10: Directly type the cell address which contains exponent, in Exponent box; or
repeat steps 7, 8 and 9.

138

Chapter 7.indd 138 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 After entering Base and Exponent cell references, the function wizard appears as shown
in Figure 7.47

Result to the
Function
Base value cell
address

Exponent value cell

address

Formula
Result to the
formula

Figure 7.47 Function wizard

The formula box displays the syntax of the function with input values and Result box
displays the result value.

Step 11: If the result is correct, click “OK” button else click “Back” button to display the
previous page of this wizard.

Inserting a function using Function Wizard: (with direct values)

In the previous example, Cell addresses are used for Base and Exponent values. In Calc,
direct values can be used instead of using cell reference (i.e. cell address) to find the same
result.

In this case, type base and exponent value instead of cell address. Function wizard
displays the result in the current cell. Refer Figure 7.48 shown below.

139

Chapter 7.indd 139 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Vaues typed

Function Formula bar

with values

Result of the function

No more steps
Figure 7.48 Function Wizard (with Direct values)
Self Practice:
1. Open a new worksheet.
2. In cell A1 type as “Value”
3. In cell A2 type as “Square root”
4. In cell B1 type any value
5. In cell B2 insert the function to find the square root of the value in B1
6. After getting square root, change the value in B1, observe changes in result.
7. Use the same function in another sheet directly i.e. without using function wizard.

7.13 Working with Chart

7.13 Working with Chart

One of the most important features of spreadsheet is the ability to create charts
based on numeric data. The charts are used to present data in an easy manner. Creating
charts is the key factor for the of success of spreadsheet. OpenOffice Calc provides a
“chart wizard” to create and manipulate charts.

140

Chapter 7.indd 140 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 7.13.1 Chart Wizard

Chart wizard is used to insert charts in Calc. Chart wizard can be invoked by
clicking “chart” icon from standard toolbar or choosing Insert → Chart command. A
"Chart wizard" appears as shown in Figure 7.49

Chart wizard dialog box has 4 steps viz. (1) Chart type (2) Data Range (3) Data
Series and (4) Chart Elements. The “Next” button is used to move from one step to another
step.

Step 1: Chart type

The first step of “Chart wizard” is used to select Chart type. All available chart
types are listed under the “Choose a chart type” list box. On the right side of the list box
shows style of the selected chart; each chart type has different styles.

Figure 7.49 Chart Wizard – Step 1: Chart type

For example, Column chart has three styles viz. Normal, Stacked and Percent
Stacked. Refer Figure 7.49

"3D Look" check box helps to display the selected chart type in an attractive form.
3D Look is applied only for Column, Bar, Pie and Area chart type. Refer Figure 7.50

Click, “Next” button to move to the second step.

141

Chapter 7.indd 141 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Column Chart 3D Cylinder shape

Chart styles

List of 3D
3D look
shapes
Checkbox

Figure 7.50 Chart Wizard – Step 1: Chart type with 3D Look

Step 2: Data Range

In this step, specify the range of data for which the chart should be created in “Data
range” text box or click “Select data range” button which is at the end of the textbox to minimize
the wizard.

If the user had selected the data before invoking "chart wizard", the selected range will
appear automatically in the textbox as shown in Figure 7.51.

There are two checkboxes used to set the first row or first column or both, as X and Y
axis labels to the chart.

Click "Next" button to move to the third step.

Figure 7.51 Chart Wizard – Step 2: Data Range

142

Chapter 7.indd 142 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Step 3: Data Series
In this step, the user can include the data in the chart. If you don’t want to include
any column, click the column names listed in “Data Series” box and click on “Remove”
button or if you want to add some more columns click “Add” button. Refer Figure 7.52.
This is useful only if you have very specific requirements for data in your chart. Otherwise
simply click “Next” button to move to the last step.

Step 4: Chart Element

This step is used to insert or change titles and legend. In “Title” box, type the title
for the chart, to add a subtitle type it in the “Subtitle” box. Refer Figure 7.53. For example,
A chart for showing the highest mark holder in a class, you may enter as “Highest Mark
holder” as title and “Class XII F” as subtitle.

Figure 7.52 Chart Wizard – Step 3: Data Series

Figure 7.53 Chart Wizard – Step 3: Chart Elements

143

Chapter 7.indd 143 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 User can add or modify the labels of X and Y axis.
To create a chart click “Finish” button.
7.13.2 Demo for creating a chart
Type the following data in a new worksheet as in Figure 7.54. The following steps
is followed to create a chart for the given data.
Step 1 – Select Data:
• Select the data from A1 to F11.
Step 2 – To open the chart wizard:
• Click “Chart” icon from Standard toolbar (or) choose Insert → Chart.
Step 3 – Selecting Chart type and shape: (Refer Figure 7.55)

Figure 7.54 Rainfall (in mm) data of ten districts in 2010

Figure 7.55 Chart Wizard – Step 1 Chart Type

144

Chapter 7.indd 144 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 • Select “Chart type” as Column and style as Normal
• Check “3D Look” and click “Cylinder shape”

• Click “Next” button.

• If the user wants change any other type or shape, click on the style image. Preview
of the chart is displayed on the background of the chart wizard. So, you can view the
chart at every stage of design.

Step 4 – Defining Data range: (Refer Figure 7.56)

• In this case, the data has been selected earlier. So, the selected data range is displayed
in the “Data range” box.

• Other settings are by default. Click “Next” to move to step 5.

Figure 7.56 Chart Wizard – Step 2 Data Range

Step 5 – Adding or Removing Data series: (Refer Figure 7.57)

• “Data Series” list box shows all the columns to be included in the chart.

• Click on the “Total” in the data series box and click “Remove” button to remove the
column.

• If you don’t want to add or remove anyother column click “Next” button to move to
the last step.

145

Chapter 7.indd 145 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Figure 7.57 Chart Wizard – Step 3 Data Series

Step 6 – Adding Title, Subtitle, Name of X and Y axis: (Refer Figure 7.58)

• Type the title and subtitle of the chart in “Title” and “Subtitle” box

• Type the name of the X and Y-axis in the respective boxes.

• The Display legend text box is selected to the right which is the default.

• Click “Finish” button.

Now the chart will be displayed as in Figure 7.59.

7.13.3 Editing Chart elements:

After inserting a chart any element of the chart can be modified. To modify the
element

(i) Double click on the element

(ii) Right click on the selected element

(iii) Select Format from the popup menu.

For example, To change the display pattern of the X-axis, double-click on the X-axis
and then right-click on it. A pop-up menu appears as shown in the Figure 7.60.

• In this popup menu, click “Format Axis…” option.

146

Chapter 7.indd 146 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Figure 7.58 Chart Wizard – Step 4 Chart Elements

Now the chart will be displayed as given below

Rain Fall Details

During 2010
600

500
RainFall in mm

400 Sep
Oct
300
Nov
200 Dec
100
0
Coimbatore Dharmapuri Kanchipuram Theni Tiruvallur
Chennai Cuddalore Erode Madurai Tirunelveli
District

Figure 7.59 Chart

147

Chapter 7.indd 147 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Rain Fall Details
During 2010
1200
1000 Sep
800 Oct
RainFall in mm 600 Nov
400 Dec
Dec
200
0
Coimbatore Dharmapuri Kanchipuram Theni Tiruvallur
Chennai Cuddalore Erode
Districts

Figure 7.60 Chart element formatting pop-up menu

• Now, a Format Axis dialog box appears as shown in Figure 7.61

Figure 7.61 Chart Element Properties dialog box

148

Chapter 7.indd 148 06-01-2023 15:22:31

 Rain Fall Details
During 2010
1200
Rain Fall in mm

1000
800 Sep
600 Oct
400 Nov
200 Dec
0 Total
Madurai
Kanchipuram
Coimbatore

Dharmapuri
Chennai

Tiruvallur
Cuddalore

Erode

Theni

Tirunelveli
Districts
Figure 7.62 Completed Chart
Select “Label” tab.
• In Text Orientation spinbox, type as 90 degree or click and drag the Text direction animated
handle.
• Click “OK” button.
• Now, the chart will be as in Figure 7.62

Self Practice:
1. Open the spreadsheet which was created in Illustration 1.
2. Create a column chart with 3D “cone” shape showing the total marks of all students.

149

Chapter 7.indd 149 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Part – IV Sorting Filtering and Page setup

7.14 Advanced data analysis tools

A spreadsheet is a “Flat file database”. Thus, database operations such as sorting, filtering
can be done on spreadsheet. The “Data” menu of OpenOffice calc provides maximum data
analysis tools such as sorting, filtering, validation etc., In this part, the sorting and filtering
feature is to be learnt.

7.14.1 Database

A database is a repository of collections of related data or facts. It arranges them in a

specific structure. The table given below contains details of students in a class.

Comm
Sl. Class Group Student Name Gender Date of Date of Religion
No Code Birth Birth

1 XII - F1 302 GANDHIMATHI N F SC 02/10/2000 H

2 XII - H2 402 SANDHIYA D F SC 19/08/2000 H
3 XII - H2 402 SUMATHI P F BC 06/09/1999 H
4 XII - F1 302 JAYASREE J F BC 09/06/2001 H
5 XII - H1 402 JOTHIKA A F SC 07/04/2001 H
6 XII - H2 402 RAMYA T F MBC 23/11/2000 H
7 XII - F1 302 KOWSALYA T F SC 14/12/2000 H
8 XII - F1 302 ASHA A P F SCA 14/09/2000 H
9 XII - A 102 VENNILA T P F BC 14/02/2000 H
10 XII - F2 302 SANGEETHA G F MBC 14/01/2000 H

Table 7.14.1 Student Database

The entire collection or related data in one table is referred to as a File or a Table.
Each row in a table represents a Record, which is a set of data for each database entry.
Each table column represents a Field, which groups each piece or item of data among the
records into specific categories. (Refer Figure 7.63)

7.14.2 Sorting:

Sorting is the process of arranging data in ascending or descending order. There are
three types of sorting in OpenOffice Calc. They are,

150

Chapter 7.indd 150 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 (1) Simple Sorting

(2) Multi Sorting

(3) Sort by selection

(1) Simple Sorting

Arranging data using single column is known as simple sorting. For sorting the
data, calc provide two icons on the standard tool bar viz. (1) Sort Ascending (2) Sort
Descending.

• Sort Ascending – Arrange data in alphabetical order (A to Z / Small to Large)

• Sort Descending – Arrange data in reverse order (Z to A / Large to Small)

Field

Record

Figure 7.63 Spreadsheet Data Table

Sorting data

Step 1: Place cell pointer in the field (column) to be sorted

Step 2: Click Sort Ascending or Sort Descending icon

151

Chapter 7.indd 151 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 OpenOffice Calc, sorts the data of selected column and its corresponding values
present in other columns are also arranged simultaneously. Refer Figure 7.65

Sort Ascending Sort Descending

Figure 7.64 Standard Tool Bar with Sort Ascending / Descending

Click "Sort Ascending" icon to arrange ascending order

Place the Cell pointer

anywhere in name column

Figure 7.65 Sort Ascending

(2) Multi Sorting

Sorting data based on more than one field (column) is known as multi sorting. For
example, the worksheet containing data of 20 students belongs to different groups and
classes. To rearrange this data alphabetically by name and group code, multi sorting is
used. Refer Figure 7.66.

152

Chapter 7.indd 152 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Multi-sorting data
Step 1: Select Data → Sort

Figure 7.66 Multi-sorting

The names are arranged in Ascending order According to names, other data
also rearranged

Step 2: Sort dialog box appears. (Refer Figure 7.67)

Step 3: Select the field name (Student name) in which you want to sort from the “sort
by” dropdown list box and then choose order of sorting i.e. Ascending or
Descending. Ascending is the default selection.

Step 4: Select another field name (Group Code) from the “Then by” dropdown list box
and choose the order of sorting to this column.

Step 5: Click “OK” button.

In OpenOffice Calc, multi sort can be done only for three fields.

153

Chapter 7.indd 153 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Select First column in which Select order of
the data arranged first arrangement

The selected the second and third column in which the

data to be arrange based on the first column

Fainally Click
"Ok"

Figure 7.67 Multi-sorting dialog box

(3) Sort by selection

In Calc sorting can be done on selected range. But this kind of sorting is generally not
recommended, because the other relevant data are also not sorted. Therefore, OpenOffice
Calc displays a warning message for this type of sorting. Refer Figure 7.68.

Sorting data by selection:

Step 1: Select any particular field in which you want to sort.
Step 2: Click required Sort icon from standard tool bar or Data → Sort command.
Calc, displays a “Sort Range” warning message as shown in the Figure 7.68
“Sort Range” message box has two options, viz. (1) Extend selection (2) Current
selection.
Step 3: “Extend Selection” – Sort all the data based on the selection.
“Current Selection” – Sort only the selected range of data, remaining data are not
sorted.

154

Chapter 7.indd 154 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 7.14.3 Filtering

Filter is a way of limiting the information that appears on screen. Filters are a feature for
displaying and browsing a selected list or subset of data from a worksheet. The visible
records satisfy the condition that the user sets. Those that do not satisfy the condition are
hidden, but not removed.

Figure 7.68 Sort by selection

OpenOffice Calc allows three types of filters. They are AutoFilter, Standard Filter
and Advanced Filter.

(1) Auto Filter:

Auto Filter applies a drop-down list box to each field (columns) filled with similar
data available in that field. Using the list box item, you can filter the data that matches the
criteria of the data concerned.
Using Auto Filter:

• Click Auto Filter icon available on the “Standard tool bar” (or)
click Data → Filter → Auto Filter

155

Chapter 7.indd 155 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 • The list box contains similar data in the fields. Refer Figure 7.69 and 7.70
• Each list box item will be considered as filter criteria.
Drop down list box

Figure 7.69 Spreadsheet table with Auto Filter

Figure 7.70 Auto Filter dropdown list box

• Select the data item from the list box. Now, Calc shows only the records which are
satisfy the selected criteria.

Example:

If you want to apply an auto filter to the contents of the table 7.14.1, follow the
following two steps

Step 1: Place cell pointer anywhere in the table

Step 2: Click Auto Filter icon available on the “Standard tool bar” (or) Click Data →
Filter → Auto Filter

In the above table, if you want to view only the students belongs to the Group code 402;

• Click the dropdown list box’s drop arrow (a tiny triangle) to get the filter criteria.
(Refer Figure 7.70)

156

Chapter 7.indd 156 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 • Select group code 402 from the list

• The spreadsheet displays only the student’s details those who are studing in group
code 402 (Refer Figure 7.71) and the remaining details are hidden.

Figure 7.71 Filtered details

Figure 7.72 Standard Filter dialog box

Removing Auto Filter:

• To remove auto filter, click “Auto filter” icon once again .

• The original table is displayed without filter.
(2) Standard Filter: Auto filter is used only for single criteria on a data, whereas the
Standard filter is used for multiple critieria to filter.
Step 1:
• Select Data → Filter → Standard Filter.

157

Chapter 7.indd 157 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 • Now, the entire data is selected and Step 1: Select Data →Filter → Standard
"Standard Filter" dialog box dispalys Filter
as shown in Figure 7.73.
• Now, “Standard Filter” dialog box
Step 2: appears as in Figure 7.73
• Select the column heading from the Step 2: In “Standard Filter” dialog box,
“Field name” list box for first criteria. select the first criteria;
• Select conditional opeator such as >, • Select Field name as Group code
<, = etc., from “Condition” list box.
• Select Condition as =
• Type or select the value of critera in
• Type or select Value as 402
the “Value” box.
Step 3: To select the second criteria;
Step 3:
• Select Operator as “AND”
• Select the one of the logical operator
(And / Or) from “Operator” list box • Select Field name as Class
to fix second criteria.
• Select Condition as =
• Follow the step 2, for the next criteria.
• Type or select Value as XII- H2
Step 4:
• Click “OK” to finish.
Example for Standard filter:
If you want to filter the records of “BC”
students of group code 402 from the
table 7.14.1

Figure 7.73 Standard Filter

158

Chapter 7.indd 158 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Step 4: Click “OK”
• Now, the table displays only the recods which match the given two criterias. Refer
Figure 7.74.
Remove Standard Filter:

• Select Data → Filter → Remove Filter

Figure 7.74 Class XII student of group 402

Figure 7.75 Page Style dialog box

159

Chapter 7.indd 159 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 7.15 Setting the page size, Orientation and Margins

• To set page size, select Format → Page

• Page style dialog box will appear as shown in figure 7.75.

• “Page” tab is used to change page size, orientation and margin

• “Header” tab is used to create header

• “Footer” tab is used to create footer

Workshop 1

1. Create a worksheet with following data

Emp.
Name of Emp. Basic DA HRA CCA MA GPF IT HF
No
1001 Manivannan M 25500 600 300 250
1002 Kannan K 20200 600 300 250

1003 Gowrishankar N V 24300 600 300 250

1004 Lenin K 23400 600 300 250
%15 of Basic and DA

1005 Suryanarayanan T 24100 600 300 250

25 % of Basic

12 % of Basic

%10 of Gross

1006 Ramesh K 18500 600 300 250

1007 Govindasami A 13200 600 300 250
1008 Kannan S 20250 600 300 250
1009 Penchil Rao K 28300 600 300 250
1010 Logeswaran M 30200 600 300 250
1011 Arumugam E 12000 600 300 250
1012 Vasu G N 25000 600 300 250

Based on the above data,

(1) Calculate the Gross Salary, Total Deductions and Net Salary

(2) Insert “IT Cess” column and calcualte 3% of cess to all employees

160

Chapter 7.indd 160 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 7.15
(3) Setting therecords
Delete the page size, Orientation and
of “Govindasami” andMargins
“Arumugam”.

•(4) To set page

Insert four size,
new select enter→the
Format
rows and Page
following employee details.

•(5) Page style dialoge

Calculate box
the Total will appears
amount of GPF,asIT
shown in figure 7.75.
and Cess

• “Page” tab is used to change page size, orientation and margin

Emp. No Name of Emp. Basic DA HRA CCA MA GPF IT HF
• 2001
“Header”Murali
tab is G 24750
used to create header
2002 Munirathnam A 23550
• “Footer” tab is used to create footer
2003 Ramakrishnan V G 25500
2004 Srinivasan R 27500
Workshop 1
Workshop: 2
1. Create a worksheet with following data
1. Create a new worksheet in OpenOffice Calc.
Emp.
Name of Emp. Basic DA HRA CCA MA GPF IT HF
No the following stock and sales details of “Chennai whole sale Marketing Pvt.
2. Enter
Ltd.” during
1001 the monthMof Jan-2018.
Manivannan 25500 600 300 250
1002 Kannan K 20200 600 300 250

Amount of Sale
Product Name

Opening stock

Closing Stock
Sales in units
Weight (gm)

12 % of BasicSelling price
Amount of
Cost price

1003 Gowrishankar N V 24300 600 300 250

Discount

Discount
Rate of
Code

1004 Lenin K 23400 600 300 250

%15 of Basic and DA

1005 Suryanarayanan T 24100 600 300 250

25 % of Basic

%10 of Gross
1006100 Ramesh K
Marie Gold 18500345
120 15 147 6005% 300 250
1007101 Govindasami
Milk Bikis A 85 106
13200 10 63 6005% 300 250
1008102 Kannan
Dark Fantasy
S 75 147
20250 25 43
6003% 300 250
103 Nutri Choice 250 98 50 12 10%
1009104 Penchil Rao K
Lays potato chips
28300
52 172 15 152
6004% 300 250
1010105 Logeswaran
Oreo M 120
30200112 25 85 6006% 300 250
1011 Arumugam E 12000 600 300 250
3. Calculate the following using formula or function
1012 Vasu G N 25000 600 300 250
(i) Amount of Discount, Selling price and Amount of sales for each product
Based on the above data,
(ii) Total amount of discount and Sales of the month
(1) Calculate the Gross Salary, Total Deductions and Net Salary
(iii) Closing stock of each product
(2) Insert “IT Cess” column and calcualte 3% of cess to all employees
4. Draw a Pie chart to show the highest selling product.

161

Chapter 7.indd 161 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Workshop: 3

1. Create a worksheet in OpenOffice Calc.

2. Enter the following details of loan sanctioned during the month of January 2018 of
“Tamil Finance Corporation”.

Duration of Loan
Amount of Loan
AC No Emp. No

Rate of Interest
Loan Sanction

Total Amount
Interest (Rs)

Due date
Name

2001 Senthil 250000 02/01/2018 date 120 days 9.5%

2002 Kumar 175000 15/01/2018 150 days 9.5%
2003 Ibrahim 550000 16/01/2018 140 days 10.5%
2004 Valli 375000 21/01/2018 210 days 10%
2005 Charles 450000 28/01/2018 130 days 10.5%

3. Create the formula to calculate

(i) Interest, Total amount and due date.

(ii) Grass total of amount of loan, interest and total amount.

4. Insert 5 new rows between Kumar and Ibrahim and include the following details
Duration of Loan
Amount of Loan

Rate of Interest
Loan Sanction

Total Amount
Interest (Rs)

Due date
AC No

Name

date

3001 Pari 250000 03/02/2018 125 days 9.5% 5%

3002 Arul 375000 07/02/2018 155 days 9.5% 5%
3003 Raman 350000 10/02/2018 130 days 10.5% 3%
3004 Givind 450000 10/02/2018 100 days 10% 10%
3005 Zeenath 800000 26/02/2018 90 days 10% 4%

162

Chapter 7.indd 162 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Points to Remember:

• Spreadsheet is a very useful office automation tool for organization, analysis

and storage of data in a tabular form.

• Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston developed the first spreadsheet software
called “VisiCalc” in 1979 for Apple II.

• OpenOffice Calc is a popular open source spreadsheet application software

presently maintained by Apache Foundation.

• A worksheet is a grid of cells with a programmable calculator attached to each

cell.

• OpenOffice Calc version 4.1.5 contains a total of 1024 columns and 10,48,576
rows.

• Intersection of every row and column makes a box which is called as “Cell”.

• Cell pointer is a rectangle element which can be moved around the worksheet.

• The cell in which the cell pointer is currently located is known as “Active cell”.

• All formula should start with an equal sign.

• There are four types operators supported by calc.

• The charts are used to present numerical data in an easy manner.

W
o
Activity

Student Activity

1. Based on the concept of calculation using formula / functions, make the students to
create various worksheet data.

2. Make the students prepare Charts and manipulate data using sorting and filtering
features.

Teacher Activity

1. To show the demo of working with spread sheets using simple example in class room.

163

Chapter 7.indd 163 06-01-2023 15:22:32

 Evaluation
Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. Which is the first electronic spreadsheet?

(A)Excel (B) Lotus 1-2-3

(C) Visicalc (D) OpenOffice Calc

2. Which of the following applications was the parent to OpenOffice Calc?

(A)Visicalc (B) LibreCalc

(C) Lotus 123 (D) StarOffice Calc

3. Grid of cells with a programmable calculator:

(A)Spreadsheet (B) Database

(C) Word processor (D) Linux

4. A column heading in Calc is represented using

(A)Number (B) Symbol

(C) Date (D) Alphabet

5. Which key is used to move the cell pointer in the forward direction within the worksheet?

(A)Enter (B) Tab

(C) Shift + Tab (D) Delete

6. A formula in calc may begin with

(A) = (B) +

(C) - (D) All the above

7. What will be the result from the following formula (Assume A1=5, B2=2)? + A1^B2

(A) 7 (B) 25

(C) 10 (D) 52

164

Chapter 7.indd 164 06-01-2023 15:22:33

 8. What will be the result from the following expression (Assume H1=12, H2=12)? =
H1<>H2

(A) True (B) False

(C) 24 (D) 1212

9. Which of the following symbol is used to make a cell address as an absolute reference?

(A) + (B) %

(C) & (D) $

10. Which of the following key combinations is used to increase the width of the current
column?
(A)Alt + Right arrow (B) Ctrl + Right arrow
(B)Alt + Left arrow (D) Ctrl + Left arrow
Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. What are the types of toolbars available in OpenOffice calc?

2. What is a Cell pointer?

3. Write about the text operator in OpenOffice Calc.

4. Write the general syntax of constructing a formula in Calc.

5. What are the keyboard shortcuts to cut, copy and paste?

6. Can you edit the contents of a cell? If yes, explain any one of the method of editing the
cell content.

7. What are the options available in “Insert Cells” dialog box?

8. Match the following

A B
(a) Cut, Copy and Paste (1) Absolute Cell
(b) Cell pointer (2) Status bar
(c) Selection Mode (3) Standard Toolbar
(d) $A5$ (4) Active cell

9. Define the following (i) Text Operator (ii) Rows and Columns of spreadsheet

165

Chapter 7.indd 165 06-01-2023 15:22:33

 10. Differentiate between Copy -Paste and Cut-Paste

Part-III
Short Answers
1. Write a short note on OpenOffice Calc.

2. Write about inserting columns and rows in Calc.

3. Differentiate Deleting data using Backspace and Delete

4. Write any three formatting options.

5. In cell A1=34 A2=65 A3=89 write the forumla to find the average.

Part-IV
Explain in Detail
1. Explain about changing the column width in Calc.

2. Write the steps to generate the following series. 5, 10, 20 ….. 2560

3. Read the following table

A B C D E
1 Year Chennai Madurai Tiruchi Coimbatore
2 2012 1500 1250 1000 500
3 2013 1600 1000 950 350
4 2014 1900 1320 750 300
5 2015 1850 1415 820 200
6 2016 1950 1240 920 250

Above table shows the sales figures for “Air Cooler” sold in four major cities of Tamilnadu
from the year 2012 to 2016. Based on this data, write the formula to calculate the following.

(1) Total sales in the year 2015.

(2) Total sales in Coimbatore from 2012 to 2016.

(3) Total sales in Madurai and Tiruchi during 2015 and 2016.

(4) Average sales in Chennai from 2012 to 2016

(5) In 2016, how many “Air Coolers” are sold in Chennai compared to Coimbatore?

166

Chapter 7.indd 166 06-01-2023 15:22:33

 Spreadsheet Sheet of paper that shows accounting or other data
in rows and columns

What-if analysis It is a process of changing the values in a cell to see

how those changes will affect output.

VisiCalc The first electronic spreadsheet application

GUI Graphical User Interface

Excel Familiar spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft

Corporation.

Cell Intersection of rows and column

Cell Pointer A rectangular box, highlighting the cell in a spreadsheet.

Active cell A cell in which the cell pointer is presently located.

Formula A formula is an expression that performs mathematical

operation on specific data.

Operator A symbol that usually represents an action or process

Range Group / Collection of cells

BODMAS Rule Order of mathematical calculation:

Brackets - Orders (powers or square roots) - Division –
Multiplication – Addition - Subtraction.

Drag fill handle A small black box at the bottom right corner of the cell pointer.

Function Predefined formula / A group of instructions to return a single

result or a set of results.

Chart Graphical representation of data.

Database A large quantity of indexed digital information.

Flat file database Single table, non relative database

167

Chapter 7.indd 167 06-01-2023 15:22:33

 Annexure 2

Sl. Function Description Syntax

No

1 Averageif Averages the arguments that meet the Average (range; criteria;
condition average_range)

2 Celling Rounds a number up to the nearest Celling (number; significance;

multiple of significance [mode])

3 Countif Count the argument which meet the Countif (range; criteria)
set conditions

4 Fact Calculates the factorial of a number. Fact (number)

5 Floor Rounds number down to the nearest Floor (number1; number2)

multiple of significance

6 Product Multiples the arguments Product (number1; number2)

7 Quotient Returns the integer portion of a Quotient (numerator;

division denominator)

8 Round Rounds a number to a predefined Round (number; count)

accuracy

9 SQRT Returns the square root of a number SQRT (number)

10 Sum Returns the sum of all arguments Sum (number1; number2;….)

11 Sumif Totals the arguments that meet the Sumif (range; criteria; sum-
condition range)

12 Sumsq Returns the sum of the squares of the Sumsq (number1; number2;…)
arguments

13 DB Returns the real depreciation of an Db (cost; salvage; life;

asset for a specified period using the period;[month])
fixed-declining balance method

14 N Converts a value to a number N (value)

15 Date Provides an internal for the date Date (year; month; day)
given

168

Chapter 7.indd 168 06-01-2023 15:22:33

 16 Days Calculates the number of days Days (date2; date1)
between two dates

17 Days360 Calculates the number of days Days360 (date1; date;[type])

between two dates based on a 360
days year

18 Average Returns the average of a sample Average (number1;

number2;…)

19 Count Counts how many numbers are there Count (value1; value2;…)
in the list of arguments

20 Concatenate Combines several text items into one Concatenate (text1; text2;..)

21 Len Calculates length of a string Len (text)

22 Lower Converts text to lower case Lower (text)

23 Mid Returns a partial text string of a text Mid (text; start; number)

24 Proper Capitalizes the first letters in all Proper (text)

words

25 Upper Converts text to upper case Upper (text)

169

Chapter 7.indd 169 06-01-2023 15:22:33

 Unit II Office Automation Tools CHAPTER
8
Presentation Basics

Learning Objectives 8.1 Presentation Software - Meaning

After learning this chapter, the students will • A presentation software is a computer
be able to software package used to show
information, in the form of a slide
• Know the open source presentation show.
s oft w a re
It includes three major functions:
• explore opening a new presentation
using Impress • an editor that allows the text to be
inserted and formatted,
• create a new presentation using various
ways using Impress • a method for inserting and
manipulating graphic images and
• Know parts of the main Impress
Window • a slide-show system to display the
content.
• differentiate five sections of Task pane
• Presentation software is used to create
• explain Window elements of Impress presentations, quizzes, e-learning
packages and multimedia products.
• differentiate various views in Workspace
• Most presentation software packages
• explore drawing Objects & inserting will create your multimedia product
OLE using a series of slides.
• draw freeform shapes • Text, images, video, animations, links
and sound can be combined on each
• rotate Objects
slide to create a final product.
• create animation in slides/objects
The most commonly known
presentation programs are OpenOffice.
org Impress, Microsoft PowerPoint and
Apple's Keynote. In this chapter, we are
going to explore on OpenOffice.org’s
presentation Software Impress.

170

Chapter 8.indd 170 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 8.2. Impress

Impress is OpenOffice
org’s presentations (slide show)
module. You can create slides
using Impress. It contains
different elements like text,
bulleted and numbered lists,
tables, charts, clip art and a range
of graphic objects. Impress has
access to the spelling checker
and thesaurus. Also, it comes
with pre-packaged text styles,
background styles with online
help.

8.3. Opening a new presentation

You can start Impress in several Figure 8.1 – Opening Impress using Start button
ways: (using All Programs)

• In order to open Impress

using Start button, click
Start button and select All
Programs → Open Office
→ OpenOffice Impress.
(Figure 8.1)

• If it is already pinned in the

Start menu, just click and
open it. (Figure 8.2)

8.4. Creating a new presentation

You can create a presentation

by any one of the following
methods.

1. By selecting an Empty
presentation

2. By selecting From template

Figure 8.2 – Opening Impress using Start button

171

Chapter 8.indd 171 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 3. By selecting from Open 3. Choose a design under Select a slide
existing presentation design. The slide design section gives
8.4.1. Using Empty presentation you two main choices: Presentation
1. Select Empty presentation under Type. Backgrounds and Presentations.
It creates a presentation from scratch.
4. Each one has a list of choices for slide
2. Click Next. The Presentation Wizard
step 2 appears. Figure 8.4 shows the designs. If you want to use one of these
Wizard. other than the <Original>, click it to

Figure 8.3 – Using the Presentation Wizard to choose the type of presentation

Figure 8.4 Wizard showing the main choices

172

Chapter 8.indd 172 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 select it. The preview of the same will be for computer screen display, so select
shown in the preview pane. Screen option. (Figure 8.6).
5. <Original> is an empty background.
You can also select among three 8. Click Next. The Presentation Wizard
predefined Presentations: <Original>, step 3 appears (Figure 8.7). In this
Introducing a New Product, and step, you can choose the desired slide
Recommendation of a Strategy. transition from the Effect drop-down
(Figure 8.6).
menu. Select the desired speed for
6. Click an item to see a preview of the the transition between the different
slide design in the Preview window. slides in the presentation from the
Speed drop-down menu. Medium is
7. Select how the presentation will be
used under Select an output medium. a good choice. Click Create. A new
Generally, presentations are created presentation is created. (Figure 8.8)

Figure 8.5 Selecting a slide design using Presentation Backgrounds

173

Chapter 8.indd 173 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 Figure 8.6 Selecting a slide design using Presentations

Figure 8.7 Selecting a slide transition effect

174

Chapter 8.indd 174 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 8.4.2. Using Template Choose the template that you want.
(Figure 8.9).
• If you choose the option From
template, it uses a template design • Introducing a New Product and
already created as the basis for a new Recommendation of a Strategy are
presentation. The wizard changes pre-packaged presentation templates.
to show a list of available templates.

Figure 8.8 New presentation

Figure 8.9 Opening a new presentation using From template option

175

Chapter 8.indd 175 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 8.4.3. Using Open existing presentation • You have to open a presentation
already prepared by clicking Open
• If you choose the option Open existing button. The wizard changes to show
presentation, it helps in continuing a list of existing presentations, from
the work on a previously created which you can choose the one that
presentation. you want. (Figure 8.10).

Figure 8.10 Opening a new presentation using Open existing presentation option

Figure 8.11 Opening a new presentation using New icon

176

Chapter 8.indd 176 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 Tip Notes toolbar and select Presentation from
First Spreadsheet the drop-down menu (Figure 8.11).

• If you do not want the wizard 3. Or else, choose File → New →

to start every time you start Presentation. (Figure 8.12).
Impress, select the Do not show
this wizard again checkbox. 8.5. Parts of the main Impress window
• Leave the Preview checkbox
The main Impress window (Figure
selected, so templates, slide
8.13) has three parts: the Slides pane,
designs, and slide transitions
the Workspace and the Task pane.
appear in the preview box as
Additionally, several toolbars can
you choose them.
be displayed or hidden during the
creation of a presentation.
Various ways of Starting Impress:
Tip Notes
You can start Impress in various ways. You can remove the Slides pane or
Tasks pane from view by clicking
1. You can select the presentation from
the Close (X) option in the upper
the system menu or the OpenOffice.
right corner. You can also show or
org Quickstarter.
hide these panes using View → Slide
2. Or you can click the triangle to the Pane or View → Task Pane/Side bar.
right of the New icon on the main

Figure 8.12 Opening a new presentation using File menu

177

Chapter 8.indd 177 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 Figure 8.13 Main window of Impress

8.5.1. Slides pane • Rename a slide.

• The Slides pane contains thumbnail • Copy or move the contents of one
pictures of the slides in your presentation, slide to another (copy and paste, or
in the order of our insertion of slides. cut and paste, respectively).

• Clicking a slide in this pane selects it It is also possible to perform the

and places it in the Workspace. While following operations, other than using the
it is there, you can apply any changes Slides pane.
that are desired to that particular • Change the slide transition following
slide. the selected slide or after each slide in
a group of slides.
Several additional operations can
be performed on one or more slides in the • Change the sequence of slides in the
Slides pane: presentation.

• Add new slides at any place within the • Change the slide design. (A window
presentation after the first slide. opens allowing you to load your own
design.)
• Mark a slide as hidden so that it will
not be shown as part of the slide show. • Change slide layout for a group of
slides simultaneously. (This requires
• Delete a slide from the presentation if using the Layouts section of the Tasks
it is no longer needed. pane.)

178

Chapter 8.indd 178 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 8.5.2. Tasks pane 8.5.2.2. Layout

The Tasks pane has five sections: Pre-packaged layouts are shown.
You can choose the one that you want,
8.5.2.1. Master Pages use it as it is or modify it to suit your own
requirements. At present, it is not possible
You define the page style for your to create custom layouts. (Figure 8.15)
presentation using Master Pages. Impress
contains pre-packaged Master Pages (slide
masters). One of them by default is blank,
and the rest have a specific background.
(Figure 8.14)

Figure 8.15 Layout

8.5.2.3. Table Design

Standard table styles are provided

in this pane. You can further modify the
appearance of a table with the selections to
show or hide specific rows and columns,
or to apply a banded appearance to the
rows and columns. (Figure 8.16)
Figure 8.14 Master Pages

179

Chapter 8.indd 179 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 8.5.2.4. Custom Animation

A variety of animations for

selected elements of a slide are listed
here. Animation can be added to selected
elements of a slide and it can also be
changed or removed later. (Figure 8.17)

8.5.2.5. Slide Transition

Transitions are available, including

No Transition. You can select the
transition speed (slow, medium, fast). You
can also choose between an automatic or
manual transition, and how long you want
the selected slide to be shown (automatic
transition only). (Figure 8.18)

Figure 8.16 Table Design

Figure 8.18 Slide Transition

Figure 8.17 Custom Animation

180

Chapter 8.indd 180 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 8.6. Window elements of Impress statistics about the file that you are
viewing. It is a good practice to check the
Figure 8.19 shows the elements information shown there. In case you do
of the Impress Window Open source not need the information in the Status
application. Bar, you can hide it by selecting View →
Status Bar from the main menu.
The window elements of Impress
include Title Bar, Menu Bar, Tool Bar, 8.6.3. Navigator
Ruler Bar and the Scroll Bar which are
similar to the elements in Open Office The Navigator (Figure 8.20) displays
writer. all objects contained in a document. It
provides another convenient way to move
8.6.1. View Buttons: around a document and find items in it.
The Navigator button is located on the
The Workspace has five tabs: Standard toolbar. You can also display the
Normal, Outline, Notes, Handout, and Navigator by choosing Edit → Navigator
Slide Sorter, as seen in Figure 8.19. These on the menu bar or pressing Ctrl+Shift+F5.
five tabs are called View Buttons.
The Navigator is more useful if you
8.6.2. Status Bar: give your objects (pictures, spreadsheets,
and so on) meaningful names, instead of
Status Bar is present at the bottom
leaving them as the default “Object 1” and
of your window, which gives you some
“Picture 1” as shown in Figure 8.20.
Menu Bar Tool Bar

View Button

Scroll Bar

Figure 8.19 Window elements of Impress

181

Chapter 8.indd 181 06-01-2023 15:23:04

 you assemble the various parts of your
selected slide. Each view is designed to
ease the completion of certain tasks.

Normal view is the main view for

creating individual slides. Use this view to
format and design slides and to add text,
graphics and animation effects.

Outline view shows topic titles,

bulleted lists and numbered lists for each
slide in outline format. Use this view to
rearrange the order of slides, edit titles
and headings, rearrange the order of items
in a list and add new slides.

Notes view lets you add notes to each

slide that are not seen when the presentation
is shown.

Slide Sorter view shows a

thumbnail of each slide in order. Use
this view to rearrange the order of slides,
produce a timed slide show, or add
transitions between selected slides.

Handout view lets you print your

slides for a handout. You can choose one,
two, three, four, or six slides per page from
Figure 8.20 Navigator Tasks pane → Layouts. Thumbnails can
be re-arranged in this view by dragging
8.7. Workspace
and dropping them.
The Workspace has five tabs:
8.7.1. Normal view
Normal, Outline, Notes, Handout and
Slide Sorter, as seen in Figure 8.19. These There are two ways to place a slide
five tabs are called View Buttons. There in the Slide Design area of the Normal
are many toolbars that can be used during view: clicking the slide thumbnail in the
the slide creation; they are revealed by Slides pane or using the Navigator.
selecting them with View → Toolbars.
To open the Navigator, click the
The actual Workspace section is Navigator button in the Standard Toolbar
below the View Buttons. This is where or press Ctrl+Shift+F5 and select a slide

182

Chapter 8.indd 182 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 by scrolling down the Navigator list until or Move Down) on the Text Formatting
you find the one that you want and then toolbar.
double-click it. (Figure 8.21)
Change the outline level for any of
8.7.2. Outline view the paragraphs in a slide using the left and
right arrow buttons (Promote or Demote).
Outline view contains all the slides
of the presentation in their numbered Both move a paragraph and change
sequence. Only the text in each slide is its outline level using a combination of
shown. Slide names are not included. these four arrow buttons.

Outline view serves for two purposes. 2) Comparing the slides with your
outline (if you have prepared one in
1) Making changes in the text of a slide: advance). If you notice from your outline
that another slide is needed, you can create
• Add or delete text in a slide just as it directly in the Outline view or you can
in the Normal view. return to the Normal view to create it,
then return to review all the slides against
• Move the paragraphs of text in the
your outline in the Outline view.
selected slide up or down by using the
up and down arrow buttons (Move Up

Figure 8.21 Presentation in Normal view

183

Chapter 8.indd 183 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 If a slide is not in the correct 8.7.3. Notes view
sequence, you can move it to its proper Use the Notes view to add notes to a slide:
place:
1) Click the Notes tab in the Workspace
a) Click the slide icon of the slide that (Figure 8.23).
you wish to move, as indicated in
Figure 8.22. 2) Select the slide to which you will add
notes.
b) Drag and drop it where you want.

Figure 8.22 Presentation in Outline view

Figure 8.23 Presentation in Notes view

184

Chapter 8.indd 184 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 • Double-click the slide in the Slide pane, Change the number of slides per
or row, if desired:
• Double-click the slide’s name in the 1) Check View → Toolbars → Slide View to
Navigator. show the Slide view toolbar (Figure
3) In the text box below the slide, click 8.24 ).
on the words Click to add notes and
begin typing. 2) Adjust the number of slides (up to a
maximum of 15).
You can resize the notes text box
using the green resizing handles and move 3) After you have adjusted the number of
it by placing the pointer on the border, slides per row, View → Toolbars → Slide
then click and drag. To make changes in View will remove this toolbar from
the text style, press the F11 key to open view.
the Styles and Formatting window.
To select a group of slides, use one
8.7.4. Slide Sorter view of these methods:
The Slide Sorter view contains all • Use the Control (Ctrl) key: Click
of the slide thumbnails (Figure 8.24). on the first slide and, while pressing
Control, select the other desired
Use this view to work with a group
slides.
of slides or with only one slide.

Figure 8.24 Presentation in Slide Sorter view

185

Chapter 8.indd 185 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 • Use the Shift key: Click on the first slides will go. You can work with slides in
slide, and while pressing the Shift the Slide Sorter view as in the Slide pane.
key, select the final slide in the group.
This selects all of the other slides in To make changes, right-click a slide
between the first and the last. and do the following, using the pop-up
me nu:
• Use the cursor: Click on the first slide
to be selected. Hold down the left • Add a new slide after the selected
mouse button. slide.

• Drag the cursor to the last slide • Delete or rename the selected slide.
thumbnail.
• Change the Slide Layout.
A dashed outline of a rectangle forms
as you drag the cursor through the • Change the Slide Transition.
slide thumbnails and a thick black
– For one slide, click the slide to select
border is drawn around the selected
it. Then add the desired transition.
slides. Make sure that this rectangle
includes all the slides you want to – For more than one slide, select the
select. (Figure 8.25) group of slides and add the desired
transition.
To move a group of slides:
• Mark a slide as hidden. Hidden slides
1) Select the group of slides.
will not be shown in the slide show.
2) Drag and drop the group to their new
• Copy or cut and paste a slide.
location. The same vertical black line
appears to show you where the group of

Figure 8.25 To move a slide in a presentation using the Slide Sorter

186

Chapter 8.indd 186 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 8.7.5. Handout view 8.8. Formatting a presentation

Handout view is for setting up the 8.8.1. Inserting, deleting and rearranging
layout of your slides for a printed handout. slides
Click the Handout tab in the workspace,
then choose Layout in the tasks pane Tip Note: Remember to save frequently
(Figure 8.26). You can then choose to while working on the presentation, to
print one, two,three, four, or six slides per prevent any loss of information. You might
page. also want to activate the AutoRecovery
function (Tools → Options → Load/
To print a handout: Save → General). Make sure that Save
AutoRecovery information is selected and
1) Select the slides using the Slide Sorter. that you have entered a suitable recovery
(Use the steps listed in selecting a frequency.
group of slides.)
2) Select File Print or press Ctrl+P to 8.8.2. Creating the first slide
open the Print dialog box.
The first slide is normally a title
3) Select Options in the bottom left slide. Decide the layout as per its purpose
corner of the Print dialog box. of presentation. You can use the pre-
4) Check Handouts in the Contents packaged layouts available in the Layout
section, and then click OK. section of the Tasks pane. Suitable layouts
are Title Slide (which also contains a
5) Click OK to close the Print dialog
section for a subtitle) or Title Only, Title
box.
and Content, Title and two content and so
on.

Figure 8.26 Presentation in Handout view

187

Chapter 8.indd 187 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 Tip Notes • Adjustments to the formatting of
the title can be done by pressing
If you do not know the names the F11 key, right-clicking the Title
for the pre-packaged layouts, you presentation style entry, and selecting
can use the tooltip feature. Position Modify from the pop-up menu.
the cursor on an icon in the Layout • If you are using the Title Slide layout,
section (or on any toolbar icon) click on “Click to add text” to add
and its name will be displayed in a a subtitle. Proceed as above to make
small rectangle. If the tooltips are adjustments to the formatting if
not enabled, you can enable them. required. (Figure 8.27)
From the main menu, select Tools →
8.8.3. Inserting additional slides
Options → OpenOffice.org → General
→ Help and mark the Tips checkbox. The steps for inserting additional
If the Extended tips checkbox is slides are basically the same as for selecting
also marked, you will get more the title page. It is a process that has to be
detailed tooltip information, but the repeated for each slide.
tooltip names themselves will not be Unless you are using more than
provided. one slide master, your only concern is the
Layouts section of the Tasks pane (Figure
• Select a layout in the Layout section 8.28).
of the Tasks pane by clicking on it: it
First insert all the slides that are
appears in the Workspace. To create
needed as per your outline. Only after
the title, click on Click to add title
this, you should begin adding special
(assuming the Blank Slide layout was
effects such as custom animation and slide
not used) and then type the title text.
transitions.

Figure 8.27 Creating the first slide

188

Chapter 8.indd 188 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 Step 1: Insert a new slide. This
can be done in a variety of
ways.

• Insert → Slide.

• Right-click on the present

slide, and select Slide →
New Slide from the pop-up
menu. (Figure 8.28).

• Click the empty space after

the last slide also to create
a new slide by right clicking
New Slide. (Figure 8.29)

• Click the Slide icon in the

Presentation toolbar.

Step 2: Select the layout slide Figure 8.28 Inserting a new slide using Right Clicking
that best fits your on the previous slide
needs. (Figure 8.28).

Step 3: Modify the elements of

the slide like removing
unneeded elements,
adding needed elements
(such as pictures), and
inserting text.

8.8.4. Deleting a Slide

You can delete a slide at

any time using the following
procedure.

• Select the slide you want to

delete

Figure 8.29 Inserting a new slide using Right Clicking

in the empty space after the last slide

189

Chapter 8.indd 189 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 • Click Edit Æ Delete slide (Refer
Figure 8.30)

Figure 8.30 Deleting a slide using Edit Figure 8.31 Deleting a slide using Right
menu click
• Or else, right click the slide and • Drag that slide to the desired position
choose Delete slide from the pop-up by holding the mouse using left click.
menu. (Figure 8.31) • Release the mouse once you drag the
Tip Notes slide to the desired place. (Figure
8.32)
The same procedure can be
followed by using the Slide sorter Tip Notes
view also to delete a single slide or
multiple slides. The same can be done using
the Slide sorter view.
8.8.5. Rearranging slides
8.9. Running the slide show
If you want to rearrange the slides ,
you need to follow the procedure below. To run the slide show, do one of the
fol low ing:
• Select the slide that you want to
rearrange. • Click Slide Show → Slide Show on the
main menu bar. (Figure 8.33).

190

Chapter 8.indd 190 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 • Click the Slide Show button on the
Presentation toolbar or the Slide
Sorter toolbar (Figure 8.34).
• Press F5 or F9.
• If the slide transition is Automatically
after x seconds, let the slide show run
by itself.
• If the slide transition is On mouse
click, do one of the following to move
from one slide to the next.
• Use the arrow keys on the keyboard
to go to the next slide or to go back to
the previous one.
• Click the mouse button to advance to
the next slide.
• Press the Spacebar on the keyboard to
Figure 8.32 Rearranging the slide using advance to the next slide.

Figure 8.33 Running Slideshow using Slideshow menu

Figure 8.34 Running Slideshow using Slideshow button from the Toolbar

191

Chapter 8.indd 191 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 • When you advance past the
last slide, the message “Click
to exit presentation...”
appears. Click the mouse
or press any key to exit the
presentation.
• To exit the slide show at
any time, including at the
end, press the Esc key.
8.10. Saving a Presentation
In order to save a presentation
Click File → Save (Figure 8.35)

Figure 8.36 Save dialog box.

• After giving save option, Impress will open a

dialog box asking the name in which this file
should be saved (Figure 8.36)

• The default file extension for Impress is .odp.

Tip Notes

You can also use Save As option

from the File menu. The difference
between Save and Save As is Save
option will save the presentation in
the folder specified by you. Save As
will save another copy of the same
file either in the same folder or in a
different folder specified by you.

• Type the name of the file you want to give in the

text box space after File Name in the dialog box.
(Figure 8.36).

• You can save the presentation as a PPT

Figure 8.35 Saving a presentation also. (Figure 8.37)
presentation using File menu

192

Chapter 8.indd 192 06-01-2023 15:23:05

 • You can also export the presentation A slide master has a defined set of
directly as pdf. (Figure 8.38) characteristics, including the background
color, graphic, or gradient; objects (such as
• Figure 8.39 Shows exporting the logos, decorative lines and other graphics)
presentation directly as PDF. in the background; headers and footers;
placement and size of text frames; and the
8.11. Master slide
formatting of text.
A master slide also known as slide
master is a slide that is used as the starting All the characteristics of slide
point for other slides. It is similar to a masters are controlled by styles. The styles
page style in Writer: it controls the basic of any new slide you create are inherited
formatting of all slides based on it. A slide from the slide master from which it was
show can have more than one slide master. created. In other words, the styles of the
slide master are available and applied to
Tip Notes all slides created from that slide master.
Three terms are used for this concept. Changing a style in a slide master result in
Master slide, slide master and master changes to all the slides based on that slide
page all refer to a slide which is used master; it is, however, possible to modify
to create other slides. each individual slide without affecting the
slide master.

Figure 8.37 Saving a presentation under various File types

193

Chapter 8.indd 193 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 Figure 8.38 Export the presentation directly as PDF
Tip Notes presentation styles cannot be created.

Though it is highly recommended Figure 8.39 Shows the Slide Master.

to use the slide masters whenever
possible, there are occasions where • Click View → Master → Slide Master
manual changes are needed for
a particular slide, for example to It is possible to view the Master slides in
enlarge the chart area when the text two styles:
and chart layout is used.
1. Slide Master

The pre-packaged presentation 2. Notes Master

styles can be modified, but new

Figure 8.39 Slide Master View

194

Chapter 8.indd 194 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 • A New Master slide can be created • The renaming of the Master Slide is
either by using the Master View dialog also done by the same procedure.
box or by right clicking slides in the
Slides pane. (Figure 8.41) • Master Slide will be closed by using
the Close Master View in the Master
View dialog box .

Figure 8.40 Notes Master View

Figure 8.41 Creating New Master using Master View and right click option

195

Chapter 8.indd 195 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 8. 12. Creating Graphic Objects • Ellipse: draws an ellipse. Press the
Shift button to draw a circle.
You can create your own graphics
using the drawing tools available in • Text: creates a text box with the text
Impress. Impress contains a number of aligned horizontally.
advanced drawing functions. To create
more advanced graphic objects, you can • Vertical text: creates a text box with
use OpenOffice.org to draw and import the text aligned vertically.
the graphic object created into an Impress
slide. • Curve: draws a curve.

8.12.1.The Drawing toolbar • Connectors: draws a connector line

between two figures. Click the black
The Drawing toolbar contains triangle for additional connectors.
tools that are used to create graphic
objects. If this toolbar is not shown, select 8.13.Inserting images
View →Toolbars → Drawing from the
In order to insert an image in
main menu bar.
OpenOffice Impress, place the cursor in
• Select: selects objects. You can select the place where you want the image to
multiple objects by dragging the be inserted. Then, Click Insert → select
m ou s e. Picture → From File option from the
Insert menu. Figure 8.43.
• Line: draws a straight line.
OpenOffice Impress will display
• Arrow: draws a straight line ending the dialog box, where you can select the
with an arrowhead. The arrowhead image from the specific location and
will be placed where you release the select open. The image will be inserted in
mouse button. the specified location. Figure 8.44.

• Rectangle: draws a rectangle. Press

the Shift button to draw a square.

Figure 8.42 The Drawing Tool Bar

196

Chapter 8.indd 196 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 Figure 8.43 Inserting an image using insert menu

Figure 8.44 Selecting the image from a location

197

Chapter 8.indd 197 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 8.14 Inserting audio and video

Open Office Impres will let

you insert audio files or movie
files. The audio and movie files
can be inserted by clicking Insert
Movie and Sounds option from
the Insert menu. Figure 8.45

Same as inserting images

here also, a dialog box will be
opened. Select the audio or
movie file from the specified
location and click open. Refer
Figure 8.46. The movie or audio
file will be inserted and played
during the slide show by clicking
the mouse over it.

Figure 8.45 Inserting Movie and Sound

Figure 8.46 Selecting the Movie / Sound file

198

Chapter 8.indd 198 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 Activity

Student Activity

1. Create a presentation using

• Empty presentation

• Template

• Open Existing Presentation

2. Create a presentation using MS PowerPoint.

3. Identify and write the differences between creating a presentation using Impress and
MS PowerPoint.

4. Create a presentation of “My State” using all the types of slide layouts.

5. Run the slideshow of “My State” by fixing durations of time for each slide.

Teacher Activity

This entire chapter can be taught with the help of the following methodology.

1. Laboratory Activity – the teacher can make the entire class to go to the lab and can
explain the concept using a projector in the lab.

2. Or else, the teacher can demonstrate the concept using a PC and a projector inside the
classroom.

3. The teacher apart from this Open source software, can compare the elements of the
windows and creating presentations in MS PowerPoint also.

199

Chapter 8.indd 199 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 Evaluation
Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. Which is used to move quickly from one slide to another?
A)Compass B)Navigator
C)Fill color D)Page border
2. Which is the shortcut key to view the slideshow?
A)F6 B)F9 C)F5 D)F10
3. In Impress, which views shows thumbnail versions of all your slides arranged in
horizontal rows.
A)Notes B)Outline C)Handout D)Slide Sorter
4. Identify the default view in Impress.
A)Normal B)Slide Sorter C)Handout D)Notes
5. Which menu contains the Slide Transition option?
A)Slide Show B)View C)Tools D)Format
6. Identify the extension of the Impress presentation.
A) .odp B) .ppt C) .odb d. .ood
7. In presentation tools, the entry effect as one slide replaces another slide in a slide
show. Identify the option that suits after reading the statement.
A)Animation B)Slide Transition
C)Custom animation D)Rehearse Timing
8. Vanya has made a presentation on “Global Warming”. She wants to progress her slide
show automatically while she speaks on the topic in the class. Which features of
Impress would she use?
A)Custom Animation B)Rehearse Timing

C)Slide Transition D)Either (a) or (b).

Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. What is the difference between a slide and a slide show?
2. How many in-built slide layouts does impress consist of?

200

Chapter 8.indd 200 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 3. What do you understand by a presentation?
4. Define a template in Impress.
5. What do you understand by the slide layout?

Part-III
Short Answers
1. How many types of views are provided by Impress to its users?
2. Who uses the presentation software and why?
3. Define the Slide Sorter view and its significance.
4. What is a Normal view? Explain.
5. How are transition effects helpful in creating an effective presentation in Impress?

Part-IV
Explain in Detail
1. Valarmathi’s teacher asks her to create a presentation in OpenOffice Impress. As
Valarmathi has never worked in Impress before, help her to perform the following
tasks:
a. She wants that except for the first slide, all the slides should have the same design.
For this, what does she need to do?
b. To easily communicate with her audience, she wants to provide them with a hard
copy of the slides of the presentation. What should she create for it?
c. She wants to insert some pictures and movie files in some slides. How can she do
that?
d. Suggest her the view that would be the most suitable for showing the presentation
to the audience.

e. To make her presentation more attractive, she wants to add some effects in it. How
can she do it? Suggest.
2. Explain how a presentation can help a salesperson to promote his/her products.
3. Sivabalan created a presentation to be shown at his school’s Annual Function. Just
5 minutes before the presentation, he noticed that he has misspelt the name of the
school, which is appearing in all the 30 slides of the presentation. How can he rectify
this mistake in all the slides in one-shot?
4. List some advantages of using templates.

201

Chapter 8.indd 201 06-01-2023 15:23:06

 Unit III Web Page Development using
HTML and CSS CHAPTER
9
Introduction to Internet and Email

Learning Objectives Let us call this company Sri Mother

International Ltd. Imagine the amount
To know the of information such as sales, inventory,
• Necessity of Internet etc. required by the management of the
in Commerce company to make everyday decisions. To get
this information they will need to call their
• Types of Network available local offices. Their local offices will need
to mail or fax printed reports or even send
• Services available in Internet
media (floppies!) through the postal service.
• Applications of Internet By the time the mail is received, the data is
already days old. Even if reports are faxed,
• Difference between Internet, Intranet it will be a cumbersome task to consolidate
and extranet all reports. This task also increases chance of
• Difference between Webpage and human error since large numbers of reports
Website are manually collated. This is just one part of
the equation. You also need to consider the
• Difference between Static and Dynamic information required by the local offices.
Webpage They also need various data from the head
office and other offices around the world.
• Difference between Browser and Search
engine Now consider the same company,
• Do’s and don’t of safe Surfing on Internet but in the present time with all their offices
interconnected. They would use a single
9.1 Necessity of Internet application around the world that takes
advantage of their global network. The data
It is important to understand from all offices would be instantly stored
what a network is and the importance of at the central location and with a single
network. Simply a network is a collection of click, the management team can see data
interconnected devices (such as computers, from around the world in any format they
printers, etc.). To understand the importance like. This data would also be real-time. This
of networks, let us look at how things worked means that they see it, as its happening. Since
before networks were created. For this, the data is centralized, any office location
consider a large multinational company that can see data pertaining to any location.
sells food products in a time when networks
did not exist. As you can see, the cost, time and
effort involved in transferring data is much
202

Chapter 9.indd 202 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 higher without networks. So networks decrease cost, time, and effort and thereby increase
productivity. They also help in resource optimization by helping to share resources. A simple
example of resource sharing is a printer, shared between many different computers in a typical
office.
9.2 INTERNET and WWW
Several networks, small and big all over the world, are connected together to form a
Global network called the internet. The internet uses TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol ) to transmit data via various types of media. .The internet protocol (IP)
addressing system is used to keep track of the millions of users. Each computer on net is
called as host. The internet is the most cost-effective method of communications in the world.
Examples of few services available are:
Marketing /
Purchasing
Marketing

Internet Internet
Extranet
Extranet
The World

The World
Intranet

Intranet Suppliers, Customers

Suppliers, Customers

IT - Dept. Company
Collaborators
Collaborators

Only

Figure 9.1

The Internet works by using a protocol called TCP/IP. TCP/IP allows one computer to
talk to another computer via the Internet through compiling packets of data and sending
them to right location.

An Intranet is a website used by

An extranet is a private network that organizations to provide a place
uses Internet technology and the public where employees can access company
telecommunication system to securely share information (eg policies, procedures, staff,
part of a business's information or operations directory, department info), tools (quick
with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, links to common apps, forms etc.) and
or other businesses. (collaborate (to social sharing tools similar
to facebook).

203

Chapter 9.indd 203 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 • Email
• Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services
• Online movies and gaming
• Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Instant messaging
• Internet forums
• Social networking
• Online shopping
• Financial services
9.2.1 Domain Name
It is a name or an identity which become a online identity and can be accessed by the
web browser when connected to internet.
Table: 9.1

Generic Domain Name Description

.com Commercial Organisation

.gov Government institution
.org Non-profit Organisation
.net Network Support Group
.edu Educational Institution

The heart of intranets and the internet is called as the Domain Name
System(DNS), the way computers can contact each other and do things such
as exchange electronic mail or display Web pages. The Internet Protocol (IP)
uses this Internet address information and the DNS to deliver mail and other
information from computer to computer

Table: 9.2
Country Level Domain Name Description
.in India
.au Australia
.us United States of America
.jp Japan
.ru Russia
.sg Singapore
204

Chapter 9.indd 204 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 9.2.2 What is URL?
Every server on the internet
has an IP number, a unique number
consisting of four parts separated by
dots. The IP number is the server’s
address
165.113.245.2
128.143.22.55
Figure 9.2
At times the number keeps
changing hence it is harder for people to remember number than to remember word
combinations. So, addresses are given “word-based” addresses called URL. The URL and the
IP number are one and the same.

A URL is an address that shows where a particular page can be found on the World
Wide Web. URL is an abbreviation for 'Uniform Resource Locator (URL)'.

9.2.3 Who Governs the Internet?

ICANN was created on September 18,
One of the most frequently 1998, and incorporated on September
asked questions about the internet 30, 1998, in the US State of California.
is, “ Who runs it?” The truth is that It is headquartered in the Playa Vista
no centralized management of the neighborhood of Los Angeles.
internet exists.

The internet as a whole does not have a single controller. But the internet society,
which is a voluntary membership organization, takes the responsibility to promote global
information exchange through the internet technology. Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers( ICANN) administers the domain name registration. It helps to avoid a
name which is already registered.
9.3.4 What is W3C?
W3C stands for "World Wide Web Consortium." The W3C is an international
community that includes a full-time staff, industry experts, and several member organizations.
These groups work together to develop standards for the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international organization committed
to improving the web. It is made up of several hundred member organizations from a variety
of related IT industries. W3C sets standards for the World Wide Web (WWW) to facilitate
better communication ability and cooperation among all web stakeholders. It was established
in 1994 by the creator of the WWW, Tim Berners-Lee.
205

Chapter 9.indd 205 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 9.3 Types of Internet Service

Here are some common types of Internet service.

Wireless
Radio frequency bands are used in place of telephone or cable networks. One of the
greatest advantages of wireless Internet connections is the "always-on" connection that can be
accessed from any location that falls within network coverage. Wireless connections are made
possible through the use of a modem, which picks up Internet signals and sends them to other
devices.
Mobile
Many cell phone and smartphone providers offer voice plans with Internet access.
Mobile Internet connections provide good speeds and allow you to access the Internet.
Hotspots
Hotspot is a physical location where people can access the Internet. Internet access over
a wireless local area network (WLAN) by way of a router that then connects to an Internet
service provider. Hotspots utilize Wi-Fi technology, which allows electronic devices to connect
to the Internet or exchange data wirelessly through radio waves. Hotspots can be phone-based
or free-standing, commercial or free to the public.
Broadband
This high-speed Internet connection is provided through either cable or telephone
companies. One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet uses multiple data
channels to send large quantities of information. The term broadband is shorthand for broad
bandwidth. Broadband Internet connections such as DSL and cable are considered high-
bandwidth connections. Although many DSL connections can be considered broadband, not
all broadband connections are DSL.
DSL
DSL, which stands for Digital Subscriber Line, uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line
connected to one's home so service is delivered at the same time as landline telephone service.
Customers can still place calls while surfing the Internet.
Cable
Cable Internet connection is a form of broadband access. Through use of a cable modem,
users can access the Internet over cable TV lines. Cable modems can provide extremely fast
access to the Internet.
Satellite
In certain areas where broadband connection is not yet offered, a satellite Internet option may
be available. Similar to wireless access, satellite connection utilizes a modem.
ISDN
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows users to send data, voice and video
content over digital telephone lines or standard telephone wires. The installation of an ISDN
adapter is required at both ends of the transmission—on the part of the user as well as the
Internet access provider.

206

Chapter 9.indd 206 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Dongles / Data Card

Today, many dongles provide wireless capabilities. For example, USB Wi-Fi adapters
are often called dongles. Since most computers now have built-in Wi-Fi chips, mobile data
adapters, such as 3G and 4G dongles, are more prevalent. These types of dongles allows to
connect to the Internet even when Wi-Fi is not available.

Comparison between Data Card and Dongle

Dongle Data Card

Refers to any removable component used It is a removable electronic card which
for enabling extra security. USB Dongles is used for storing for data. Types of
can be divided into datacard are
• WiFi Dongles • Expansion Card
• BlueTooth Dongle • Memory Card or Flash Card
• Memory Dongle • Identification Card

9.3.1 Internet Connection and Access Methods

There are several ways or methods of connecting to the Internet.
There are two access methods direct and Indirect and these can be either fixed or
mobile.
9.3.1.1 Indirect Access
This is most common Indirect Access Direct Access
method used in home and office Public-Wifi
networks. Dial up-(old method
The device e.g. computer
Router
connects to a network using
Ethernet or WiFi and the network Ethernet or Wi-Fi
connects to the Internet using network
Asymmetric digital subscriber
ADSL, Fibre or
lineADSL( cable or fibre.) 3G/4G
Cable
9.3. 1.2 Direct Access
Internet Connection Methods
This is most common
method used when travelling. Figure 9.3
The device e.g. smart phone
connects directly to the Internet using 3G/4G mobile networks or public Wi-Fi.
There are two ways to look for the information on the web.
1. If the URL of the website is known, enter it on the address bar.
2. If is the URL is not known, then “Search Engines” will help us to get the information.
207

Chapter 9.indd 207 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 A search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the
World Wide Web.
Examples of popular search engines are Yahoo, Lycos, Altavista, Hotbot, Google and
Askjeeves.
1. A browser is used to access websites and web pages whereas a search engine isused to
search for particular information.
2. Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and are the most popular web browsers while
Google and Yahoo are the most popular search engines.
3. A browser is used to access the Internet whereas in order to open a search engine you need
a browser.
The list of content returned via a search engine to a user is known as a search engine
results page (SERP).
9.4 Internet Applications

1. Internet telephony using VoIP (Voice-over-Internet Protocol) Example Skype

2. Job search :-Nowadays, many people search for their jobs online using naukri.
com,monster.com, recuritmentindia.com etc as it is quicker .

3. Online Shopping :-The internet has also facilitated the introduction of a new market
concept consisting of virtual shops. For example amazon.com

4. Stock market updates :- Selling or buying shares sitting on computer through internet.
Several websites like ndtvprofit.com, moneypore.com, provide
information regarding investment
5. Travel :- One can use internet to gather information about various tourist
place. It can be used for booking Holiday tours. Some of the web
sites providing this service are goibibo.com, makemytrip.com,
olacabs.com.
6. Research :-Research papers are present online which helps the researcher do
a literature review
7. Video conferencing :- It enables direct face-to-face communication across networks
via web cameras, microphones, and other communication tools.
8. e –commerce :- e–commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and
selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data,
Largest e-commerce companies in India are Flipkart, Snapdeal,
Amazon India, Paytm.
9. Online payments :- The rising boom of online payments in India has given way to
many new entrants in the industry such as Paytm etc who are
majorly wallet driven payment companies.

208

Chapter 9.indd 208 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 10. Social Networking :- 
Social networking is the use of internet-based social media
programs to make connections with friends, family etc. Examples
of social networking includes Facebook
11. Voicemail :-Voicemail is a system of sending messages over the phone.
12. Chatting :-On the Internet, chatting is talking to other people who are using
the Internet at the same time you are.
13. e-banking :-e-banking (Online banking) , also known as internet banking, it
is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank
or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial
transactions through the financial institution's website. The online
banking system will typically connect to or be a part of the core
banking system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch
banking which was the traditional way customers accessed banking
services.
14. e-learning :-e-Learning are courses that are specifically delivered via the internet
to somewhere other than the classroom where the professor is
teaching. It is not a course delivered via a DVD or CD-ROM, video
tape or over a television channel
e-learning is utilizing electronic technologies to access educational curriculum outside
a traditional classroom. It is a program delivered completely online. E-learning is interactive
in which you can also communicate with teachers, professors or other students in a class.
There is always a teacher/ professor interacting/ communicating, grading participation, giving
assignments and conducting tests.

15. E-governance :- Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information

and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services.
Benefits of E-governance
• Reduced corruption
• High transparency
• Increased convenience
• Reduction in overall cost.
• Expanded reach of government
9.5 Email

Electronic mail or email is

information stored on a computer The first mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in
that is exchanged between two 1971 as a test e-mailmessage containing the
users over telecommunications. text like “QWERTYUIOP”
Email is a message that may
contain text, files, images or any other attachments sent through a network to a specified
individual or group of individuals
209

Chapter 9.indd 209 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Figure 9.4
9.5.1 Structure of email
Click the Compose button and then writing an e-mail content requires.
When sending an e-mail message, several fields are required to be filled:
• The To field is where you type the e-mail address of the person who is the recipient of your
message.
• The From field should contain your e-mail address.
• If you are replying to a message, the To and From fields are automatically filled out; if it's a
new message, you'll need to enter them manually.
• The Subject should consist of a few words describing the e-mail's contents. The Subject lets
the recipient see what the e-mail is about, without opening and reading the full e-mail. This
field is optional.
• The CC (Carbon Copy) field allows you to specify recipients who are not direct addressees
(listed in the "To" field). This field is optional.
• The BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) field is similar to CC, except the recipients are secret.
Each BCC recipient will receive the e-mail, but will not see who else received a copy. The
addressees (anyone listed in the "To" field) remain visible to all recipients. This field is
optional.
• Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main message. It often contains
your signature at the bottom; similar to a hand-written letter.
9.5.2 Advantages of email
Some of the main advantages of email are listed below.

210

Chapter 9.indd 210 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 • Free delivery - Sending an e-mail is virtually free, outside the cost of Internet service.
There is no need to buy a postage stamp to send a letter.
• Global delivery - E-mail can be sent to nearly anywhere around the world, to any country.
• Instant delivery - An e-mail can be instantly sent and received by the recipient over the
Internet.
• File attachment - An e-mail can include one or more file attachments, allowing a person
to send documents, pictures, or other files with an e-mail.
• Long-term storage - E-mails are stored electronically, which allows for storage and archival
over long periods of time.
• Environment friendly - Sending an e-mail does not require paper ( Paperless )), cardboard,
or packing tape, conserving paper resources.
9.5.3 What is sent in an email
In addition to text messages being sent over e-mail, it is also possible to attach a file or
other data in an e-mail. For example, an attachment could be a picture, PDF,word processor
document,, or any file stored on the computer.
9.6 Internet Threat
It’s a dangerous world out there in the World Wide Web. Just as your mother may
have told you to never talk to strangers, the same advice holds true for the virtual world. You
may know to be wary of giving strangers your business bank account details. But can you
be sure the website you’re logging into is that of your bank and not a forgery created by a
cybercriminal?Cybercriminals use many different methods to lure you into parting with your
confidential personal or business information. Hence you ought to be aware of the issues and
be extra vigilant when online and offline..
Computer virus: A computer virus is a small piece of software that can spread from one
infected computer to another. The virus could corrupt, steal, or delete data on your computer—
Malware: Malware is short form for “malicious software.” Malware is used to mean a “variety
of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software or program code.” Malware could be
computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, dishonest spyware, and malicious rootkits—all of
which are defined below.
Trojan horse: Users can infect their computers with Trojan horse software simply by
downloading an application they thought was legitimate but was in fact malicious.
Malicious spyware: Malicious spyware is used to describe the Trojan application that was
created by cybercriminals to spy on their victims.
Computer worm: A computer worm is a software program that can copy itself from one
computer to another, without human interaction.
Botnet: A botnet is a group of computers connected to the Internet that have been compromised
by a hacker using a computer virus or Trojan horse. An individual computer in the group is
known as a “zombie“ computer.
Spam: Spam in the security context is primarily used to describe email spam. Unwanted
211

Chapter 9.indd 211 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 messages in your email inbox. Spam, or electronic junk mail, is a nuisance as it can clutter
your mailbox as well as potentially take up space on your mail server.
Phishing: Phishing scams are fraudulent attempts by cybercriminals to obtain private
information. Phishing scams often appear in the guise of email messages designed to appear
as though they are from legitimate sources. For example, the message would try to lure you
into giving your personal information by pretending that your bank or email service provider
is updating its website and that you must click on the link in the email to verify your account
information and password details.
Rootkit: A rootkit is a collection of tools that are used to obtain administrator-level access to
a computer or a network of computers. A rootkit could be installed on your computer by a
cybercriminal exploiting a vulnerability or security hole in a legitimate application on your PC
and may contain spyware that monitors and records keystrokes.
9.7. Browsers

Looking for information on the internet is called surfing or browsing. To browse the
internet, a software called the web browser or browser is used.
E-commerce, social media, and many other things we take for granted today would
be impossible without internet browsers.Web browsers translates HTML documents of the
website and allows to view it on the screen.
9.8.1 Familiar Internet Browser
1. Google Chrome is a freeware familiar web browser developed by Google Inc. It is best for
its speed, simplicity, security, privacy and customization features. Google Chrome supports
on Android 4.0 or higher, iOS 6.0 or higher, Mac OSX 10.6 or higher and Windows (XP sp2
or higher) and Linux system.
2. Mozila Firefox is a free and open source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundationand
Mozilla Corporation. FireFox is default browser in Ubuntu . It supports Windows, Mac
OS X, Linux and Android system.
3. Internet Explorer commonly known as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Windows Internet
Explorer is the first or default browser for a Windows PC. It was developed by Microsoft.
4. Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and comes with OS X and iOS. Some
version of safari browser also supports Windows Operating System. exclusively used in
Apple Mac system.
9.8 Web Page Vs Web Site

Websites

A website is a collection of webpages. For example if there is a company that owns

sricompany.com then this website will have several Webpages like Home, About Us, Contact
Us, Testimonials, Products, Services, FAQ’s, and others. The first page of the website is called a
Home Page. All of these pages together make up a Website.
212

Chapter 9.indd 212 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Web Pages
A webpage is apage of a Website. A web page can be accessed by a URL in a browser and
that page can be copied and or send to a friend for review whereas websites are collections of
multiple page that must be navigated to view other content
A webpage is a page of a Website. Every page has a unique address called the Uniform
Resource Locator (URL). The URL locates the pages on the internet.
Difference between Webpage and Website
Webpage Website
Consists of a Single document displayed by A collection of multiple documents
a browser displayable by a browser
Shares a unique domain name Has its own unique domain name
Makes up a website Contains one or more webpages
9.9 Static and Dynamic Web Pages
Web pages are classified as Static and Dynamic Webpages
Web pages are called Static websites as they remain the same whenever it is visited.
Examples of static Websites are website owned by Small business organizations, School
websites etc.
Websites that display marks of Public Examinations and Entrance Examinations changes
when different register numbers are given. Such websites are called as Dynamic Websites. Eg,.
Websites of Government and Entrance Exams.
Comparison of Static and Dynamic Web Pages
Static Web Page Dynamic Web Page
The content and layout may change during
The content and layout of a web page is fixed
run time
Databases is used to generate dynamic
Static Web pages never use databases
content through queries
Static web pages directly run on the Dynamic web pages runs on the server
browser and do not require any server side side application programs and displays
application program the results
Dynamic web page development requires
Static Web pages are easy to develop
programming skills
9.10 Safe Surfing on Internet
As a great reminder that Internet security is something that needs constant vigilance.
It’s also a great reminder that a lot of things can happen on the Internet if you don’t properly
take precautions against them. With that in mind, be sure to have a safe and happy Safer
Internet Day.

213

Chapter 9.indd 213 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 SAFER INTERNET DAY
Safer Internet Day (SID) 2018 iscelebrated around the world in February of every year
with a theme of "Create, connect and share respect: A better internet starts with you".
Following is the do’s and don’t of safe Surfing on Internet
1. Don’t give out your personal information – Don’t put personal details such as your home
address, telephone numbers or parent’s work address online as cybercriminals can use this
information to create a fake profile with your details
2. What goes online, stays online – Use privacy settings to make sure only your friends and
family can see photos you post. Avoid posting holiday plans as criminals may track your
movements
3. Check your security and privacy settings – Make sure your social network privacy settings
are secured so only your friends can see your personal information and use your privacy
settings to restrict who can see your posts, videos and photos
4. Password safety – Sharing your password with your parents is a sensible idea, but avoid
sharing your password with your friends, even if they promise they won’t tell anyone! Also,
when setting your password, make sure it isn’t something people may guess such as your
pet’s name. Use a mixture of letters, numbers and upper and lower case characters
5. Always protect your mobile device – Make sure your mobile phone is pin-protected so all
your personal information stored on it is safe. Download a security app which allows you
to remotely wipe any personal data, should your mobile be lost or stolen
6. Don’t talk to strangers online or offline – Don’t meet up with strangers and let your parents
know if a stranger has tried to get in contact with you online.
7. Listen to the adults who are known to you – Adults will always be worried about you. Help
set their mind at rest and avoid chatting online with strangers.
8. Be wary of unsecured or unknown websites – When shopping online, use reputable and
known retailers.
9. Be careful what links you click on – Avoid clicking links in an email, Instant Message or on
your social network unless you are sure the message is from someone you know.
Now that we have come to the end of this chapter, the next chapter introduces you to
create a web page using html tags.

214

Chapter 9.indd 214 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Points to Remember:

• The different type of network are LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN, CAN and WLAN
• Two things required for TCP/IP needed are
a) Message to transmit
b) Means to reliably transmit the message
• Each computer on net is called as host
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN) administers the
domain registration to avoid name already registered.
• W3C stands for world wide web consortium.
• Hotspots are sites that offer internet access over wireless local network.
• Video conferencing enables direct face-to-face communication across networks via
web cameras, microphones, and other communication tools.
• E–commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and
services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the
Internet.
• Social networking is the use of internet-based social media programs to make
connections with friends, family, classmates, customers and clients.
• Voicemail is a system of sending messages over the phone.
• Email is short for 'electronic mail' similar to a letter, it is sent via the internet to a
recipient
• An internet browser, also known as a web browser, is a software program that you can
use to access the internet and view web pages on your computer.
• A website is a collection of webpages.
• Dongle refers to removable component used for enabling software protection. E.g.
USB, WiFi
• A webpage is a page of a Website.
• E-commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products on online services or over
the Internet.
• Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and
communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services.

215

Chapter 9.indd 215 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Evaluation

Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. What is the expansion of WLAN?
a) Wireless Local Area Network b) Wired local Area Network
c) Wireless Local Area Netware d) Wireless Area Netbande

2. Range of Campus Network is

a) 10 KM b) 5 KM c) 25 KM d) 20 KM

3. Each computer on net is called

a) host b) server c) workstation d) node

4. The internet is governed by

a) ICANM b) ICANN c) ICMA d) ICNNA

5. Expansion of W3C
a) World Wide Web Consortium b) Wide World Web Consortium
c) World Web Wide Consortium d) World Wide Web Consortum

6. W3C was established in 1994 by

a) Tim Berners-Lee b) Tim Burnard Lee
c) Kim Berners d) Kim Bernard Lee

7. Hotspot uses which type of network services?

a) LAN b) PAN c) WLAN d) CAN

8. USB WiFi adapters are often called as

a) Data Card b) Pen Drive c) Dongles d) Memory Card

9. Looking for information on the internet is called

a) Surfing b) Searching c) Finding d) glancing

10. Safari web browser was developed by

a) Google b) Apple c) Microsoft d) Linux Corpn.

11. How many types of websites are available?

a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6

216

Chapter 9.indd 216 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Part – II 3. Differentiate Data Card and Dongles.
Very Short Answers 4. Write a note on two access methods of
1. Name the two important protocols for connecting to internet.
internet? 5. Differentiate browser and a search engine
2. What is a network? with suitable examples.
3. What is the role of ICANN ? 6. Differentiate Website and Webpage.
4. What is a search engine? 7. What is the difference between Static and
5. What is a browser? dynamic web page.
6. What are the components of url 8. What are Advantages of email.
addressing ?
Part-IV
7. What is a website?
8. What is CC and BCC in an email? Explain in Detail
9. What is a Static web Page? 1. Explain any five types of internet services.
10. What is a Dynamic web page? 2. Explain any five internet applications
with suitable examples.
11. What are the benefits of e-governance?
12. What is Phishing ? 3. Write a note on any five Internet browsers
other than that given in the book.an
Part-III
4. Explain the do’s and don’t of safe surfing
Short Answers
on internet.
1. What is TCP/IP ?
2. Write a note on Hotspot internet service.

Activity
Student Activity
Explain the different types of network.
Mention a few internet services you know.
Mention a few Internet Applications other than that is given in the textbook
List some browsers not given in the text book
Teacher Activity
Students are to be taught to develop Static and Dynamic Websites as workshop.

GLOSSARY

Acronym Description
VSNL Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
Host A host is a computer connected to a computer network

217

Chapter 9.indd 217 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
WWW World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee Creator of WWW
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
URL Uniform Resource Locator
A sbmall device able to be connected to and used with a computer,
Dongle
allowing access to wireless broadband or use of protected software.
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
A browseris software that is used to access the internet Eg. Chrome,
Browser
FireFox
A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate
Search Engine
information on WWW. Eg. Google
The list of content returned via a search engine to a user is known as
SERP.
a search engine results page.
Phishing scams are fraudulent attempts by cybercriminals to obtain
Phishing
private information
WebSite Collection of Webpages
WebPage It is page of Website.
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
Voice mail System of sending messages over the phone.
Electronic Commerce, Buying and selling goods and services over an
e-commerce
electronic network.
Electronic governance. Application of information and communication
e-governance
technology for delivering government services.
Several networks, small and big all over the world, are connected
Internet
together to form a Global network called the internet.
It is a website used by organizations to provide a place where
Intranet
employees can access company related information.
It is a private network using internet technology to share part of
Extranet
business information with suppliers partners and customers.

References:
1. Mastering HTML, CSS & JavaScript Web Publishing – Laura Lemay, Rafe Colburn, Jennifer
Kyrnin – BPB Publications.

218

Chapter 9.indd 218 06-01-2023 15:23:44

 Unit III Web Page Development using
HTML, and CSS CHAPTER
10
HTML - Structural Tags

Learning Objectives:
HTML was originally
The students will learn the following: derived from SGML
(Standard Generalized
• How to create web pages using HTML. Markup Language) a
larger, complicated document
• What are the various structural tags
available to create an HTML document. processing language. To learn
HTML, no need to know about
• What are the various page formatting SGML.
tags available and how to use them.

10.1 Introduction to HTML 10.2 Writing HTML document

In the previous sections you learnt HTML is a markup language. Writing

about Internet and web pages, whatever you in a markup language is very simple, directly
have seen on the web is a document written you start the text of your web document
in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). and add special tags around words and
HTML is a special markup language used paragraphs. The tags are coded by HTML
to create web pages. This language tells the commands or keywords that indicate how
browsers, how to display the text, images, web browser should format and display the
animations and other contents of a hypertext content.
document on the screen. The language also
tells how to make a document interactive HTML is made up of tags and its
through special hyper links. attributes. Tags are known as elements of
HTML. Additional information such as
HTML is not a word processing colour, alignment etc., can be included
tool or a programming language. It is only with an HTML tag also known as attribute.
a markup or page layout and hyperlink Attributes are used to improve the
specification language. It describes the appearance of an HTML document. You
structure of a document. cannot create your own tags to create a new
style or feature.

219

Chapter 10.indd 219 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 All HTML tags should be specified within angle brackets (< >). For example,
<HTML> is a tag. HTML is not case sensitive that means you can write an HTML tag in lower
case or in upper case (Small letter or Capital letter). Browser treats both of them in the same
manner. For example, you can write <HTML> as <html>; both are same.

10.2.1 HTML Document Structure

An HTML document contains the text of the page itself and HTML tags, which define
the structure and appearance of the document. It also contains hyperlinks to other pages
or to include multimedia elements such as audio, video, animations etc. The Entire HTML
document is bounded within a pair of <html> and </html> tags.

All HTML documents should follow this general format

<html>
<head>
<title> My First Web Page </title>
</head>
<body>
This is my First Web Page
</body>
</html>

HTML tags generally have an opening and closing tag . Opening tag turn-on a feature
such as heading, bold, center etc., and closing tag turn-off its features. Opening and closing
tags have the same name, but the closing tag name is preceded by a slash ( / ). For example,
<html> is an opening tag, </html> is a closing tab.

Every web document has two sections viz. Heading Section and Body Section. The
heading section is used to show the title of a webpage in title bar or tab heading in browser.
The head section should begin with <head> tag and end with </head> tag. The tag <title> is
used to specify the title of the webpage.

The body section is used to display the main content on the browser window. The
body section should be with defined within <body> and </body> tags. Whatever the text you
specify between these tags will be displayed on the browser window. (Refer Figure 10.1)

220

Chapter 10.indd 220 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 Head Section

Body Section

Figure 10.1 – Internet Explorer with my first web page

10.2.2. Structural Tags of HTML:

<html>, <head>, <title> and <body> these four tags are known as structural tags. These
tags are basic essential elements to construct a web page.

Table: 10.1

Opening Tag Closing Tag Description

The <html> tag identifies the document as an HTML
document.
<html> </html>
All HTML documents should begin with <html> and
end with </html>.
The <head> tag contains information about the
<head> </head> document, including its title, scripts used, style
definition and document descriptions.
The <title> tag contains the title of the document. The
title specified between opening and closing tags appears
<title> </title>
in the title bar / page tab of the browser.
<title> tag should be placed within <head> tag.
The <body> tag encloses all the tags, attributes and
<body> </body> information to be displayed in the web page.
<body> tag should be entered below the </head> tag.

10.2.3. HTML Writing Tools

To get started with HTML, there is no need of web server, web hosting or even internet
connection. You can write, test and link web pages without a network. To create and test a
HTML document i.e. web page needs an application (text editor) to write HTML code and a
browser to view it. Using a simple text editor (Notepad for Windows or getit for Linux) is a
good way to learn HTML coding.
221

Chapter 10.indd 221 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 10.2.3.1 Creating a Webpage
Step 1: Open a text editor
Windows7 : Start → All Programs
→Accessories → Notepad
Step 2: In the appearing Note pad / Text Editor,
type the HTML document.
(Refer Figure 10.2)
Step 3: Save the file as HTML
• Click File → Save (or) Press Ctrl + S Figure 10.2 – Notepad with HTML code
• Save as dialog box appears as shown in the Figure 10.3
• In “File Name” text box, type a file name with .htm or .html extension.
• Select “All Files” from “Save as type” list box.
• Click “Save” button.
Save in Location

File name with

Select "All Files"
.htm or. html

Figure 10.3 Save As dialog box

10.2.3.2. Viewing Webpage in a Browser:

Step 1: Open a Browser (Internet Explorer / Mozilla Firefox or any)
Step 2: Click File → Open File (or) Press Ctrl + O
Step 3: From the “Open” dialog box, browse the folder in which the HTML document is saved.
Choose the File name and click “Open” button. (Refer Figure 10.5)
Now, your web page is displayed in the browser.
10.2.3.3 Viewing Source file
Source file is an HTML document, what you actually type in text editor (Notepad or
getit). You can view your original source file in the browser. The following steps are to be
followed to view a source file.
• Double click on the browser
• Select View → Page Source (Firefox and Chrome) / View Source (Internet Explorer) or
Press Ctrl + U (all browser)
• Source file will be displayed.
222

Chapter 10.indd 222 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 • In Internet Explorer, View → Source is also used to open source file.
Remember that, you cannot edit the source file opened using the methods you learnt above.
10.2.3.4 Edit and Reload the source file
Source file can be edited only through the text editor. So, to edit the source file, open the
source file with a text editor. When you edit a source file, no need to close browser in which
displaying the HTML document. The following steps are to be followed to open a source file.
• Go to the folder in which your source files are located.
• According to you default browser, your source file icon is displayed. (Refer Figure 10.4)
Internet Explorer

Mozilla Firefox

Google Chorme

Figure 10.4 Source files in different browsers

• Right click on the source file that you want to edit
• From the pop-up menu, select Open With → Notepad
• Source file will be opened in text editor
• Make the changes and save the file using File → Save or Ctrl + S.
Reload / Refresh the changes:
• After modify and save the source file, minimize your source file.
• Go to the browser.
• Click Refresh (Internet Explorer) / Reload Current Page (Firefox) / Reload this page
(Chrome) icons on the address bar.
• Press Ctrl + R or F5 will be used to refresh / reload the modifications.

223

Chapter 10.indd 223 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 10.3 HTML Attributes
Attributes are special words used inside a tag to specify additional information to a
tag. Attributes should be placed within the opening tag. Most of the tags support specialized
attributes and there are also a few global elements that can be used with any tag. Global
elements are common to all HTML elements; they can be used on all elements.
10.3.1 Attributes for Structural Tags
1. Attributes of <html> tag
The <html> tag is used to specify the beginning and closing of an HTML document.
This tag does not have any effect on the appearance of a document. This is only used to make
browsers and other programs, know that this is an HTML document.
<html> tag has two attributes viz. dir and lang to specify the text direction and
language setting respectively.
attribute Value to be set to attribute Description
dir attribute specifies the direction of the text to
be aligned within the entire document. It is global
ltr (align left-to-right)
dir attribute.
rtl (align right-to-left)
• ltr is the default value
• rtl is used for Arabian languages.
lang attribute specify the language used with in
Predefined language code
the document. Predefined language code will be
English – en
lang used for this purpose.
Tamil – ta
Malayalam – ml; Kannada – kn; Hindi – hi;
Telugu – te
French – fr; German – de;

2. Attributes of <body> tag

The <body> tag defines the document’s body. The contents of an HTML page reside
within the <body> tag. <body> tag contains several attributes.

(i) Background Colour: bgcolor = color

` By default all the browsers display the text on white background. However, the
background color of the browser can be changed by using bgcolor tag.

The tag to change background colour:

<body bgcolor = color_name/color_code>

224

Chapter 10.indd 224 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 Illustration 10.1 – HTML code to change background colour of a browser

<html>
<head>
<title> Background Colour change </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor = yellow>
This is my browser with different colour
</body>
</html>

In the above HTML code,

colour name has been used to File
D:\CS_TestBook_Final\HTML\

Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Background Colour change

change the background colour This is my browser with different colour

of the browser’s body section. bgcolor - Notepad

Generally colors in HTML are File
<html>
Edit Format View Help

represented as six digit hexadecimal <head>

<title> Background Colour
values. Colour name can be used change </title>
</head>
for only few colors. But, color code <body bgcolor = yellow>
This is my browser with
(hexadecimal value) will be more different colour
</body> The Colour of the
flexible to handle colors. </html> browser turns in yellow

Figure 10.5 Internet Explorer with

The six digit hexadecimal
Yellow background
value is the combination of three,
two digit number sequence represent a color. First two digits represent Red, next two digits for
Green and last two digits for Blue (RGB) in the range of 00 – FF. For example, 000000 is black
and FFFFFF is white. FF0000 is bright red. You can try out different combinations of these
values to get variety of colors.
You can use some basic color names or color code to handle colors in HTML elements.
Modern browsers support nearly 140 colors. Color code should be prefixed with #. The
following table shows some basic colors with their hexadecimal code.
Table 10.2 – Some basic Color names with code

Color Name Hexadecimal value Color Name Hexadecimal value

Red #FF0000 Olive #808000
Blue #0000FF White #FFFFFF
Green #008000 Black #000000
Yellow #FFFF00 Maroon #800000
Lime #00FF00 Grey #808080
Purple #800080 Aqua #00FFFF
Silver #C0C0C0 Brown #A52A2A

225

Chapter 10.indd 225 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 To know the complete color code visit:
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colornames.asp
The above illustration 10.1 can be re-written as follows to get the result
<html>
<head>
<title> Background Colour change </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor = #FFFF00>
This is my browser with different colour
</body>
</html>

(ii) Body text Colour: text = color

The default text colour of body section is “black”, it is often called as automatic color.
text attribute within body tag is used to change the text colour.
The tag to change body text colour:
<body text = color_name/color_code>
Illustration 10.2 – HTML code to change background and text color of
a browser’s body
<html>
<head>
<title> Background Colour change </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor = #FFFF00>
This is my browser with different colour
</body>
</html>

For the above code, text will be displayed in Red color on yellow background. You can also use
colour code instead of colour name.
(iii) Background image: background=image
An image or picture can be applied as background to a webpage. When you insert an
image as background, the text will be displayed on top of the image. Background images can
be a texture or bitmap or even a photo.
When you insert a small image, the browser takes the image and repeats it across and
down to fill browser window. Inserting animated images (GIF images) creates more interesting.
The tag to apply an image as background:
<body background = “image_name_with_extenstion”>

226

Chapter 10.indd 226 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 Illustration 10.3 – HTML code to apply an image as background
<html>
<head>
<title> Image as background </title>
</head>
<body background = “flower01.gif ”>
This is my browser with an image as background
</body>
</html>

While including an image as

background, the image file name is
not required to be in double quotes.
The code <body background =
flower01.gif> can also produce the
same result.
If your image file name is long
or split as two more words or along
with path, should be specified within
Inserting an image as
double quotes. background

Remember that, if the image

Figure 10.6 Internet Explorer with an
file and HTML source are located
image as background
in different locations i.e. in different
folder or drive, file path should be clearly specified along with image file name. In the above
case, image file and HTML source file both are located within the same folder. So, path name
is not mentioned.
For example, If the image file is somewhere in a folder (say Images folder in E: drive),
you must specify its full path within double quotes as given below.
<body background = “E:\Images\ flower01.gif ">
(iv) Setting Margins: margin = value
The margin refers the blank area from left or top edge of the browser window. Generally
there is no default margin setting in any browser. If you want to leave some space as margin to
left or top; leftmargin or topmargin attributes will be used respectively.
The tag to specify the left and top margin:
<body leftmargin = value topmargin = value>
The Value is referred as pixels (72 pixels to an inch)

227

Chapter 10.indd 227 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 Illustration 10.4 – HTML code to set left and top margins
<html>
<head>
<title> Setting Margins </title>
</head>
<body leftmargin = 50 topmargin = 50>
This is my Web page with top and left margin
</body>
</html>

The statement <body leftmargin = 50 topmargin = 50> will indent the body text 50
pixels away from the left as well as from top edge of the browser.
Illustration 10.5 – Create a web page (HTML document) to the following specification.
• Title: My First Web Page
• Text to be displayed: Welcome to Computer Applications
• Background color: Lime
• Body text color: Blue
• Margin: from left and top 1 inch

<html>
<head>
<title> My First Web Page </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor = Lime text = blue leftmargin = 72 topmargin = 72>
Welcome to Computer Applications
</body>
</html>

Remember that, when you use more than one attribute within an HTML element (Tag)
space is used as separator.
10.4 Headings
Headings are used to include titles to sections of a web page. HTML has six levels of
headings viz. <h1> to <h6>. The number with h indicates the level of heading. Header tags
display the body text as bolder and larger in size according to its level.
The syntax of heading tags:
<h…> Heading text </h…>

228

Chapter 10.indd 228 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 Illustration 10.6 – HTML code with Headings
<html>
<head>
<title> Heading </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Welcome to Computer Application</h1>
<h2> Welcome to Computer Application</h2>
<h3> Welcome to Computer Application</h3>
<h4> Welcome to Computer Application</h4>
<h5> Welcome to Computer Application</h5>
<h6> Welcome to Computer Application</h6>
</body>
</html>

<H1>

<H2>

<H3>

<H4>

<H5>
<H6>

Figure10.7 – Different levels of Headings

10.4.1 Attribute of Headings tag

Align is an attribute to set right, center and justify alignment to headings. Left is the
default alignment, which is not supported in latest version of HTML. Justify alignment is not
supported by older browsers.
The tag is to specify the alignment to headings:
<h# align = value>
Where # is the level number, value may be Right, Center or Justify. Justify alignment is
only used for paragraphs. The meaning of alignment is similar to what you learnt from Word
processor.

229

Chapter 10.indd 229 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 Illustration 10.7 – HTML code with Heading and align attributes

<html>
<head>
<title> Heading </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align=center> Welcome to Computer Application </h1>
<h2 align=right> Welcome to Computer Application </h2>
</body>
</html>

10.5 Line Breaks and Paragraphs

Browser applications are having some special rules for displaying text. They do not
recognize returns, tabs or even more than one space between words. If you create an HTML
document with multiple lines of text, browser will display it as a single line. (Refer Figure 10.8)

Browser display
multiple lines as a
single statement.

}
Because, the browser
does not recongnize
returns

Multiple lines

Figure 10.8 Multiline statement displayed as Single line

The <br> tag is used for line break. The <br> is an empty tag which, does not have
closing tag and attribute. It should be placed at the end of a line. (Refer Figure 10.9)

230

Chapter 10.indd 230 06-01-2023 15:24:14

 } Multiple lines
with <br> tag

Multiple lines
without <br> tag

}
}

Figure 10.9 Usage of <br> tag

In HTML, paragraphs are created using the <p> tag. The content what you type between
<p> and </p> is identified as a paragraph and displayed as a paragraph by the browser.
Because, the browser does not recognize returns (Pressing “Enter” Key). Remember that in
word processors, pressing “Enter” key is identifying a paragraph.

Illustration 10.8 HTML code to create a paragraph

<html>
<head>
<title> Paragraph </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align=center> Business </h1>
<p> Business may be defined as any activity in which a man is
very much interested and these activities bring him profit, money,
prestige and power. </p> <p> In economic sense, the term business
means works, efforts and acts of people, which are connected with
the production of wealth and activities, which are directed with
the object of making profit.</p> <p> Production and distribution
of goods to consumers for a profit constitute business. </p>
</body>
</html>

231

Chapter 10.indd 231 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 In the above illustration, the contents specified between <p> and </p> is considered as
a paragraph. Each paragraph is displayed separately (Refer Figure 10.10).

Figure 10.10 Browser with Paragraphs

Changing Paragraph alignment

You there already know the different types of paragraph alignments in Word processor.
In HTML documents there are four paragraph alignments viz. Left, Right, Center and Justify.
The text that you type between <p> and </p> is by default aligned to the left. To change the
alignment of a paragraph align attribute can be used with <p> tag.

The tag to specify the alignment to paragraph:

<p align = alignment>
Where alignment can either be Right, Center or Justify. Remember that, left is the
default alignment.
Remember that, the keyboard shortcut to change paragraph alignment in word
processor does not work in HTML.

10.6 Comments

Comments are used to describe the page or provide some kind of indication of the
status of the page. The tag <!> is used to create comments. In HTML, the text what you type
within this tag is considered as comments and it is ignored by the browser. Comments never
show up onscreen. Comments can be placed anywhere in HTML document.

232

Chapter 10.indd 232 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 The general form of comments:
<! comments >
10.7 Container and Empty Elements
The HTML elements (Tags) can be classified as two types – (1) Container elements (2)
Empty elements.
Container Elements:
• The tags which require opening and closing is known as container elements or tags. For
example: <html>, <body>, <title>, <p> etc.,
Empty Elements:
• The tags which require only opening tag is known as empty elements or tags. For example:
<br>
Points to Remember:
• HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is a special markup language used to create
web pages
• HTML is not a word processing tool or a programming language.
• HTML is made up of tags and its attributes.
• Tags are known as elements of HTML.
• Attribute is a special word used inside tag to specify additional information to the tag
such as color, alignment etc.
• Every web document has two sections viz. Heading Section and Body Section.
• <html>, <head>, <title> and <body> these four tags are known as structural tags
• List of HTML tags from Section-I

Table 10.3

Opening Closing Used

Type Function Attributes Contains
Tag Tag inside
Delimits a
complete
<html> </html> Container Dir, Lang <head>, <body>
HTML
document
Defines the
<head> </head> Container function -- <title> <html>
header
Defines the
<title> </title> Container document -- Text <head>
title

233

Chapter 10.indd 233 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 All tags that
Background,
Defines the controls the
Bgcolor, Text,
<body> </body> Container document appearance of <html>
Leftmargin,
body body of the web
Topmargin
page
</h1>,
< h 1 > , Defines one
</h2>,
<h2>…. Container of six levels of Align Text <body>
…… </
<h6> headings
h6>
Defines a
<p> </p> Container paragraph of Align Text <body>
text
Insert a line
<br> -- Empty --- --- Text
break

Workshop - 1

Type the following code in a text editor, save it as an html file and open in a browser.
Observe and study their functions by viewing them in your browser. Then, make the required
changes and look what happens.

<html>
<body>
<h1> Thai Pongal </h1>
<p> Pongal is a harvest festival dedicated to the Sun. It is a four-
day festival which according to the Tamil calendar is usually
celebrated from 14 January to 17 January. </p>
<p> Thai Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated
by Tamil people in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and the country
of Sri Lanka, as well as Tamils worldwide, including those in
Malaysia, Mauritius, South Africa, the United States, Singapore,
Canada, Myanmar (Burma) and the UK. </p>
<p> Thai Pongal corresponds to Makara Sankranthi, the harvest
festival celebrated throughout India. </p>
</body>
</html>

Carry over the following changes:

(a) Add a suitable title

(b) Center the heading

(c) Change the different alignment setting for each paragraph

234

Chapter 10.indd 234 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 Evaluation

Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. HTML is acronym for
(a) Hyper Transfer Markup Language (b) Hyper Text Markup Language
(c) Hyper Transfer Makeup Language (d) Hyper Text Makeup Language
2. The coded HTML keywords that indicates how web browser should format and display
the content is called…….
(a) Tags (b) Attributes (c) Headings (d) Body
3. Which of the following is a special word used inside a tag to specify additional information
to the tag?
(a) Tags (b) Attributes (c) Headings (d) Body
4. HTML tags should be specified within:
(a) [ ] (b) { } (c) ( ) (d) < >
5. An HTML document is bounded within a pair of ….. tags
(a) <body> ……. </body> (b) <title> ……. </title>
(c) <html> ……. </html> (d) <head> …… </head>
6. Which of the following symbol is used to define a closing tag?
(a) < > (b) % (c) / (d) \
7. Which section of the browser window displays the main contents?
(a) Head (b) Body (c) Title (d) Heading
8. Which of the following tag is a structural tag?
(a) <html> (b) <h1> (c) <br> (d) <p>
9. In HTML, colours are represented as
(a) Binary values (b) Octal values (c) Decimal values (d) Hexadecimal values
10. Which of the following symbol is used to prefix with hexadecimal value representing
colour in HTML?
(a) % (b) # (c) @ (d) &
11. Which of the following attribute is used to change text colour within body tag?
(a) bgcolor (c) background (c) text (d) color
12. Within body section, which of the following attribute is used to set top margin?
(a) margin (b) top (c) topmargin (d) leftmargin

235

Chapter 10.indd 235 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 13. How many levels of heading tags are available in HTML?
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 3
14. The tag used to insert a line break:
(a) <h1> (b) <br> (c) <html> (d) <p>
15. The tag used to define a paragraph in HTML:
(a) <para> (b) <p> (c) <q> (d) <br>

Part – II
Very Short Answers
1 Sandhiya is creating a webpage. She is entering HTML code on her computer. In between,
she keeps pressing “Refersh” / “Reload” button on her browser. What is the purpose?
2. Explain with the help of an example the difference between container and empty elements
of HTML.
3. What is wrong in the following coding?
<html>
<my web page>
<title> Welcome to my web page
</head>
</title>
4. How do you define comments in HTML?
5. How do you include an image as your web page background?

Part-III
Short Answers
1. Explain the attributes available with <body> tag.
2. What are the attributes available in <html> tags?
3. How do you view the source file?
4. How do you save a file as HTML file?

Part-IV
Explain in Detail
1. Write a HTML program to display your school name and address using various
geading level tags.
2. Write the basic structure of a HTML program.

236

Chapter 10.indd 236 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 GLOSSARY

HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language used to create web pages.

Tag – A coded HTML command. It is also called as element.
Attribute – Special word, carrying special meaning used inside on HTML tag.
Heading Section – Refers title bar of a browser.
Body Section – Refers main client area of a browser.
Browser – An application to view web pages or web sites.
Web Page – An Online page contains hypertext.
Hypertext – Text which contains links to other texts.
An application used to type and modifies text contents, but it is not a
Text Editor –
word processor.
Word Processor – An application used to create and manipulate text documents.
Notepad – A default text editor available with Windows.
Getit – A default text editor available with Linux.
Windows – Familiar GUI Operating system developed by Microsoft.
Linux – Familiar Open Source operating system.
Internet Explorer – A browser available with Windows.
A default browser available with Linux. Open Source Third party
Mozilla Firefox –
browser can be installed in windows.
Chrome – A familiar web browser developed by Google.

References:
1. Mastering HTML, CSS & JavaScript Web Publishing – Laura Lemay, Rafe Colburn, Jennifer
Kyrnin – BPB Publications.
2. Informatics Practices, A text book for CBSE class XII – Sumita Arora – Dhanpat Rai & Co.
3. Computer Application (Commerce) – Text book of XII – Department of Education –
SCERT, Kerala.
4. https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp

237

Chapter 10.indd 237 06-01-2023 15:24:15

 Unit III Web Page Development using
HTML and CSS CHAPTER
11
HTML - Formatting text, Creating Tables, List and Links

Learning Objectives:

The students will learn the following:

• How to format text contents of an HTML document with
variety of tags and attributes.
• How to create and manipulate tables in HTML.
• How to create different types of List.
• What is Link and how to create internal and external links.
In the previous section you learned how to create a web page with basic elements.
In this section, you are going to learn about how to format the text such as making bold,
italic, underline, changing font style, font size, font color and more. Formatting text is very
important as well as interesting task in creating web pages. Formatting is purely based on your
imagination and creativity.

11.1 Text Formatting Tags of HTML

In the previous chapter you learnt how to create a web page with basic elements.
In this section, you are going to learn about how to format the text such as making bold,
italic, underline, changing font style, font size, font color and more. Formatting text is very
important as well as interesting task in creating web pages. Formatting is purely based on your
imagination and creativity.

11.1.1 Bold, Italics, Underline

<b>, <i>, <u> are the tags to make the text as bold, italic and underline. These are all
container tags. You know well about container tags. All container tags require a closing tag.
These tags are otherwise known as “Physical Style” tags.
Table 11.1 Physical Style Tags

Opening Tag Closing Tag Description

<b> </b> Text will be bold
<i> </i> Text will be italics
<u> </u> Text will be Underlined
<tt> </tt> Text will be old type writer style i.e. fixed width font

238

Chapter 11.indd 238 06-01-2023 15:24:42

 Illustration 11.1 Text Formatting
<html>
<head>
<title> Text Formatting </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> Kancheepuram </h1>
<b> Kanchipuram is part of Tondaimandalam </b> <br>
<i> Kanchipuram is 72 km away from Chennai </i> <br>
<u> It is the administrative headquarters of Kancheepuram District. </u>
<br>
<tt><i> P. Dinesh PG Asst (CS) KLKGBHSS Gummidipoondi </i> </tt>
<p> Chennai <b> International Airport </b> is the nearest domestic and
international airport to the town, which is located at Tirusulam in Kanchipuram
district. </p>
</body>
</html>

Output will be:

11.1.2 <strong> and <em> tags

In addition to bold and italic tags i.e. <b> and <i>, HTML provides <strong>, <em> tags to
make the text as bold and italics. These tags are container tags.
<strong> Important text
The <strong> tag is a phrase tag. It is used to define important text. This tag displays the text
as bold.
<em> - Emphasized text
The <em> tag is used to emphasize the text. That means, when you use this tag, the text
will be in italics.

Visually these two tags display the contents very similar to <b> and <i> respectively.
But, technically the meaning of <strong> and <em> is “Important” not just bold and italics.

239

Chapter 11.indd 239 06-01-2023 15:24:42

 Illustration 11.2 Usage of <strong> and <em> tags

<html>
<head>
<title> Additional Text Formatting Tags </title>
</head>
<body>
<strong> Welcome to Tamilnadu </strong> <br>
<em> Welcome to Tamilnadu </em>
</body>
</html>

11.1.3 <big> and <small> tags

The <big> tag is used to define the text bigger in size than the normal size. It is often
used to call attention to a text.
The <small> tag is used to define the text smaller than the current size.
These two tags are container tags.
Illustration 11.3 Usage of <big> and <small>

<html>
<head>
<title> Small and Big tags </title>
</head>
<body>
Govenment of Tamilnadu <br>
<big> Madurai Corporation welcomes you </big> <br>
<small> Thank you! Visit again </small>
</body>
</html>

11.1.4 Highlighting text

Highlighting is an important formatting feature used to call attention to the reader. The
<mark> tag is used to highlight the text in HTML. This is also a container tag. Whatever the
text given between <mark> and </mark> will be displayed as highlighting with default color
(mostly yellow).

240

Chapter 11.indd 240 06-01-2023 15:24:42

 Illustration 11.4 Usage of <mark>

<html>
<head>
<title> Highlighting text </title>
</head>
<body>
A Computer is an <mark> electronic </mark> device
</body>
</html>

Output will be:

11.1.5 Subscript and Superscript

A Subscript is a way to display a character or a number below the normal line of type.
For example: The scientific notation for water is H2O. It should be written as H2O. Here, 2 is
appearing below the normal line. This is called subscript.
A Superscript is also a way to show a character or a number above the normal line
of type. For example: The familiar algebra equation “a plus b the whole square” should be
written as (a+b)2. Here, the square value 2 is appearing above the normal line. This is called
superscript.
Usually, the subscript and the superscript character or number is smaller than the rest
of the text.
In HTML, the <sub> and <sup> tags are used to create subscript and superscripts
respectively. As like as other formatting tags, this is also a container tag.
The text or number given between _and will be displayed as subscript.
Same as subscript, the text or number given between ^and will be displayed as
superscript.

241

Chapter 11.indd 241 06-01-2023 15:24:42

 Illustration: 11.5 Usage of <sub> and <sup>

<html>
<head>
<title> Subscript and Superscript </title>
</head>
<body>
The scientific notation of Water is H₂O <br>
(a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
</body>
</html>

The output will be:

The Scientific notation of Water is H<Sub>2</Sub>0

(a+b)<Sup>2</sup>=a<sup>+2ab+b²

11.1.6 Inserting and Deleting

The text what you see on browser cannot be deleted or inserted. But you can show a text
as deleted or inserted. <del> and <ins> tags are used to markup a segment of text as deleted or
inserted respectively. These two tags are container tags.

The text what you specify between <del> and </del> will be displayed as strike through.
The text you specify between <ins> and </ins> will be shown as underlined.

242

Chapter 11.indd 242 06-01-2023 15:24:42

 Illustration: 11.6 Usage of <del> and <ins>

<html>
<head>
<title> Inserting and Deleting text </title>
</head>
<body>
I am coming from <del> Madras</del> <ins> Chennai </ins>
</body>
</html>

11.1.7 Strike through:

To display a text as wrong text, the <s> tag can be used to show the text as strike through
style. The <s> and <del> tags display the text in similar way. This is also a container tag. The
text you specify between <s> and </s> will be displayed in strike through style.

11.1.8 Comparison of tags:

A few tags do the same things you have learned so far. For example, <b> and <strong>,
<i> and <em>, <u> and <ins> and so on. These tags may show the same output, but the usage
of tags vary. The following table shows the usage of this kind of tags.

Table: 11.2
Tag Usage Tag Usage Final Output
To show important
<b> To show the text in bold <strong> Bold
text
<i> To show the text as italics <em> To Call attention Italics
<u> To show the text as underlined <ins> To insert a text Underline
To display text as
<s> To show the wrong text <del> Strike through
striked through.

While writing HTML document, you should use the appropriate tags according to its
usage. If you want to show a text as underlined use <u> instead of <ins>.

11.1.9 The Center Tag

Paragraphs can be centered with Align attribute with <p> tag. But for non-paragraph
text contents can be centered with <center> tag. The <center> tag is used to centralize a segment
of text. It is a container tag. That means, what you type between <center> and </center> will
be displayed in the center of the browser.

243

Chapter 11.indd 243 06-01-2023 15:24:42

 Illustration 11.7 Center the text

<html>
<head>
<title> Center the text </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> Thiruvallur </h1>
<center> Thiruvallur was originally known as Thiruvallur which specifies the
sleeping position of the holy lord <b> "Balaji" <b>, in the
<b> <u> Veeraragava swamy temple of Thiruvallur. </b> </u> </center>
</body>
</html>

Output will be

11.2 Changing font style, size and color

The <font> tag is used to change the style, size and color of text. It is also a container
tag. It is generally used for changing the appearance of a short segment of text. Before using
<font>, you should have the knowledge about fonts.
A font is a named set of certain style of character and number. Each font looks different
from other fonts. Generally some fonts are used for specific purpose. For example, Times New
Roman is a style of font usually used for preparing office documents. Arial is another font style
which is used for publishing work. Variety of fonts available in internet at free of cost.
Generally, a browser shows the contents as default system font setting. Every system has
different font setting with another system.
The general form of <font> tag with attributes:
<font face= “font_name” size=value color=color_name / color_code>
Text to be displayed
</font>
244

Chapter 11.indd 244 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 • The face is an attribute to set different font style. The name of a font has multiple words it
should be specified within double quote.
• The size attribute is used to set size of the text. The size can have an absolute value from 1
to 7. These predefined sizes are known as virtual size. Each virtual size is successively 20%
larger than the previous one.
• The color attribute is used to set the color to the text. As you leant earlier color name or
color code in hexadecimal may be used.
Illustration 11.8 HTML code to change font properties

<html>
<head>
<title> Changing Font Properties </title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="Arial Black" size=1 color=red> Font Size 1 </font> <br>
<font face="Arial Black" size=2 color=blue> Font Size 2 </font> <br>
<font face="Arial Black" size=3 color=green> Font Size 3 </font> <br>
<font face="Arial Black" size=4 color=yellow> Font Size 4 </font> <br>
<font face="Arial Black" size=5 color=pink> Font Size 5 </font> <br>
<font face="Arial Black" size=6 color=red> Font Size 6 </font> <br>
<font face="Arial Black" size=7 color=blue> Font Size 7 </font> <br>
</body>
</html>

The output will be:

Note: The <font> tag is not supported by HTML5.

Multiple fonts with face attribute:
As you learnt already, the face attribute of font tag is used to change font style of a
segment of text. In face attribute, you can assign more than one font-name at a time within
double quotes with comma. For example,
<font face = "Bookman old style1, Broadway1, Forte, Arial">

245

Chapter 11.indd 245 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Welcome to HTML
</font>

Browser first tries to find out whether the font-name in the list is supported or not. If
the first font is not supported by the browser, then it displays the text in second font, otherwise
it will display next one. If no font in the list is supported, then the browser will display in the
default font.
In the above code, consider the font names “Bookman old style1” and “Broadway1” are
not supported by any browser. (Because, the names has been changed). So, the text “Welcome
to HTML” will be displayed in “Forte” style. If your browser does not support “Forte” font,
the text will be displayed in “Arial” font, otherwise the browser shows the text in default font
setting. In the case of Internet explorer, the “Times New Roman” is the default font to display
the contents.
11.3 Section Break

The <hr> (Horizontal Rules) tag, which is known as “Thematic Breaks” separate
sections of an HTML document visually. It produces a horizontal line spread across the width
of the browser. This is an empty tag, which means the tag has no closing tag.

Illustration 11.9 An HTML code to demonstrate Horizontal rules tag - <hr>

<html>
<head>
<title> Horizontal Tag </title>
<head>
<body>
<h1 align=center> Tamil Language </h1>
<font face = "Arial Black" size = 5 color="Red">
Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of
</font>
<hr>
<font face = "Copperplate Gothic Bold" size = 6 color="Blue">
India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa
</font>
<hr>
<font face = "Verdana" size = 6 color="Green">
Tamil is an official language of India (Tamilnadu and Puducherry),
Sri Lanka and Singapore.
</body>
</html>

246

Chapter 11.indd 246 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 The output will be:

Attributes of <hr> tag

The <hr> tag having four attributes viz. size, width, noshade and color. These attributes
are used to set size, width, 3D appearance and color to the horizontal line respectively.
The general syntax of <hr> tag with attributes:
<hr size=value width=value noshade, color=color_name/code>
Size:
Thickness of the horizontal line can be changed with size attribute. The size is given in
terms of pixels. A pixel is one of the tiny dots that make up the display on computer. Generally,
72 pixels is equal to an inch. Pixel is usually referred as points. For example: The code <hr size
= 72> display a horizontal line with 1 inch thickness. The default size is 3 pixels.
Width:
The width attribute specifies the horizontal width of the ruler line. The default ruler is
drawn across the full width of the browser. The value of the width attribute may be the exact
width of the ruler in pixel or a certain percentage. Usually, the value of the width is specified
as percentage. 100% is the default width.
For example:
<hr width = 50%> display an half of a horizontal ruler line on the browser window.
Noshade:
The default view of a horizontal ruler line is 3D. So, no need to specify the term “noshade”
as an attribute with <hr> tag. If you specify the attribute “noshade” turn off 3D view, turns on
2D view. Noshade is a Boolean type attribute.

247

Chapter 11.indd 247 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Color:
The horizontal line is displayed in gray color by default. The color attribute is used to
change the default color to desired color. As you leant already, the value of color either is a
color name or color code.
Note: All attributes of <hr> tag is not supported by HTML5
Illustration 11.10: An HTML code to demonstrate Horizontal rules with Attributes.
<html>
<head>
<title> Horizontal Line Attributes </title>
</head>
<body>
Rule with size 72pixels
<hr size = 72>
Rule with size 36pixels, 50% width
<hr size = 36 width=50%>
Rule with size 18pixels, 30% width, in 2D
<hr size = 18 width=30% noshade>
Rule with size 9pixels, 50% width, 2D, in Green color
<hr size = 9 width = 50% noshade color=Green>
</body>
</html>

The output will be

11.4 Tables in HTML

Table is grid of rows and columns. Remember, what you learnt about tables in
OpenOffice Writer. Creating a table in HTML is not as easy as created in OpenOffice writer.
The tables were officially introduced with HTML 3.2. Tables are useful for the general display
of tabular data. Representing table in HTML is heavy on tags.
248

Chapter 11.indd 248 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 11.4.1 Tags to create table elements

There are five core tags are used to create a table in HTML. They are,
• <table> tag is used to create a table.
• <tr> tag defines table rows
• <th> tag defined table columns
• <td> tag is used to specify the data in a cell
• <caption> tag defines title for the table
• Apart from these five core tags, <tbody>, <thead> and <tfoot> tags are also used to
define and control whole sections of table. All the above tags are container tags.
11.4.2 Creating Table
With the following illustration, you can learn how to create a table in HTML.
Illustration 11.11: An HTML code to Table tags
<html>
<head>
<title> Creating Table </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="PaleGoldenRod">
<Table border=1>
<Caption> Books and Authors </Caption>
<TR>
<TH> Book </TH>
<TH> Author </TH>
<TH> Publisher </TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Foxpro 2.5 </TD>
<TD> R.K. Taxali </TD>
<TD> BPB Publications </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Visual Basic .NET </TD>
<TD> Jeffrey R. Shapiro </TD>
<TD> Tata McGraw Hill </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Core Java Vol 1 </TD>
<TD> Horstmann Cornell </TD>
<TD> Pearson </TD>
</TR>
</Table>
</body>
<html>

In the above HTML code, the <Table border=1> tag creates a table structure with
border. The code <Caption> Books and Authors </Caption> display the text specified
between <Caption> as title to the table.

249

Chapter 11.indd 249 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 The above code contains four set of <tr> blocks. First block of <tr> creates a table row
with three column headings with the help of <th> tag. When you use <th> tag, the column
heading were aligned center and text becomes bold by default.
Rest of the <tr> blocks display the contents what you specify within <td> tags. All the
tags used with table were container tags. So, each and every tag should be closed with their
closing tag. The following Figure is more useful to understand the same code given above.
The output will be:
Table heading

<Table border=1>
<Caption> Books and Authors </Caption>

{
<TR> <TH> Book </TH>
Row 1

<TH> Author </TH> Column heading

<TH> Publisher </TH>
</TR>

{
<TR> <TD> Foxpro 2.5 </TD>
Row 2

<TD> R.K. Taxali </TD> Row 2 - Data

Table Block

<TD> BPB Publications </TD>

</TR>

{
<TR> <TD> Visual Basic .NET </TD>
Row 3

<TD> Jeffrey R. Shapiro </TD> Row 3 - Data

<TD> Tata McGraw Hill </TD>
</TR>

{
<TR>
<TD> Core Java Vol 1 </TD>
Row 4

<TD> Horstmann Cornell </TD> Row 4 - Data

<TD> Pearson </TD>
</TR>
</Table>

<Table border=1> <Caption>Books and Authors</Caption>

<TR> <TR>
<TD>Foxpro 2.5</TD> <TH>Book</TH>
<TD>R.K. Taxali</TD> <TH>Author</TH>
<TD>BPB Publications</ <TH>Publisher</
TD> TH>
</TR> </TR>

11.4.3 Attributes of table

The <table> is a container tag. There are several attributes to improve the layout of the
table. They are listed below:
1. Cellspacing
It is used to set the space between cells in a table. The value should be in pixels
250

Chapter 11.indd 250 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 2. Cellpadding
It is used to set the space between the contents of a cell and its border. The value should
be in pixels.
3. Border:
Border attribute with <table> tag is used to specify the thickness of the border lines
around the table. The value of the border attribute should be a non zero value in pixels. If its
value is zero, HTML displays the table without border. The default value is Zero in most of the
browsers.
4. Bordercolor:
It is used to apply colour to the border lines.
5. Align:
It is used to set the position of the table within the browser window. Left is the default
position. Right or center may be the value of align attribute.
6. BGcolor
It is used to apply background colour to the table.
7. Height and Width
These two attributes are used to specify the height and width of a table in terms of pixels
or percentage.

Illustration 11.12: An HTML code to demonstrate the attributes of Table

<html>
<head>
<title> Table with Attribute </title>
</head>
<body>
<table cellspacing=5 cellpadding=15 border=4 bordercolor=blue align=center
bgcolor=yellow>
<TR>
<TH> Class </TH>
<TH> Boys </TH>
<TH> Girls </TH>
</TR> The output will be:
<TR>
<TD> VI </TD>
<TD> 150 </TD>
<TD> 165 </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> VII </TD>
<TD> 146 </TD>
<TD> 151 </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> VIII </TD>
<TD> 107 </TD>
<TD> 110 </TD>
</TR>
</table>
</body>
</html>

251

Chapter 11.indd 251 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Attributes of <TD>, <TH> and <TR> tags:

1. Align

Used to specify the horizontal alignment of content within a cell. Left is the default
alignment. Possible values are Right and Center.

2. VAlign

Used to specify the vertical alignment of the contents within a cell. Bottom is the default
alignment. Possible values are Top and Middle

3. Width

Used to specify the width of a cell in terms of pixels or percentage.

4. BGcolor and Background

Bgcolor attribute is used to apply a particular colour to the background of a cell.

Background attribute is used to apply an image or picture as background of a cell.

5. Rowspan and Colspan

Rowspan attribute is used to merge two or more cells in a row as a single cell.

Colspan attribute is used to merge two or more cells in a column as a single cell.

Illustration 11.13: An HTML code to demonstrate the attributes of <td>, <th> and
<td> tags.
<html>
<head>
<title> Attributes of td, tr and th tags </title>
</head>
<body>
<table border align=center>
<Caption> Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Mullai Nagar, Thiruvallur
<tr>
<th colspan=6> Boys and Girls Strength during 2016-17 and 2017-18 </th>
</tr>
<tr align=center>
<th rowspan=2> Class </th>
<th rowspan=2> Group </th>
<th colspan=2 bgcolor=silver> 2016 - 17 </th>
<th colspan=2 bgcolor=gray> 2017 - 18 </th>
</tr>
<tr>

252

Chapter 11.indd 252 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 <th bgcolor=yellow> Boys </th>
<th bgcolor=pink> Girls </th>
<th bgcolor=yellow> Boys </th>
<th bgcolor=pink> Girls </th>
</tr>
<tr align=center>
The output will be:
<th rowspan=2> XI </th>
<th> Science </th>
<td> 75 </td>
<td> 82 </td>
<td> 65</td>
<td> 96 </td>
</tr>
<tr align=center>
<th> Commerce </th>
<td> 125 </td>
<td> 147 </td>
<td> 118 </td>
<td> 163 </td>
</tr>
<tr align=center>
<th rowspan=2> XII </th>
<th> Science </th>
<td> 86</td>
<td> 97 </td>
<td> 71</td>
<td> 106 </td>
</tr>
<tr align=center>
<th> Commerce </th>
<td> 145 </td>
<td> 186 </td>
<td> 130 </td>
<td> 198 </td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Lists in HTML
HTML supports three types of lists viz. numbered, unnumbered and definition. These
lists are called as Ordered List, Unordered List and Definition List respectively.
1. Numbered List / Ordered List
Numbered list is created within the tag pair <OL> ….. </OL> tag. The tag <LI> is used
to present the list item in the list. Ordered list displays items in a numerical or alphabetical
order. Both <OL> and <LI> tags are container tags. But the usual practice, closing tag
</LI> is normally not used.
253

Chapter 11.indd 253 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Illustration 11.14: An HTML code to demonstrate Numbered list
<html>
<head>
The output will be:
<title> Number List </title>
</head>
<body>
<OL>
<LI> Tamil
<LI> Telugu
<LI> English
<LI> Computer Application
<LI> Commerce
<LI> Accountancy
<LI> Economics
</OL>
</body>
</html>

Attributes of Ordered List:

There are two attributes that can be used to customize ordered list, they are
(1) Type - changing numbering style
(2) Start - changing numbering order.
Type – is used to change the number style. The default number style is standard Arabic
numerals (1,2,3,…………).

Table: 11.3
Type value Numbering style
1 Standard Arabic Numerals 1,2,3,4,……………….
a Lowercase letters a, b, c, d, …………
A Uppercase letter A, B, C, D ………..
i Lowercase Roman numerals i, ii, iii, iv, v ……………
I Uppercase Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V ………..

Start – is used to specify the number or letter with which to start the list. The default starting
point is 1. The value of the start attribute should be a decimal number, regardless of the
numbering style being used.

254

Chapter 11.indd 254 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Illustration 11.15: An HTML code to demonstrate attribute of OL tag
<html>
<head>
<title> Attribute of OL tag </title>
</head>
The output will be:
<body>
<OL type=i start=5>
<LI> Physics
<LI> Chemistry
<LI> Biology
<LI> Botany
<LI> Zoology
</OL>
</body>
</html>

2. Un-numbered List / Unordered List

Unordered lists are often referred as bulleted lists. Instead of numbers, each element
in the list is prefixed with a special bullet symbol. Unordered list is surrounded within <UL>
……… </UL> tags. As discussed above, each list element is defined by <LI> tag.

Illustration 11.16: An HTML code to demonstrate Unordered list

<html>
<head>
<title> Unordered List </title>
</head>
<body>
<UL>
<LI> Chennai G Hr. Sec. School, Rotler Street, Chennai 600 112.
<LI> Karnakata Sanga Hr. Sec. School, T. Nagar, Chennai 600 017.
<LI> S.M.B. Jain Hr. Sec. School, T. Nagar, Chennai 600 017.
<LI> Chennai G Hr. Sec. School, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034.
<LI> Chennai G Hr. Sec. School, Saidapet West, Chennai 600 015
<LI> Santhome Hr. Sec. School, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004.
</UL>
</body>
</html>

255

Chapter 11.indd 255 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 The output will be:

Attribute of Unordered List:

Like ordered list, type attribute is used to customize bullet style for the list of elements.
By default, a solid circle is used as bullets.
Table: 11.4
Type value Numbering style
Disc • A solid circle
Square A solid square
Circle oAn unfilled circle

Illustration 11.17: An HTML code to demonstrate Unordered list

<html>
<head>
<title> Attribute of UL tag </title>
</head>
<body>
<UL>
<LI> Chennai G Hr. Sec. School, Rotler Street, Chennai 600 112.
<LI> Karnakata Sanga Hr. Sec. School, T. Nagar, Chennai 600 017.
</UL>
<UL type=square>
<LI> S.M.B. Jain Hr. Sec. School, T. Nagar, Chennai 600 017.
<LI> Chennai G Hr. Sec. School, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034.
</UL>
<UL type=circle>
<LI> Chennai G Hr. Sec. School, Saidapet West, Chennai 600 015
<LI> Santhome Hr. Sec. School, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004.
</UL>
</body>
</html>

256

Chapter 11.indd 256 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 The output will be:

3. Definition List
Definition list is different from other two types of list. No bullet or number is provided
for the list items. In this list type, the list element has two parts.
(1) A definition term
(2) The definition description
Definition list is surrounded within <DL> ……. </DL> tags.
Definition term is presented in between <DT> ….. </DT> tag and
Definition description should be surrounded within <DD> ………… </DD> tag.
Illustration 11.18: An HTML code to demonstrate Definition list
<html>
<head>
<title> Definition List </title>
</head>
<body>
<DL>
<DT> HTML: </DT>
<DD> Hyper Text Markup Language </DD>
<DT> Webpage: </DT>
<DD> A web page is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and
web browsers. A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device.
</DD>
</DL>
</body>
<html>

257

Chapter 11.indd 257 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 The output will be:

Definition List

Nested Lists:

A list block can be defined inside another list is called as nested list.

Illustration 11.19: An HTML code to demonstrate Nested lists

<html>
<head> The output will be:
<title> Nested List </title>
</head>
<body>
<OL>
<LI> Districts of Tamilnadu
<UL type=A>
<LI> Chennai
<LI> Madurai
<LI> Coimbatore
</UL>
<LI> District of Kerala
<UL type=A>
<LI> Thiruvananthapuram
<LI> Palakkad
<LI> Idukki
<UL>
</OL>
<body>
<html>

Links:

Link is an important feature of HTML to connect web resources. Link in HTML is used
to create hyperlinks to web content. Web content may be an HTML document or an external
webpage or any multimedia content such as an image, video, audio, animation etc., or even a
part of the current document.
258

Chapter 11.indd 258 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 There are two important things needed to create a link in HTML,
(1) The name of the file or URL to which you want to link
(2) The text that will serve as the clickable link.
The anchor tag <A> is used to create links along with HREF attribute. HREF is
abbreviated as “Hypertext Reference”.
Structure of an anchor tag with href:
<A href = “ Web content path / URL “> Text – Clickable link </A>
Example:
Clickable text

<A href = "http://tnscert.org/index.html">SCERT </A>

URL to load
The above link code creates the target of the hyperlink to the website http://thscert.org/
index.html. At the time the user clicks the link, the browser opens the home page of the URL.
Internal Links:
Creating a link to a particular section of the same document is known as Internal Link. To
create an internal link, the attribute Name is used along with <A> tag. The Name attribute of
<A> tag establish the link to the content within the document.
Illustration 11.20: An HTML code to demonstrate Internal Linking:
<html>
<head>
<title> South India </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> South India </h1>
<p> South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of
<A href = #AP> Andhra Pradesh, </A>
<A href = #KR> Karnataka, </A>
<A href = #KL> Kerala, </A>
<A href = #TN> Tamil Nadu </A> and Telangana as well as the union territories of
Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry, occupying 19% of India's
area (635,780 km2 or 245,480 sq mi). </p>
<A Name = AP><B> Andhra Pradesh </B> </A>
<p> Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India. Situated in the south-east of the country,
it is the eighth-largest state in India. The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam.
</p>
<A Name = KR> <B> Karnataka </B> </A>

259

Chapter 11.indd 259 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 <p> Karnataka is a state in the south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November
1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State
of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore
(Bengaluru). </p>
<A Name = KL> <B> Kerala </B> </A>
<p> Kerala is a state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November
1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions. It
is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram.</p>
<A Name = TN> <B> Tamilnadu </B> </A>
<p> Tamil Nadu literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country' is one of the 29 states of
India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). </p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Link Colors

A link will appear in all browsers by default as in the following colour:
• An unvisited link is underlined and blue
• A visited link is underlined and purple
• An active link is underlined and red
We can change the default colours, by using CSS will be discussed later.

External Link:

To Establish link with an external web page in known as external link. It is created by
providing the URL of the external file in the HREF attribute of <A> tag of the current page.

Illustration 11.21: An HTML code to demonstrate Linking with an external website/

webpage
<html>
<head>
<title> Links </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align=center>
Welcome to <br>
<A href = "http://www.tnscert.org">
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Tamilnadu </A>
</h1>
</body>
</html>

260

Chapter 11.indd 260 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Illustration 11.22: An HTML code to demonstrate Linking with multiple pages:
<! Master.htm >
<html>
<head>
<title> Linking two pages </title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> Applications of OpenOffice </h2>
<ul>
<LI> <A href=writer.htm> OpenOffice Writer </A>
<LI> <A href=calc.htm> OpenOffice Calc </A>
<LI> <A href=impress.htm> OpenOffice Impress </A>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
------------------------------------------------
<! Writer.htm>
<html>
<head>
<title> OpenOffice Writer </title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> OpenOffice Writer </h2>
<p> Writer has everything you would expect from a modern, fully equipped word
processor. </p>
<p> It is simple enough for a quick memo, yet powerful enough to create complete
books with contents, diagrams, indexes, etc. You're free to concentrate on your ideas
while Writer makes them look great. </p>
<A href=master.htm> Back to Home </A>
</body>
</html>

261

Chapter 11.indd 261 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 ------------------------------------------------
<! calc.htm>
<html>
<head>
<title> OpenOffice Calc </title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> OpenOffice Calc </h2>
<p> Calc is the spreadsheet application you've always wanted.
Newcomers find it intuitive and easy to learn; professional data miners and number
crunchers will appreciate the comprehensive range of advanced functions. </p>
<p> DataPilot is an advanced technology that makes it easy to pull in raw data from
corporate databases; cross-tabulate, summarize, and convert it into meaningful
information. </p>
<A href=master.htm> Back to Home </A>
</body>
</html>
------------------------------------------------
<! Impress.htm>
<html>
<head>
<title> OpenOffice Impress</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> OpenOffice Impress </h2>
<p> Impress is a truly outstanding tool for creating effective multimedia presentations.
Your presentations will stand out with 2D and 3D clip art, special effects, animation,
and high-impact drawing tools.</p>
<A href=master.htm> Back to Home </A>
</body>
</html>

262

Chapter 11.indd 262 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Points to Remember:
• <b>, <i>, <u> are the tags to make the text as bold, italic and underline. These tags
are otherwise known as “Physical Style” tags.
• Highlighting is an important formatting feature used to call attention to the reader.
The <mark> tag is used to highlight the text in HTML.
• The <sub> and <sup> tags are used to create subscript and superscripts respectively.
• The <font> tag is used to change the style, size and color of text.
• A font is a named set of certain style of character or numbers.
• The <hr> (Horizontal Ruler) tag, which is known as “Thematic Breaks” separates
sections of an HTML document visually.
• Table is grid of rows and columns.
• The tables were officially introduced in HTML 3.2.
• There are five core tags are used to create a table in HTML.
• HTML supports three types of lists viz. numbered, unnumbered and definition.
These lists are called as Ordered List, Unordered List and Definition List respectively.
• Link is an important feature of HTML to connect web resources. Link in HTML is
used to create hyperlinks to web content.
• Hyperlinks are considered either Internal or External links depending on their target.

Workshop:
1. Write an HTML code for a webpage of your school with the following specifications:
o A heading followed by a paragraph about your school in 10 lines using text formatting
tags and attributes.
o Include an ordered list with the subjects taught your school.
2. Write an HTML code for a webpage of your district with the following details and features:
o A heading followed by a paragraph of 15 sentences about the district using text
formatting tags and attributes.
o A list of the tourist places in the district. (Use Unordered list)
3. Write an HTML code to show the following table in a webpage:
Students studying Computer Subjects
SN School No. of Students
Comp. Comp. Comp.
Science Application Technology
1 Govt. HSS, M.K.B. Nagar, Chennai 39 25 62 --
2 Chennai G HSS, M.H. Road, Chennai 11 123 141 87
3 Dr. GMTTV HSS, Amman Koil St., Chennai 45 76 23
79
4 Chennai G HSS, Rotler St, Chennai 112 18 63 43
5 Chennai B HSS, G.Koil St., Chennai 84 31 52 15
263

Chapter 11.indd 263 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 4. Write HTML codes to create four web pages about Population of Tamilnadu with the
following description.

o In main page write about “Population” (Refer XI Economics text book, Page No: 228-
229. Para 11.5) and create list with the following terms:

o “Density”, “Urbanisation” and “Sex ratio”.

o Write separate pages for “Density”, “Urbanisation” and “Sex ratio” (For contents, refer
XI Economics text book, Page No: 229. Para 11.5.1, 11.5.2 and 11.5.3).

o In main page, create link with respective pages to the list items.

Evaluation

Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. Which of the following tags are called as physical style tags?
(A) <html>, <b>, <br> B) <b>, <br>, <u>
(C) <A>, <b>, <i> (D) <b>, <i>, <u>

2. Which feature is used to call attention to the reader?

(A) Highlight (B) Bold (C) Italics (D) Underline

3. The tags <sub> and <sup> are used for:

(A) Subject and Super (B) Subscript and Super
(C) Subject and Superscript (D) Subscript and Superscript

4. A named set of certain style of character and number is:

(A) Style (B) Character (C) Font (D) List

5. Pick odd one from the list

(A) <tr> (B) <th> (C) <dh> (D) <td>

6. Match the following:

(a) tfoot - (1) Order list
(b) start - (2) Hyperlink
(c) href - (3) Highlight
(d) mark - (4) Table

264

Chapter 11.indd 264 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 (A) 4 1 2 3
(B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 4 3 2 1
(D) 1 2 4 3

7. Definition list has how many parts?

(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2

8. A list block can be defined inside another list is:

(A) Inner List (B) Nested List (C) Outer List (D) Listing List

9. Read the following statement and choose the correct statement(s):

(I) Link in HTML is used to create hyperlinks to web content.
(II) HREF is abbreviated as Hypertext Markup File
(A) I is correct (B) II is correct
(C) I and II is correct (D) Both are wrong

10. To create internal link, which of the following attribute should be used?
(A) link (B) name (C) local (D) Inter

Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. Write a short note on (i) <strong> (ii) <em>
2. What is the use of <mark> tag?
3. Write the following equation as HTML notation:
Pd = 2s – Q2
4. Write about any two attributes of font tag.
5. What is thematic break?
6. What is pixel?
7. What are the types of list in HTML?
8. How will you define numbered list?

265

Chapter 11.indd 265 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 Part-III
Short Answers
1. Write an HTML code to display the following text in exactly the same way as given below.
I am studying Computer Application.
2. Briefly explain the attributes of <hr> tag.
3. What are the core tags used to create table in HTML?
4. Write an HTML code to provide hyperlink to https://www.w3schools.com

5. Difference between <UL> and <OL> tags.

6. Write HTML code to produce the following table:

A B
C

Part-IV
Explain in Detail
1. Write an HTML code the show the following text:
MODERN ATOMIC THEORY
The findings of modern atomic theory are given as follows:
• An atom is the smallest particle which takes part in chemical reaction.
• An atom is considered to be a divisible particle.
• The atoms of the same element may not be similar in all respects.
eg: Isotopes (17Cl35, 17Cl37)
• The atoms of different elements may be similar in some respects.
eg. Isobars (18Ar40, 20Ca40)

2. Explain the attributes used with <table> tag in HTML.

3. Explain the types of list with suitable HTML code.
4. What is Link and explain the types of links.
5. Write HTML code to create the following table:

A B
C D E G
F

266

Chapter 11.indd 266 06-01-2023 15:24:43

 GLOSSARY

Text Formatting – Showing text with different style and colour.

Font – Named set of certain style of character and numbers.

Table – A Structure of rows and columns or grid of cells.

Cell – An individual box in a table.

Border – A line surrounded by cells.
Column – Vertical structure of a table.
Row – Horizontal structure of a table.
Indents lists having numbers or letters in front of every list
Ordered List –
item.
Unordered List – Indents lists having a bullet symbol in front of every list item.

Definition List – Lists showing definition terms and definition descriptions.

Make connection with a part of content of same document or

Link –
an external document.

Hyperlink – A link from a hypertext document.

Internal Link – Connecting with another part of the same document.

Local Link – Internal Link

External Link – Connection with another hypertext document.

References:

1. Mastering HTML, CSS & JavaScript Web Publishing – Laura Lemay, Rafe Colburn, Jennifer
Kyrnin – BPB Publications.

2. Informatics Practices, A text book for CBSE class XII – Sumita Arora – Dhanpat Rai & Co.

3. Computer Application (Commerce) – Text book of XII – Department of Education –

SCERT, Kerala.

4. https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp

267

Chapter 11.indd 267 06-01-2023 15:24:44

 Unit III Web Page Development
using HTML and CSS CHAPTER
12
HTML - Adding multimedia elements and Forms

Learning Objectives:

The students will learn the following:

• How to insert images with HTML document.
• How to insert music and movies in web pages.
• What is Forms and how to create forms and controls within an HTML document
12.1 Inserting Images
Images are essential element to make an HTML presentation in a more attractive
manner. Moreover images are used to depict many complex concepts in simple way. To make
more attractive and communicative web pages, images should be added in the appropriate
places.
Images displayed on the web page should be converted to universally supported format.
Most of the browsers supports GIF, JPEG and PNG image formats. HTML-5 introduces SVG
images. One format of image can be converted to another format by using Image editing
applications such as Photoshop, Picasa, GIMP etc.,
12.1.1 Familiar Image Formats
GIF (Graphical Interchange Format)
This format is one of the popular format for animated images. It was developed by
CompuServe. Usually this image format is suitable for presenting tiny animated images, logos,
icons, line art etc., It is not suitable for photographic work, because it uses maximum of 256
colours. Animated GIF do not support sound or playback control.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
JPEG is the most popular image format supported by all web browsers. This format is
suitable for photographic images. Unlike GIF, JPEG can include any number of colours.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
PNG is designed as a replacement for GIF. It is also supported by all browsers.
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
SVG is a graphics format that was developed for web. It was standardized by World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 2001. All current web browsers supports basic features of

268

Chapter 12.indd 268 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 SVG.
12.1.2 Inserting Images with HTML document
The <IMG> tag along with the attribute src (Source) is used to add images in HTML
document.
General format:
<img src = image_name_with_extension>
(OR)
<img src = URL>
Example:
<img src = image1.gif>
Src attribute is the main attribute used to specify the file name of the image to be
inserted. If the image is not in the current working folder, the image file name should clearly
specify with the path of the file or URL, where the file is available.
Example:
<img src = “D:\images\animals\cat.jpeg”>

Illustration 12.1: An HTML code to insert an inline image

<html>
<head>
<title> Inserting Images </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> Bharathiyar </h1>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif>
</body>
</html>

The output will be:

E:\CS_TestBook_Final\ Inserting images
File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Bharathiyar

269

Chapter 12.indd 269 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 12.1.3 Other Attributes of <img> tag:
Other than src, the <img> tag has many attributes that enable to control how the image
is presented on the page.
Alt (Alternative Text)
The alt attribute within <img> tag is used to give description of the image, so that some
text is conveyed even when the image cannot be displayed.
Example:
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = “National Poet of India”>
Width and Height:
Width and Height attributes are used to set the width and height of the image. The
values of these attributes should be either pixels or percentage of its actual size. If these
attributes are not specified, the browser displays the image in its original size.
Vspace (Vertical Space) and Hspace (Horizontal Space):
Vspace and Hspace attributes are used to set Vertical and Horizontal space between the images.
Illustration 12.2: An HTML code to demonstrate <img> attributes
<html>
<head>
<title> Inserting Images </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> Mahakavi Bharathi </h1>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = "National Poet of India" Width = 20% Height = 25%
vpace = 20 Hspace = 20>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = "National Poet of India" Width = 20% Height = 25%
vpace = 20 Hspace = 20>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = "National Poet of India" Width = 20% Height = 25%
vpace = 20 Hspace = 20> <br>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = "National Poet of India" Width = 20% Height = 25%
vpace = 20 Hspace = 20>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = "National Poet of India" Width = 20% Height = 25%
vpace = 20 Hspace = 20>
<img src = bharathiyar.gif alt = "National Poet of India" Width = 20% Height = 25%
vpace = 20 Hspace = 20> <br>
</body>
</html>

270

Chapter 12.indd 270 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 The output will be:

E:\CS_TestBook_Final\ Inserting images

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Mahakavi Bharathi

Align:
The align attribute used to align the image with respect to the base line of the text. This
attribute has the following values.
• Bottom – Aligns the bottom of the image with the baseline of the text. This is the default
setting.
• Middle – Aligns the middle of the image with the baseline of the text.
• Top – Aligns the top of the image with the baseline of the text.
Left and Right values of Align attribute:
Using left and right values with align attribute, displays the image on the left and right
side of the text.
Illustration 12.3: An HTML code to demonstrate baseline of text
<html>
<head>
<title> Attributes of <img> tag </title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> Attributes of image tag </h2>
<img src="D:\Images\Bird.jpg" alt="Parrot Image">
This text is aligned in the bottom of the image by default <br> <br> <br>
<img src="D:\Images\Bird.jpg" alt="Parrot Image" align=top>
This text is aligned in the top of the image <br><br>
<img src="D:\Images\Bird.jpg" alt="Parrot Image" align=middle>
This text is aligned on the middle of the image
</body>
</html>

271

Chapter 12.indd 271 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 The output will be:

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ Attributes of <img>tag

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Attributes of image tag

This text is aligned in the bottom of the image by default

This text is aligned in the top of the image

This text is aligned in the middle of the image

12.2 Scrolling text using <Marquee>

In HTML, a piece of text or image can be moved horizontally or vertically by using
<marquee> tag. This feature makes a web page as more attractive.
General format:
<marquee> Text or image to be scroll </marquee>
Attributes of <marquee>
Height and Width
These attributes are used to set height and width of the marquee. The values should be
either in pixels or in percentage the browser window.
Direction
This is used to specify the direction of the movement of text or image. The text or image
will move towards right to left by default. So, the default direction is left. The Possible values
are ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘left’ or ‘right’.
Behaviour:
This attribute is used to specify the type of scrolling. The values are ‘scroll’, ‘slide’ and
‘alternate’.
Scrolldelay:
This attribute is used to define the time delay between each jump. The time unit should
be in seconds.
Scrollamount:
This is used to define the speed of the scroll.
Loop:
This is used for defining how many times the marquee element should repeat on the
screen. The default value is ‘infinite’, which means the marquee element scrolls endlessly.
272

Chapter 12.indd 272 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 Bgcolor:
This is used to specify the background color to the marquee elements.
Hspace and Vspace:
This is for defining the horizontal and vertical space around the marquee. The value can
be in pixels or percentage.
Illustration 12.4: An HTML code to demonstrate marquee
<html>
<head>
<title> Marquee </title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee> <b> The Government of Tamilnadu </b>, Directorate of School
Education </marquee>
<marquee direction=right> Welcome to <b> The State Council of Educational
Research and Training </b>, Tamilnadu </marquee>
</body>
</html>

12.3 Adding Video and Sound

Video and Sound are the core part of the modern web pages. In HTML, a video or
audio content may be included as Inline or external data. The inline refers to when audio or
video files are handled as part of the page. These media files play the audio or video when the
page is visible in the browser window. The external refers to linking external audio or video
files as url.

The <embed> tag is used to attach an audio or video file easily within webpage. This tag
includes the control of the multimedia automatically in the browser. The <noembed> tag may
be used as an alternate to display some other media file, in case the browser does not support
<embed> tag.

Src is the primary attribute used with <embed> tag. The src attribute is used to specify
the name of the media file with its source location. Other attributes such as alt, is height, width
and align are used as it is used with <img>.

General Format:

<embed src = audio / video file name with location> </embed>

273

Chapter 12.indd 273 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 Illustration 12.5: An HTML code to demonstrate adding audio and video files
(internal source)

<html>
<head>
<title> Adding Multimedi Files </title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="D:\Images\TN_Logo.png" alt="Govt. of Tamilnadu Logo" height=25%
width=15%>
<marquee> Welcome to <b> The State Council of Educational Research and Traning
</b>, Tamilnadu </marquee>
<embed src="D:\CS_Videos\CS_Video.mp4" width=50% height=50%> </embed>
</body>
</html>

12.3.1 Background music:

Music can be played in the background to a webpage, while the page is viewed. This
is known as ‘inline’ sound or movie. The <bgsound> tag is used to attach an inline sound file
in HTML. The src attribute is used to define the location of the media file. Volume attribute
is used to adjust volume control. The loop attribute defines the duration of play. The ‘infinite’
value causes the audio play as long as the page is in view.
General Format:
<bgsound src=music file name with location>

Illustration 12.6: An HTML code to demonstrate inline sound

<html>
<head>
<title> Inline Sound </title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="D:\Images\TN_Logo.png" alt="Govt. of Tamilnadu Logo" height=25%
width=15%>
<marquee> Welcome to <b> The State Council of Educational Research and
Training </b>, Tamilnadu </marquee>
<bgsound src="D:\CS_Videos\Tamil Thai Vazhthu.mp3" loop=infinite>
</body>
</html>

274

Chapter 12.indd 274 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 12.4 Working with Forms
Forms are used to receive information from the user. Forms are commonly used to
allow users to register on a Web site, to logon to a Web site, to order a product, and to send
feedback. In search engines, forms are used to accept the keywords for search.

The <form> tag is used to create a form. An HTML form starts with <form> and ends
with </form> tag. Forms contain many types of form elements, such as text boxes, radio
buttons, check boxes, buttons and drop-down lists.

The form has a special element, known as submit button, which will submit the entries
of a form to a server application to process the entries. Each element in the form is assigned a
name using the name attribute. Users enter values into the text boxes, or make selections from
the radio buttons, check boxes, and drop down lists. The values they enter or select are passed
with the name of the corresponding form element to the Web server.

12.4.1 Attributes frequently used with <form> tag

The important attributes used with the <form> tag are method and action attributes.

Method

The method attribute of the

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ HTML - Form and Co..
form tag is used to identify how the File Edit View Favorites Tools Help
form element names and values will Students Data Entry Form
be sent to the server. The get method
Student Name:
will append the names of the form
Text Boxes
elements and their values to the URL. Email:
The post method will send the names Gender: Boy Girl Radio Buttons
and values of the form elements as Tamil Telugu English Physics Economics
Subjects:
packets. Check boxes
City / Town: Madurai

Action Comments: Select box

The action attribute identifies

the server side program or script that
will process the form. The action will Clear Submit Push buttons
Text Area
be the name of a Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) program written in
Figure 12.1 HTML Form Controls
programming languages like Perl,
JavaScript, PHP or Active Server Pages (ASP). (This will be discussed with JavaScript in this
book).

General Format of <form> tag

<Form method=get/post action= “back_end_server_script”>

275

Chapter 12.indd 275 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 Form elements

</Form>

12.4.2 Form Controls:

In HTML, there are different types of form controls used to collect data. They are Text
box, Password, Checkbox, Radio buttons, Text area, Select box, Submit and Reset Button.

12.4.2.1 <Input> Tag

Most of the form controls are created by using <input> tag. The <input> is an empty tag
used to create different form elements or controls such as text box, radio buttons so on.

Attributes of <input> tag:

Type:

This attribute is used define the type of control to be created by <input> tag. The values
of type attribute is listed below:

Table: 12.1

Value of type
Description
attribute
Create a Text Box. The element used to get all kind of text input such
Text
as name, address etc.,
Similar as Text box. But, while entering data, the characters are
Password
appearing as coded symbols such as asterisk.
Check box is an element appearing like a small square box. When
Checkbox the user click on the square a tiny tick mark will appear inside the
square. This element is used to select multiple options.
Radio button is used to select any one of the multiple options from
the list. This element looks like a small circle, when the user select
Radio Button an item, a tiny dot will appear within the circle. If the user selects
another option, previously selected option will be deselected. This
means, user can select any one of the given option form a group.
It is a special command button used to clear all the entries made in
Reset
the form.
It is also a special command button used to submit all the entries
Submit
made in the form to the backend server.
This is a standard graphical button on the form used to call functions
Button
on click.

276

Chapter 12.indd 276 06-01-2023 15:25:11

 Name:
This attribute of <input> tag is used to assign a name to the input controls. When the
form is submitted, the data values are passed to the server along with the names of the controls.
Value:
This attribute is used to define default value to some controls.
Size:
This is used to set the width of the input text in terms of characters. It is applicable only
for textbox and password boxes.
Maxlength:
This attribute of <input> tag is used to set the length of the input character (number of
characters to be input) to the textbox and password boxes.
Illustration 12.7: An HTML code to demonstrate Form and Form controls
(Login form)

<html>
<head>
<title> Login Form </title>
<body>
<h3 align=center> TamilNadu State Council of Educational Research and Training,
Chennai </h3>
<Form Action = "mailto:abcd.xyz@com" method=post>
<p> User Name:
<Input type = text name="user_name" size = 20 maxlength = 15> </p>
<p> Password:
<Input type = password name="pass" size = 20 maxlength = 15> </p>
<Input type = reset value = "Clear">
<Input type = submit value = "Login">
</Form>
</body>
</html>
The output will be:

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ Login Form

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

TamilNadu State Council of Educational Research and

Traning, Chennai

User Name:

Password:

Clear Login

Note: Data received from the user can be send to receiver through mail using “mailto” action.
277

Chapter 12.indd 277 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 Illustration 12.8: An HTML code to demonstrate Form and Form controls
(Text box, checkbox and radio buttons)

<html>
<head>
<title> HTML - Form and Controls </title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 align=center> Forms and Controls </h3>
<Form action="mailto:abcd.xyz@com" method=post>
<p> Student Name:
<Input type=text name=name size=30 maxlength=25></p>
<p> Gender:
<input type=radio name=gender value=boy> Boy
<input type=radio name=gender value=girl> Girl
</p>
<p> Subjects:
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Tam> Tamil
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Tel> Telugu
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Eng> English
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Phy> Physics
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Eco> Economics
</p>
<input type=reset name=reset value="Clear">
<input type=submit name=submit value="Submit">
</Form>
</body>
</html>

The output will be:

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ HTML - Form and Co..

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Forms and Controls

Student Name :

Gender: Boy Girl

Subjects: Tamil Telugu English Physics Economics

Clear Submit

278

Chapter 12.indd 278 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 12.4.2.2 <Select> Tag
The <select> tag is used to create dropdown list box in HTML. It provides a list of
various options as a dropdown list. This element is more helpful when a number of options are
to be displayed in a limited space. The <option> tag is used to specify list items.
Attributes of <Select> tag:
Name – Provide the name to the control, which is sent to the server.
Size – Determine the style of dropdown list box.
Size = 1 dropdown list box
Size = 2 List box
Multiple – Allows user to select multiple values.
Attributes of <Option> tag:
Selected – Indicate default selection
Value – Value to be submitted to server
Illustration 12.9: An HTML code to demonstrate Form and Form controls
(Dropdown List box)

<html>
<head>
<title> HTML - Form and Controls </title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 align=center> Forms and Controls </h3>
<Form action="mailto:abcd.xyz@com" method=post>
<p> Student Name:
<Input type=text name=name size=30 maxlength=25></p>
<p> City / Town:
<Select name = area size= 1>
<option value = CHN> Chennai </option>
<option value = MDR selected> Madurai </option>
<option value = CBO> Coimbatore </option>
<option value = KKM> Kanyakumari </option>
</Select> </p>
<input type=reset name=reset value="Clear">
<input type=submit name=submit value="Submit">
</Form>
</body>
</html>

279

Chapter 12.indd 279 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 The output will be

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ HTML - Form and Co..

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Forms and Controls

Student Name :
Chennai
City / Town: Madurai
Coimbatore
Kanniyakumari
Clear Submit

12.4.2.3 <Textarea> tag

The <Textarea> tag is used to receive multi line text data as input. It is a container tag.
The main attributes of <Textarea> are
Name – Used to define a name to the control
Rows – Specifies the number of rows in the text area control
Cols – Specifies the number of columns in the text area. (number of characters in a line)
Illustration 12.10: An HTML code to demonstrate Form and Form controls
(Text Area – Multiline input)

<html>
<head>
<title> HTML - Form and Controls </title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 align=center> Forms and Controls </h3>
<Form action="mailto:abcd.xyz@com" method=post>
<p> Student Name:
<Input type=text name=name size=30 maxlength=25></p>
<p> Email:
<input type=text name=mail size=30 maxlength=25> </p>
<p> Comments: <br>
<Textarea rows=5 cols=50 name=comments> </Textarea>
</p>
<input type=reset name=reset value="Clear">
<input type=submit name=submit value="Submit">
</Form>
</body>
</html>

280

Chapter 12.indd 280 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 The output will be:

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ HTML - Form and Co..

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Forms and Controls

Student Name:

Email:

Comments:

Clear Submit

Illustration 12.11: An HTML code to demonstrate All Form controls discussed

in this chapter

<html>
<head>
<title> HTML - Form and Controls </title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 align=center> Students Data Entry Form </h3>
<Form action="mailto:abcd.xyz@com" method=post>
<p> Student Name:
<Input type=text name=name size=30 maxlength=25></p>
<p> Email:
<input type=text name=mail size=30 maxlength=25> </p>
<p> Gender:
<input type=radio name=gender value=boy> Boy
<input type=radio name=gender value=girl> Girl
</p>
<p> Subjects:
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Tam> Tamil
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Tel> Telugu
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Eng> English
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Phy> Physics
<input type=checkbox name=sub value=Eco> Economics
</p>
<p> City / Town:
<Select name = area>
<option value = CHN> Chennai </option>
<option value = MDR selected> Madurai </option>
<option value = CBO> Coimbatore </option>
<option value = KKM> Kanyakumari </option>
281

Chapter 12.indd 281 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 </Select> </p>
<p> Comments: <br>
<Textarea rows=5 cols=50 name=comments> </Textarea>
</p>
<input type=reset name=reset value="Clear">
<input type=submit name=submit value="Submit">
</Form>
</body>
</html>

The output will be:

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ HTML - Form and Co..
File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Students Data Entry Form

Student Name:

Email:

Gender: Boy Girl

Subjects: Tamil Telugu English Physics Economics

City / Town: Madurai

Comments:

Clear Submit

Points to Remember:
• Images are essential element to make an HTML presentation in more attractive
manner.
• Most of the browsers supports, GIF, JPEG and PNG images formats.
• The <IMG> tag along with the attribute src (Source) is used to add images in HTML
document.
• In HTML, a piece of text or image can be moved horizontally or vertically by using
<marquee> tag.
• In HTML, a video or audio content may be included as Inline or external data.
• The <embed> tag is used to attach an audio or video file easily within webpage.
• Music can be played in the background to a webpage, while the page is viewed.
• The <bgsound> tag is used to attach an inline sound file in HTML.
• Forms are used to receive information from the user.
• An HTML form starts with <form> and ends with </form> tag.
• Most of the form controls are created by using <input> tag.
• The <select> tag is used to create dropdown list box in HTML.
• The <Textarea> tag is used to receive multi line text data as input.

282

Chapter 12.indd 282 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 Workshop:
1. Write an HTML code to insert Image, Music and Video elements
2. Write an HTML code to display an application form as shown below:

D:\CS_TestBook_Final\ Students Entry From

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Thiruvallur

Name of the Student:

Date of Birth:

Gender: Boy Girl

Mother Tongue:
Tamil
Telugu
Malayhalam

Optional Subjects (Select any 2):

Environmental Science
History of Science
Political Science
Information Technology

Reset Submit

Evaluation

Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. Which image format was standardized by W3C?
(A) JPEG (B) SVG (C) GIF (D) PNG

2. The tag used to insert an image in HTML:

(A) Image (B) Picture (C) Img (D) Pic

3. In HTML, a piece of text or image can be moved horizontally or vertically by using:

(A) <marquee> (B) <img> (C) <embed> (D) <text>

4. Inline sound can be inserted using which of the following tag?

(A) <inline> (B) <backgroundsound> (C) <bgsound> (D) <sound>

5. Which value causes the audio play as long as the page is in view?
(A) Stop (B) Never Stop (C) Continue (D) Infinite

6. The important attributes used with the <form> tag are

(A) method and action (B) name and size
(C) post and get (D) type and name

283

Chapter 12.indd 283 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 7. The tag used to create dropdown list box in HTML is:
(A) <dropdown> (B) <select> (C) <listbox> (D) <input>

8. Match the following:

(a) <textarea> - (1) inline
(b) <input> - (2) Video
(c) <bgsound> - (3) Multiline input
(d) <embed> - (4) Password

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 3 4 1 2
(C) 2 3 4 1
(D) 2 1 3 4

Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. List out the popular image formats.
2. Write down the general format of marquee
3. What is inline sound or movie?
4. What is the purpose of <input> tag?
5. Which tag is used to specify the list of items in dropdown list box?
6. What are the major attributes available in <textarea> tag?

Part-III
Short Answers
1. Write a short note on familiar image format.
2. How will you scroll the text in HTML?
3. Explain the main attributes used with <form> tag.
4. Explain the values of <input> tag’s type attribute.
5. Explain the attributes of <select> and <option> tags.

Case study:

Create a website of your own interest which includes all the features learned from these
chapters for your school

284

Chapter 12.indd 284 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 GLOSSARY

GIF Graphical Interchange Format.

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group.

PNG Portable Network Graphics.

SVG Scalable Vector Graphics.

Photoshop Familiar Photo editing tool developed by adobe.

Picasa Free image organizer and editing tool developed by Lifescape.

GIMP Open source image editing tool.

HTML 5 Latest version of HTML authorized by w3c

The World Wide Web Consortium; an International standards

W3C
organization for the www.

References:

1. Mastering HTML, CSS & JavaScript Web Publishing – Laura Lemay, Rafe Colburn, Jennifer
Kyrnin – BPB Publications.

2. Informatics Practices, A text book for CBSE class XII – Sumita Arora – Dhanpat Rai & Co.

3. Computer Application (Commerce) – Text book of XII – Department of Education –

SCERT, Kerala.

4. https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp

285

Chapter 12.indd 285 06-01-2023 15:25:12

 Unit III Web Page Development using
HTML and CSS
CHAPTER
13
CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

Learning Objectives:

After learning this chapter, the student will be able to

• Understand the uses of CSS
• How to create separate CSS Files to format various elements of HTML
• How to use a CSS file in HTML 9.1 Necessity of Internet
Introduction:
In the previous chapters we discussed about the variety of HTML tags and the attributes
to design a webpage. As you already know about the formatting tags and its attributes, in some
situations, you may need to use a tag uniformly in the entire document. To do so, we can use
<style> tag. A style tag is used to change the default characteristics of a particular tag inthe
entire web document wherever that tag is used.
For example, if you want to display <h3> tag in a particular font style and size with blue
colour in the entire page,You can use <style> tag to define its properties in head section as
follows.
<html>
<head>
<title> Usage of the <style> tag </title>
<style>
h3
{ color:blue;
font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";
font-size:14pt; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Welcome to learn HTML </h3>
<h3> Welcome to learn CSS </h3>
<h3> Welcome to lean JavaScript </h3>
</body>
<html>

In the above code segment, the style of <h3> header tag is clearly defined. So, hereafter,
the content between <h3> and </h3> will be displayed as per its definition.The output of the
above code is shown as below:
The <style> tag controls the presentation styles of a particular HTML document.

286

Chapter 13.indd 286 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 If you want to use a particular tag with the same style applied in one HTML document to
another is not possible. Thus, the <style> tags are called as “Page-Level Styles” or “Internal
Style sheets”.
The “Internal Style sheet” is defined and implemented only within an HTML document.
If you want use the same style to multiple pages, you should define styles as a separate style
file. These separate style files are known as “Sitewide Style sheets” or “External Style Sheets”.
Professional web developers do not use internal styles.
There is another style method called “Inline style” ,which is used to define style for a
particular tag anywhere in an HTML document. You can define styles for any tag within an
HTML document. But it is applicable only on that line where it is defined . If you use the same
tag, again in the same document, it does not reflect the new style.
In this chapter, we are going to discuss about External Style Sheets or Sitewide Style
Sheets that is about CSS.

Sitewide Style Sheets:

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are also called as Sitewide Style sheets or external style.
CSS is a style sheet language used for describing the formatting of a document written in
HTML. Using CSS, you can control the font colour, font style, spacing between pages, columns
size, border colour, background image or colour and various other effects in a web page. In
external styles, you can store all style information in a separate file and include it in your web
pages using an HTML tag. The separate file should be saved with the extension .css

Advantages of CSS
Maintainability -CSS are also defined and stored as separate files. So, the style and appearance
of a web page can be dynamically changed and maintained with less effort.
Reusability - The styles defined in CSS can be reused in multiple HTML pages.
Easy to understand - The tags in web pages are well organized with style specifications and
therefore it is easy to understand.

HakonWium Lie

CSS was invented by HakonWium Lie on October ,10

1994 and maintained through a group of people within
the W3C called the CSS Working Group.

CSS – Style definition rules

The body of the style sheet consists of a series of rules.
Selector Declaration

HTML Tag { Properties : Values; }

287

Chapter 13.indd 287 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 CSS style declaration consists of two major parts; Selector and Declaration. The Selector
refers an HTML tag in which you want to apply styles. The Declaration is a block of code that
contains style definition. It should be surrounded by curly braces. You can include any number
of properties for each selector, and they must be separated by semicolons. The property name
and its value should be separated by a colon. Each declaration should be terminated by a
semicolon ( ; ).
Example:
Selector Declaration of properties and values

P {
Font-size : 16pt;
color : red;
font-weight : bold;
}

In the above example, the style properties are defined to <p> tag. Hereafter, whenever
you use the <p>, the contents will be displayed with modified properties. If you want to use
the above style definition as an internal style then it should be specified within <style> ……
,</style> block in head section. If you want store the above definition for using all your web
pages, you should save the above code as a separate file with extension .css
CSS – Frequently using Text formatting Properties and Values

Table: 13.1
Formatting Properties Values Example
Text Colour Color Predefined_Color_Name P
{
color:pink;
}
H1
{
color : MediumSeaGreen;
}
Text Alignment Text-align Center / Left / Right / Justify P
{
Text-align : center;
}
Font type Font-family Font_name P
{
Font-family : “Times New
Roman”;
}
Font Style Font-style Normal / Italic P
{
Font-family : “Times New
Roman”;
Font-style : Italic;
}

288

Chapter 13.indd 288 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 Formatting Properties Values Example
Font Style (Bold) Font-weight Normal / Bold P
{
Font-family : “Times New
Roman”;
Font-style : Italic;
Font-weight : bold;
}
Font size Font-size Size in pixels P
{
Font-family : “Times New
Roman”;
Font-style : Italic;
Font-size : 14px;
}
Background Background Predefined_Color_Name Body
Colour Colour {
background-color : violet;
}
Border Colour Border Border thickness
<space> border style
<space>Predefined_ H2 { border : 2px solid red; }
borderColor_Name
HTML supports nearly 140 color names.
Background Background- URL (“image name with Body
Image image extension”) {
background-image : url
(“Flower.gif ”);
}
Background- norepeat Body
repeat {
background-image : url
(“Flower.gif ”);
background-repeat :
norepeat;
}
Background- Direction Body
position {
background-image : url
(“Flower.gif ”);
background-repeat :
norepeat;
background-position : right
top;
}
Paragraph Margin-top Margin size in pixels P
Margin Margin- {
bottom Margin-top : 50px;
Margin-left Margin-left : 50px;
Margin-right }

289

Chapter 13.indd 289 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 Creating CSS style sheets:
• Open an empty notepad.
• Type the style properties and their values as given in the table given above.
• Save the file with extension .css
Illustration 13.1 My First CSS file

P{
font-style : Italic;
color :MediumSeaGreen;
}
H1
{
border:2px solid red;
}
The above code should be saved with extension .css

Linking CSS with HTML

The <link> tag is used to add CSS file with HTML in head section. While using <link> tag, the
following attributes are also included along with standard values.
rel = “stylesheet”
type = “text/css”
The href attribute is used to link the .css file.
General format of <Link> tag
<Link rel = “stylesheet” type = “text/css” href = CSS_File_Name_with_Extension>
Illustration 13.2 Formatting HTML element through CSS

Mystyle.css
H1
{ font-family : "Comic Sans MS";
Font-weight : Bold;
border:2px solid blue; }
P{ font-style : Italic;
color :MediumSeaGreen; }
--- CSS_Test.htm ---
<html>
<head>
<title> Demonstration of using CSS </title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
<body>
<H1> Welcome to CSS </H1>
<P>
CSS was invented by HakonWium Lie on October 10, 1994 and maintained through
a group of people within the W3C called the CSS Working Group. The CSS Working
Group creates documents called specifications. When a specification has been
discussed and officially ratified by W3C members, it becomes a recommendation.
</P>
</body>
</html>

290

Chapter 13.indd 290 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 Output will be:

Illustration 13.3 Changing background color of browser using CSS

--- Back_Color.css ---

body
{
background-color : pink;
}
--- Background_CSS.htm ---
<html>
<head>
<title> Changing Background using CSS </title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="Body_Color.css">
</head>
<body>
<H1> Welcome to CSS </H1>
</body>
</html>

CSS Comments

Many times, you may need to put additional comments in your style sheet blocks. So, it is very
easy to comment any part in style sheet. You can simplyput your comments inside /*.....this is
a comment in style sheet.....*/.

CSS - Workshop

• Develop a web page about your school with CSS.

• Develop a web page describing about your district. Use CSS to format HTML structural
tags.
291

Chapter 13.indd 291 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 Points to Remember:

• The <style> tag controls the presentation styles of a particular HTML document.
• The <style> tags are called as “Page-Level Styles” or “Internal Style sheets”.
• Professional web developers do not use internal styles.
• The separate style files are known as “Sitewide Style sheets” or “External Style Sheets”
or CSS
• CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the
presentation of an HTML document.
• Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.
• There is another style method called “Inline style” which is used to define style for a
particular tag anywhere in an HTML document.
• Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and
communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services.

Evaluation
Part – I
Choose the correct answer
1. Expansion of CSS
(A) Cascading Style Schools (B) Cascading Style Scheme
(C) Cascading Style Sheets (D) Cascading Style Shares
2. Which of the following is the page level style?
(A) <Page> (B) <Style> (C) <Link> (D) <H>
3. CSS is also called as:
(A) Sitewide Style Sheets (B) Internal Style Sheets
(C) Inline Style Sheets (D) Internal Inline Sheets
4. The extension of CSS file is
(A) .ssc (B) .css (C) .csc (D) .htm
5. What is selector?
(A) Property (B) Value (C) HTML tag (D) name
6. The Declaration block of CSS is surrounded by
(A) ( ) (B) [ ] (C) { } (D) <>
7. The declaration should be terminated by
(A) : (B) ; (C) . (D) ,
8. What is the property to set text as bold?
(A) Font-Style (B) Font-Weight (C) Font-Property (D) Font-Bold
9. Which of the following indicates that the text included is a comment ?
(A) /* */ (B) !* *! (C) <* *> (D) \* *\

292

Chapter 13.indd 292 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 10. Which of the following ways below is correct to write a CSS?
(A) p{color:red; text-align:center}; (B) p {color:red; text-align:center}
(C) p {color:red; text-align:center;} (D) p (color:red;text-align:center;)
Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. What is the use of <style> tag?
2. What is CSS?
3. Write the general format of linking CSS with HTML.
4. What is Inline Style?
5. Write down general format of CSS declaration.

Part-III
Short Answers
1. What are the advantages of using CSS?
2. Write a short note on rule of CSS.
3. Write a CSS file to define text color and alignment to <p> tag.
4. Write a CSS file to define font type, style and size to <h1> tag.

Part-IV
Explain in Detail
1. Write an HTML document to display the following paragraph as per the given description
Using CSS:
• Font Name : Cooper Black
• Style : Bold Italics
• Color : Blue
“The State Institute of Education (SIE) was established in 1965 to provide for systematic
study of problems relating to School Education under the administration of Directorate
of School Education.”
2. List and explain the Font and text element properties and values used in CSS.

GLOSSARY

Style Sheet - A separate file contains the style of appearance.

Selector - An HTML element
Property - Attribute of an HTML tag
Link - Connecting with another file

References:
• Mastering HTML, CSS & JavaScript Web Publishing – Laura Lemay, Rafe Colburn, Jennifer
Kyrnin – BPB Publications.
• Informatics Practices, A text book for CBSE class XII – SumitaArora – DhanpatRai& Co.
293

Chapter 13.indd 293 06-01-2023 15:25:45

 Unit IV JavaScript
CHAPTER
14
Introduction to JavaScript

Learning Objectives:

• To understand about JavaScript Language and advantages of JavaScript

• To understand the importance of Client side code, Steps to follow to
JavaScript Programs.
• To understand JavaScript Variables, Declaring Variables and Rules for
naming Variables – Scope of Variables and assigning values to variables.
• To develop the skills of Web page development using HTML and CSS
• To acquire the skills of web scripting using JavaScript
• To develop the skills of Internet and Online applications
14.1 Introduction to JavaScript:
On December 4, 1995, Netscape and Sun Inc. jointly introduced JavaScript 1.0.
JavaScript had truly bridged the gap between the simple world of HTML and the more complex
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs on the Server. It provides a common scripting
language for Web developers to design, test and deploy Internet Applications.
The JavaScript client-side technology provides many advantages over traditional CGI
Server-side scripts. For example, JavaScript code can be used to check if the user has entered
a valid e-mail address in a form field. The JavaScript code is executed when the user click
Submit button in the form, and only if all the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the
Web Server.
14.2 Advantages of JavaScript Programming Language
• In HTML chapter we have learnt how to develop static web pages. But in real, life web pages
must be interactive. So to develop such interactive pages (Dynamic Web page ) JavaScript
programming language is used.
• User entered data in the Dynamic Web page can be validated before sending it to the
server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.
• JavaScript includes such items as Textboxes, Buttons, drag-and-drop components and
sliders to give a Rich Interface to site visitors. For example Creating a New email account
in any service provider.
14.3 Using JavaScript in HTML page with <script> tag :
JavaScript can be implemented using <script>... </script> tags. The <script> tag
containing JavaScript can be placed anywhere within in the web page, but it is normally
recommended to be kept within the <head> tags. The <script> tag alerts the browser program
294

Chapter 14.indd 294 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 to start interpreting all the text between these tags as a script command.
The syntax of JavaScript segment in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) or Dynamic
Hyper Text Markup Language (DHTML) is as follows:
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>
The <SCRIPT> tag takes two important attributes −
Language − This attribute specifies the scripting language. Typically, its value will be
javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (EXtensible HyperText Markup Language -
XHTML, its successor) has phased out the use of this attribute is optional.
Type − This attribute is used to indicate the scripting language and its value should be
set to "text/javascript".
14.3.1 Steps to follow to code JavaScript Language
• Enter HTML and JavaScript code using any text editor.
• Save the latest version of this code.
• Use any browser to see the result. For example : Internet Explorer, Google Crome, etc.,
• If this is a new document, open the file via browser's Open Menu. If the document is
already loaded in the Memory, to reload the file into the browser use "Refresh" or press
F5 button.
14.3.2 First JavaScript Program

Illustration 14.1 Simple JavaScript Program

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>My First JavaScript Program</Title>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script> Output:
</Head>
<Body>
</Body>
</Html>

14.4 Lexical Structure of a JavaScript Program

The lexical structure of a programming language is the set of elementary rules that
specifies how to write programs in that language. It is the lowest-level syntax of a language. The
295

Chapter 14.indd 295 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 Lexical structure specifies variable names, the delimiter characters for comments, and how
one program statement is separated from the next.
• Though JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. It is a good programming practice to type
the commands in lowercase.
• JavaScript ignores spaces that appear between tokens (identifiers, operators, punctuator,
constants and keywords) in programs.
• JavaScript supports two styles of comments. Any text following a “//” till the end of that
line is treated as a single line comment and is ignored by JavaScript. Any text between the
characters “ /* */” is also treated as a multiline comment.
• JavaScript uses the semicolon (;) to separate statements. Many JavaScript programmers
use semicolons to explicitly mark the end of statements.
• A literal is a data value for variable that appears directly in a program.
• An identifier is simply a name. In JavaScript, identifiers are used to name variables,
functions and to provide labels for certain loops in JavaScript code.
• In JavaScript certain keywords are used as reserved words, These words cannot be used as
identifiers in the programs
14.5 JavaScript Variables:
Variable is a memory location where a value can be stored. Variable is a symbolic name
for a value. Variables are declared with the var keyword in JavaScript. Every variable has a
name, called identifier.
14.5.1 Basic Data types and Declaring variables:
Every variable has a data type that indicates what kind of data the variable holds. The
basic data types in JavaScript are Strings, Numbers, and Booleans.
• A string is a list of characters, and a string literal is indicated by enclosing the characters
in single or double quotes. Strings may contain a single character or multiple characters,
including whitespace and special characters such as \n (the newline).
• Numbers can be integer or floating-point numerical value and numeric literals are specified
in the natural way.
• Boolean can be any one of two values: true or false. Boolean literals are indicated by using
true or false directly in the source code.
Variables are declared in JavaScript using var keyword that allocates storage space for
new data and indicates to the interpreter that a new identifier is in use. Declaring a variable in
JavaScript as follows:
var no;
var no1,no2;
The var no; statement tells the interpreter that a new variable no is about to be used
and var no1,no2; tells the interpreter that no1 and no2 are variables.
14.5.2 Rules for naming variable
1. The first character must be a letter or an underscore (_). Number cannot be as the first
character.
296

Chapter 14.indd 296 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 2. The rest of the variable name can include any letter, any number, or the underscore. You
can't use any other characters, including spaces, symbols, and punctuation marks.
3. JavaScript variable names are case sensitive. That is, a variable named RegisterNumber is
treated as an entirely different variable than one named registernumber.
4. There is no limit to the length of the variable name.
5. JavaScript's reserved words cannot be used as a variable name. All programming languages
have a supply of words that are used internally by the language and that cannot be used for
variable names.
14.5.3 Scope of variables
The scope of a variable is the life time of a variable of source code in which it is defined.
• A global variable has global scope; it can be defined everywhere in the JavaScript code.
• Variables declared within a function are defined only within the body of the function. They
are local variables and have local scope.
14.5.4 Assigning values to variables
Variables can be assigned initial values when they are declared as follows:
var numericData1 = 522;
var stringData = "JavaScript has strings\n It sure does";
var numericData = 3.14;
var booleanData = true;

Illustration 14.2 Declaring Variables

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - Declaring Variables in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var numericData1 = 522;
var stringData = " JavaScript has strings\n It sure does";
var numericData = 3.14;
var booleanData = true;
document.write("Numeric Data : "+numericData1);
document.write("<br> String Data : "+stringData);
document.write("<br> Floating Data : "+numericData);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

297

Chapter 14.indd 297 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 Output

In addition, multiple variables can be declared with one var statement, if the variables
are separated by commas:
var no1=50, no2=5065;
JavaScript allows the implicit declaration of variables by using them on the left-hand
side of an assignment. In JavaScript there is no need to indicate data type during variable
declarations. JavaScript variables are untyped and it is dynamically datatyped which means
initially you can assign a value of any data type to a variable and later you can assign a value of
different data type to the same variable. For example:
var value=100;
var value=”JavaScript”;
14.5.5 JavaScript Literals
A literal is a fixed value given to a variable in source code. Literals are often used to
initialize variables. Values may be Integer, Floating point, Character, String and Boolean. For
Example,
var int_const=250; //Integer constant//
var float_const=250.85; //Floating point constant//
var char_const=’A’; //Character constant//
var string_const=”Raman”; //String constant//
var boolean_const=true; //Boolean constant//
write statement:
General Syntax:
document.write ("string " + var);
14.5.6 Type casting in JavaScript.
Type conversion is the act of converting one data type into a different data type which
is also called as casting. In JavaScript there are two type of casting,
• Implicit casting and
• Explicit casting
Implicit casting occurs automatically in JavaScript when you change the data stored in
a variable:

298

Chapter 14.indd 298 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 14.6 JavaScript Operators and Expressions
An operator combines the values of its operands in some way and evaluates to a new
value. Operators are used for JavaScript’s arithmetic expressions, comparison expressions,
logical expressions, assignment expressions.
An expression is a phrase of JavaScript that a JavaScript interpreter can evaluate to
produce a value. The data types are used directly as literals or within variables in combination
with simple operators, such as addition, subtraction, and so on, to create an expression. An
expression is a code fragment that can be evaluated to some data type the language supports.
An expression is simply one or more variables and/or constants joined by operators. An
expression is evaluated and produces a result. The result of all expressions may be either an
integer or floating-point value or Boolean value. There are three types of expressions as follows,
• Arithmetic expressions
• Relational expressions
• Logical expressions
14.6.1 Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports all the basic arithmetic operators like addition (+), subtraction (–),
multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%, also known as the remainder operator).
Table: 14.1 – Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic
Meaning Example Result
Operator
+ Addition var sum = 20 + 120 Variable sum = 140
- Subtraction var diff = 20 – 120 Variable diff = 100
* Multiplication var prod = 10 * 100 Variable prod = 1000
/ Division var res = 100/522 Variable res = 5.22
Variable rem = 22
% Modulus operator var rem = 100 % 522
(remainder)

Illustration 14.3 Using Arithmetic Operators

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program – To test Arithmetic Operators in JavaScript
</Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

299

Chapter 14.indd 299 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 var value1 = 522, value2=10;
document.write("<br>Data1 : "+value1);
document.write("<br>Data2 : "+value2);
var sum = value1+value2;
var diff = value1-value2;
var prod = value1*value2;
var res = value1/value2;
var rem = value1%value2;
document.write("<br><br>The Sum of Data1 and Data2 : "+sum);
document.write("<br>The Difference of Data1 and Data2 : "+diff);
document.write("<br>The Product of Data1 and Data2 : "+prod);
document.write("<br>The Result after Division of Data1 and Data2 : "+res);
document.write("<br>The Remainder after Division of Data1 and Data2 :
"+rem);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Output:

14.6.2 Assignment Operator

An assignment operator is the operator used to assign a new value to a variable.
Assignment operator can also be used for logical operations such as bitwise logical operations
or operations on integral operands and Boolean operands.
In JavaScript = is an assignment operator, which is used to assign a value to a variable.
Often this operator is used to set a variable to a literal value, for example,
var number1=10;
var number2=number1;
var name=”Computer Science”;
var booleanvar=true;
The assignment operator is used to assign a value to a single variable, but it is possible
to perform multiple assignments at once by stringing them together with the = operator. For
example, the statement

300

Chapter 14.indd 300 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 var m = n = z = 25; // sets all three variables to a value of 25//
The assignment operator can also be used to set a variable to hold the value of an
expression. For example,
var x = 102 + 5 - 50; // x set to 57 //
JavaScript supports some shorthand arithmetic operators like +=, -=, *=, /= and %= to
evaluate arithmetic calculations.
Table: 14.2 Shorthand Arithmetic operators

Shorthand
Arithmetic Meaning Example Result
Operator
var sum = 120;
+= Add and assign Variable sum = 140
sum += 20;
var diff = 120;
-= Subtract and assign Variable diff = 100
diff –= 20;
var prod = 100;
*= Multiply and assign Variable prod = 1000
prod *=10;
Var res = 522;
/= Division Variable res = 5.22
Res/=100
Var rem = 522;
%= Modulus operator Variable rem = 22 (remainder)
rem %= 100

Illustration 14.4 Using Arithmetic Shorthand Operators

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Arithmetic Shorthand Operators in JavaScript
</Title>
</Head>
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Arithmetic Shorthand Operators in JavaScript
</Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var value1 = 522, value2=10;
document.write("<br>Data1 : "+value1);
document.write("<br>Data2 : "+value2);
var sum = value1; sum+=value2;
var diff = value1; diff-=value2;
var prod = value1; prod*=value2;
var res = value1; res/=value2;

301

Chapter 14.indd 301 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 var rem = value1; rem%=value2;
document.write("<br><br>The Sum of Data1 and Data2 Using += : "+sum);
document.write("<br>The Difference of Data1 and Data2 Using -= : "+diff);
document.write("<br>The Product of Data1 and Data2 Using *= : "+prod);
document.write("<br>The Result after Division of Data1 and Data2 using /= : "+res);
document.write("<br>The Remainder after Division of Data1 and Data2 Using %= : "+rem);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Output:

Assignment:
Develop JavaScript code for the following:
1. To find Simple Interest for the given Principle, Number of years and Rate of interest.
2. To find Compound Interest for the given Principle, Number of years and Rate of interest.
3. To find difference between Simple Interest and Compound Interst.
14.6.3 Relational or Comparison Operators:
Relational operators are also called as Comparison operators, they compare two values
and the result is true or false. JavaScript provides a rich set of relational operators including ==
(equal to), != (not equal to), < (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal to), and >=
(greater than or equal to). Using a relational operator in an expression causes the expression
to evaluate as true if the condition holds or false if otherwise.
Table: 14.3 Relational or Comparison operators
Relational
(Comparison) Meaning Example Result
Operator
Assume x=10 and y=20
== Equality x==y False
!= In-equality x!=y True
< Less-than x<y True
> Greater-than x>y False
<= Less-than or equal to x<=y True
>= Greater-than or equal to x>=y False

302

Chapter 14.indd 302 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 Illustration 14.5 Using Relational Operators
<Html> <Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Relational(Comparison) Operators in JavaScript </Title>
</Head> <Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var value1 = 522, value2=10;
document.write("<br>Data1 : "+value1);
document.write("<br>Data2 : "+value2);
document.write("<br><br>Whether Data1 = Data2 : "+(value1==value2));
document.write("<br>Whether Data1 < Data2 : "+(value1<value2));
document.write("<br>Whether Data1 > Data2 : "+(value1>value2));
document.write("<br>Whether Data1 <= Data2 : "+(value1<=value2));
document.write("<br>Whether Data1 >= Data2 : "+(value1>=value2));
document.write("<br>Whether Data1 != Data2 : "+(value1!=value2)); </script>
</Body> </Html>

Output:

14.6.4 Logical Operators:

Logical operators perform logical (boolean) operations. Logical operators combine or
invert boolean values. Once comparisons are made, the logical operators && (AND), || (OR)
and ! (NOT) can be used to create more complex conditions.
Table: 14.4 Logical or Boolean operators

Logical
Example Meaning Result
Operator
((4>5( && )10<5)) (Logical AND) Returns true if
&& True
((expr1) && (expr2)) expr1 and expr2 both true.
(Logical OR) Returns true if either
((4>5( || )10<5))
|| expr1 or expr2 is true, or both are True
((expr1) || (expr2))
true.
(Logical NOT) Returns true if
!(10<5)
! expr1 is false; otherwise, returns False
!(expr1)
false.

303

Chapter 14.indd 303 06-01-2023 15:26:12

 Usage :
Best practice is to use logical operators on boolean operands. However, operands of any
type can be combined. The strict rules are as follows:
• For && (AND) the result is false if the first operand is false; otherwise, the result is the
Boolean value of the second operand.
• For || (OR) the result is true if the first operand is true; otherwise, the result is the Boolean
value of the second operand.
• For ! (NOT) the result is true if the operand is false; otherwise, the result is true.
Illustration 14.6 Using Logical Operators
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Logical Operators in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var value1 = 522, value2=10;
document.write("<br>Data1 : "+value1);
document.write("<br>Data2 : "+value2);
var res1=((value1>100) && (value1>601));
var res2=((value1>100) || (value1>601));
var res3=(!(value1!=value2));
document.write("<br><br>Whether Data1>100 AND Data1>601 : "+res1);
document.write("<br><br>Whether Data1>600 OR Data1>601 : "+res2);
document.write("<br>Whether !Data1 != Data2 : "+res3);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Output:

304

Chapter 14.indd 304 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 14.6.5 String Operators:

One of the built-in features of JavaScript is the ability to concatenate strings. The +
operator performs addition on numbers but also serves as the concatenation operator
for strings. Because string concatenation has precedence over numeric addition, + will be
interpreted as string concatenation if any of the operands are strings. + operator which is also
called as the string concatenation operator. For example:

Illustration 14.7 Using + Operator for concatenating String

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To Concatenating (+) Operators in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var String1 = "Java";
var String2 = "Script";
var String3=String1+String2;
document.write("<br>String1 : "+String1);
document.write("<br>String2 : "+String2);
document.write("<br><br>Concatenated String of String1 and String2 : "+String3);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Output:

14.6.6 Increment and Decrement Operators:

The ++ operator increments its single operand. The operator converts its operand to a
number, adds 1 to that number, and assigns the incremented value back into the variable. The
return value of the ++ operator depends on its position relative to the operand. When ++ is
used before the operand, where it is known as the pre-increment operator, it increments the
operand and evaluates to the incremented value of that operand. When used after the operand,
where it is known as the post-increment operator, it increments its operand but evaluates to
the un-incremented value of that operand. Consider the difference between these two lines of
code:
305

Chapter 14.indd 305 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 var m = 1, n = ++m; // m and n are both 2

var m = 1, n = m++; // m is 2, n is 1

The -- operator decrements its single operand. It converts the value of the operand to
a number, subtracts 1, and assigns the decremented value back to the operand. Like the ++
operator, the return value of -- depends on its position relative to the operand. When used
before the operand, it decrements and returns the decremented value. When used after the
operand, it decrements the operand but returns the undecremented value.

var m = 2, n = --m; // m and n are both 1

var m = 2, n = m--; // n is 2, n is 1

Illustration 14.8 Using ++ and -- Operator – both Prefix and Suffix

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - ++ and -- Operators in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var number1 = 150;
var number2 = number1++;
document.write("<br><h4>Post Increment - number++</h4>");
document.write("Number1 = "+number1+" Number2 = "+number2);
document.write("<br><h4>Pre Increment - ++number</h4>");
var number1 = 150;
var number2 = ++number1;
document.write("Number1 = "+number1+" Number2 = "+number2);
var number1 = 150;
var number2 = number1--;
document.write("<br><h4>Post Decrement - number--</h4>");
document.write("Number1 = "+number1+" Number2 = "+number2);
document.write("<br><h4>Pre Decrement - --number</h4>");
var number1 = 150;
var number2 = --number1;
document.write("Number1 = "+number1+" Number2 = "+number2);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

306

Chapter 14.indd 306 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Output:

14.6.7 Unary + and - Operator:

+ has no effect on numbers
– Negation (changes the sign of the number or converts the expression to a
number and then changes its sign)
14.6.8 typeof Operator:
The typeof operator is used to get the data type (returns a string) of its operand. The
operand can be either a literal or a data structure such as a variable, a function, or an object.
The operator returns the data type.
Syntax
typeof operand
or
typeof(operand)
typeof returns: boolean, function, number, string, and undefined. The following table
summarizes possible values returned by the typeof operator.
Table: 14.5

Type of Operand Result

Number “number”
Boolean “Boolean”
String “string”
Functions “function”
Undefined “undefined”

307

Chapter 14.indd 307 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Illustration 14.9 typeof operator
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test typeof Operator in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var value1 = 522, value2="JavaSript"; value3=true;
document.write("<br>Value1 ="+value1+" and its data Type is : "+typeof(value1));
document.write ("<br>Value2 ="+value2+" and its data Type is : "+typeof(value2));
document.write ("<br>Value3 ="+value3+" and its data Type is : "+typeof(value3));
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Output:

14.6.9 Conditional Operator (?:)

The ?: is the conditional operator in JavaScript, which requires three operands, hence
it is called the ternary operator. The syntax is

var variablename=(condition) ? value1 : value2;

In the syntax condition may be relational expression or logical expression. First condition will
be evaluated, if the condition returns true then the value of the left side of the colon is assigned
to the variable otherwise the value of the right side of the colon will be assigned the variable.
For example,
var result=(10>15) ?100 :150;
In the above example, since the condition returns false the value 150 will be assigned
to result.

308

Chapter 14.indd 308 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Illustration 14.10 Condtional Operator
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Conditional Operator in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var value1 = 522, value2=150, value3;
value3=(value1<value2) ? value1: value2;
document.write("<br>The Value of Data1 = "+value3);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Output:

14.7 JavaScript Popup or Dialog Boxes:

JavaScript supports three important types of dialog boxes. Dialog boxes are also called
as Popup Boxes. These dialog boxes can be used to raise an alert, or to get confirmation on any
input or to have a kind of input from the users. JavaScript supports three kind of popup boxes:
Alert box, Confirm box, and Prompt box.

14.7.1 Alert Dialog Box:

An alert dialog box is mostly used to give a warning message to the users. For example,
if one input field requires to enter some text but the user does not provide any input, then as
a part of validation, you can use an alert box to give a warning message. Alert box gives only
one button "OK" to select and proceed.
The syntax of alert box is
Alert(“Message”);
(or) Window.alert(“Message”);
Example:
alert(“Name is compulsory entry”);
(or) window.alert(“Name is compulsory entry”);

309

Chapter 14.indd 309 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Illustration 14.11 Alert Dialog Box
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Alert Dialog Box in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
 <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
Output:
var value1 = 522, value2=10;
window.alert("Data1 : "+value1);
alert(“Data1 :”+value2);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

14.7.2 Confirm Dialog Box:

A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It
displays a dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel. If the user clicks on the OK button,
the confirm() will return true. If the user clicks on the Cancel button, then confirm() returns
false.
The syntax of confirm dialog box is
confirm(“message”);
(or)
window.confirm(“message”);
Example:
confirm(“Hai Do you want to continue:”);
(or)
window.confirm(“Hai Do you want to continue:”);

Illustration 14.12 Confirm Dialog Box

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Confirm Dialog Box in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var value1 = 522, value2=10;
window.confirm("Data1 : "+value1);
confirm("Data2 :"+value2);
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

310

Chapter 14.indd 310 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Output:

14.7.3 Prompt Dialog Box:

The prompt dialog box is very useful when the user want to pop-up a text box to get
user input. Thus, it enables you to interact with the user. The user needs to fill in the text box
field and then click OK.
The prompt dialog box is displayed using a method called prompt() which takes two
parameters: (i) a label which you want to display in the text box and (ii) a default string to
display in the text box. This dialog box has two buttons: OK and Cancel. If the user clicks the
OK button, the prompt() will return the entered value from the text box. If the user clicks the
Cancel button, the prompt() returns null. The Syntax of prompt dialog box is,
Prompt(“Message”,”defaultValue”);
(or)
window.prompt("sometext","defaultText");
Example:
prompt(“Enter Your Name:”,”Name”);
(or)
window.prompt(“Enter Your Name:”,”Name”);

Illustration 14.13 Prompt Dialog Box

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Prompt Dialog Box in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var sname = prompt("Please enter your name", "Name");
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

311

Chapter 14.indd 311 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Output:

14.8 Comments in JavaScript:

A very important aspect of good programming style is to insert remarks and commentary
directly in source code, making it more readable to yourself as well as to others. Any comments
you include will be ignored by the JavaScript interpreter. There are two types of comments,
Single line and Multiple line comments. Single-line comments begin with a double slash (//),
causing the interpreter to ignore everything from that point to the end of the line. Multiple line
comments begins with /* and ends with */.

For example:

// JavaScript single line comment//

Multiple line comments begins with /* and ends with */

Points to Remember:

• The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between
these tags as a script
• JavaScript is a case sensitive language
• The scope of a variable is the life time of a variable of source code in which it is
defined
• A literal is a fixed value given to a variable in source code.
• An expression is a code fragment that can be evaluated to some data type the language
supports.
• Java Script supports all basic arithmetic operators like +, - , *, / & %
• Java scripts has an in built feature of concatenating strings.
• The types of operator is used to get the data type of a variable.
• JavaScript supports important types of dialog boxes also called as pop up boxes, alert
box, confirm dialog box and prompt dialog box.
• ?: is the conditional operator in Java Script also called as ternary operator.

312

Chapter 14.indd 312 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Evaluation

Part-I
Choose the correct answer:
1. Which provide a common scripting language to web developers to design, test and
deploy Internet Application?
A) C B) C++ C) Java D) JavaScript
2. Expand CGI
A) Common Gateway Interface B) Complex Gateway Information
C) Common Gateway Information D) Complex Gateway Interface
3. JavaScript programming language is used to develop the
A) Dynamic Web Page B) Window C) Web Page D) Home Page
4. The Dynamic Web Page help to save server’s
A) Work B) Route C) Traffic D) Pvath
5. User entered data, is validated before sending it to server is called
A) Server traffic B) Dynamic Web Page
C) Server Route D) Web server
6. Java Scripts can be implemented using which statements?
A) <head> B) <Java> C) <script> D) <text>
7. Expand
A) Distance Hyper Text Markup language B) Dynamic Hyper Text Markup
language
C) Distance High Text Markup language D) Dynamic High Text Markup
language
8. How many attributes are specified for <script> tag in the scripting language?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
9. Which attribute is used to indicate the scripting language and its value should be sent to
“ Text/JavaScript”
A) Language B) Text1 C) Type D) Body
10. The file reload into the browser use the shortcut key is
A) F2 B) F3 C) F4 D) F5
11. JavaScript ignores spaces that appear between
A) Command B) Scripts C) Tokens D) Text
12. A Data value for variable that appears directly in a program by using a
A) loop B) Literal C) Statement D) Text
13. Which is mostly used to give a warning message to users?
A) Alert Dialog Box B) Confirm box
C) Prompt box D) Display box
313

Chapter 14.indd 313 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 14. In the below snippet, value of x is var x = 250 + 2 – 200;
A) 50 B) 52 C) 48 D) 42
Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. Write a syntax of <script> tag
2. What is scope of variables and types of scope variable?
3. Write a notes to type casting in JavaScript
4. How many Literals in JavaScript and mention its types.
5. What is conditional operator give suitable example.
6. What are the comments in Java Script?
7. Write note on types of Operator.
8. Write the role of variable in JavaScript.
9. What is the use of prompt dialog box?

Part-III
Short Answers
1. What are the advantages of programming language?
2. Brief the basic data types in Java Scripts.
3. Write note on string Operator.
4. Write about <script> tag
5. What are the uses of Logical Operators?
6. Difference between the increment and Decrement operator.

Part –IV
Explain in Detail
1. Explain about the popup dialog boxes in JavaScript.
2. Explain about the Arithmetic operator with suitable example.

Case study:
Develop a program for online registration form with some of the client side validation features

Reference :
1. Title - Pure JavaScript Author : R.Allen Wyke, Jason D. Gilliam and Charlton Ting,
Publisher : Techmedia
2. Computer Application Text Book – Govt. of Kerala

314

Chapter 14.indd 314 06-01-2023 15:26:13

 Unit IV JavaScript
CHAPTER
15
Control Structure in JavaScript

Learning Objectives:
• To learn about control structures
• To learn about logical operators in JavaScript
• To learn about loops and their types
• To acquire knowledge of developing JavaScript programs.
15.1 Conditional Statements in JavaScript:
Statements are executed in the order they are found in a script. Conditional statements
execute or skip one or set of statements depending on the value of a specified conditional
expression. There are two types of controls,
• Branching / Selection
• Looping / repetitive
15.1.1 Branching Statements:
JavaScript supports branching statements which are used to perform different actions
based on different conditions. Branching is a transfer of control from the current statement to
another statement or construct in the program unit. A branch alters the execution sequence.
There are different branching statements. They are,
• if statement
• if … else statement
• else if statement
• switch statement
15.1.1.1 if and if..else Statement:
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make
decisions to execute statements conditionally. This statement has two forms. The form is for
only true condition. The syntax is

if (condition)
{
True block;
}
In the if control structure, the relational/logical expression is evaluated. If the resulting
value is true the true block is executed. The true block may contain one or more than one
statement. For example

315

Chapter 15.indd 315 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 Illustration 15.1 Demo to Test if command

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test if command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var age = prompt("Please enter your Age :", "0");
if(age>=16)
{
alert("You Are Eligible to Vote ....");
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

The output will be

- X
Demo Program - To test X

← → X file:///C:/Users/ELCOT/Desktop/SCERT/Fin... .
.
.

This page says

Please enter your Age:
35

OK Cancel

- X
Demo Program - To test X

← → X file:///C:/Users/ELCOT/Desktop/SCERT/Fin... .
.
.

This page says

You Are Eligible to Vote....

OK

The second type of the if statement is the if..else contorl structure in either of the two
branches depending on the condition is executed. In the simple if construction, no special
processing is performed when the condition evaluates to false. But if processing must follow
one of two paths, hence need to use if...else format. Its syntax is:

316

Chapter 15.indd 316 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 if (expression)
{ statements if true }
else
{ statements if false }
This form is similar to if statement but the only difference is the else keyword, which
provides an alternate path for execution to follow if the condition evaluates to false.

Illustration 15.2 Using if.. else statement

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test if..else command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var age = prompt("Please enter your Age :", "0");
if(age>=18)
{ alert("You Are Eligible to get Driving Licence.."); }
else
{ alert("You Are Not Eligible to get Driving Licence.."); }
</script> </Body> </Html>

The output will be

- X
← → C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ X Search... ^

Demo Program - To test if c... X

Explorer User Prompt X

Script Prompt: OK
Please enter you Age:
Cancel
35

Message from webpage X

Explorer User Prompt X

! You Are Eligible to get Driving Licence.. Script Prompt:

OK
Cancel
Please enter your Age:
15
OK

Message from webpage X

! You Are Not Eligible to get Driving Licence..

OK

317

Chapter 15.indd 317 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 15.1.1.2 else if Statement:

The if ... else statement evaluates an expression and executes one of two pieces of code,
depending on the outcome. The else if statement is used to specify a new condition if the first
condition is false.

if (n == 10)
{ // Execute code block #1 }
else if (n == 20)
{ // Execute code block #2 }
else if (n == 30)
{ // Execute code block #3 }
else
{ // If all else fails, execute block #4 }
Illustration 15.3 Using Logical Operators and else if Statement

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Program - To test else ..if command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var marks = prompt("Please enter your Marks/100 :", "0");
if(marks>90)
{ document.write("Your Grade is Outstanding.."); }
else if((marks>70) && (marks<=90))
{ document.write("Your Grade is Excellent.."); }
else if((marks>50) && (marks<=70))
{ document.write("Your Grade is Good.."); }
else if((marks>40) && (marks<=50))
{ document.write("Your Grade is Satisfectory.."); }
else
{ document.write("Your Grade Poor and have to re-appear Exam.."); }
</script> </Body> </Html>

318

Chapter 15.indd 318 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 The output will be

There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements, where each following
if is a part of the else clause of the previous statement. Using the else if idiom is preferable and
more legible than, writing these statements out in their syntactically equivalent, fully nested
form:

if (n == 10)
{ // Execute code block #1 }
else
{ if (n == 20)
{ // Execute code block #2 }
else
{
if (n == 30)
{ // Execute code block #3 }
else
{ // If all else fails, execute block #4 }
}
}
319

Chapter 15.indd 319 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 15.1.1.3 switch case Statement:
JavaScript offers the switch statement as an alternate to using if...else structure. The
switch statement is especially useful when testing all the possible results of an expression. The
syntax of a switch structure is as follow:
switch(expression)
{
case label1:
statements1;
break;
case label2:
statements2;
break;
case labeln;
statements - N;
break;
default:
statements;
}
15.1.1.4 Break and Default Statement
The switch statement begins by evaluating an expression placed between parenthesis,
much like the if statement. The result is compared to labels associated with case structure that
follow the switch statement. If the result is equal to a label, the statements in the corresponding
case structure are executed. The default structure is given at the end of a switch structure if the
result of the expression that does not match any of the case labels. The break statement is also
used commonly within switch to exit the statement once the appropriate choice is found.
Illustration 15.4 Using Switch Statement

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Program - To test witch command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var grade=0;
var marks=prompt(“Please enter your marks/100:”,”0”);
if(marks>90)
{grade=1;}
else if(marks>70)&&(marks<=90)
{grade=2;}
else if(marks>50)&&(marks<=70)
{grade=3;}

320

Chapter 15.indd 320 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 else if(marks>40v)&&(marks<=50)
{grade=4;}
else
{grade=5;}
switch(grade)
{
case 1:
document.write("Your Grade is Outstanding..");
break;
case 2:
document.write("Your Grade is Excellent..");
break;
case 3:
document.write("Your Grade is Good..");
break;
case 4:
document.write("Your Grade is Satisfectory..");
break;
default:
document.write("Your Grade Poor and have to re-appear Exam..");
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

The output will be

- X
C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ X Search... ^

Demo Program - To test else c...i.. Program - To test witch co... X

Explorer User Prompt X

Script Prompt: OK
Please enter your Marks/100:
Cancel
98

- X
C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ X Search... ^

Demo Program - To test else c...i.. Program - To test witch co... X

Your Grade is Outstanding...

321

Chapter 15.indd 321 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 15.2 Looping / repetitive
In JavaScript there are times when the same portion of code needs to be executed many
times with slightly different values called as Loops. JavaScript supports three kinds of looping
statements. They are
• for loop
• while loop
• do..while loop
15.2.1 for loop
The for loop is a very rigid structure that loops for a pre-set number of times. In
JavaScript for structure is very flexible, and is very commonly used. The syntax of the for loop
looks like the following:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
Body of the loop;

The for structure consist of parts each separated by semicolon. They are,

1. The first part of the loop initialize a variable which is also called as control variable. In most
case the control variable is declared as well as initialized.

2. The second part is the conditional statement that determines how many times the loop will
be iterated.

3. The third and final part determines how the value of control variable is changed
(Incremented/Decremented)

322

Chapter 15.indd 322 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 Illustration 15.5 Using for loop

<Html>
<Head>
<Title> Program - To test for statement in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
var no1 = prompt("Please enter Table You want :", "0");
document.write("<h2> Multiplication for your need </h2>");
for( var no2=0;no2<=10;no2++)
{
document.write(no1+" x "+no2+" = "+no1*no2+"<br>");
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

- X

C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ Search...
Demo Program - To test Pr..
Multiplication for your need
3x3=0
3x1=3
3x2=6
3x3=9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
3 x 10 = 30

323

Chapter 15.indd 323 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 15.2.2 break and continue statement
JavaScript also supports statements used to modify flow control, specifically break and
continue. The break statement will terminate the loop early. For example,
for(var n=0;n<=10;n++)
{ if(n==5)
{ break; }
document.write(n+"<br>");
}
In the above example, the value of n is printed starting from 0, when n is equal to 5 the
break statement is executed and the loop is terminated and the output is as given below,
Illustration 15.6 Using break statement
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Break command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h2> Using Break Statement </h2>");
for( var no2=0;no2<=10;no2++)
{
if(no2==5)
{break;}
document.write(no2+" ");
}
</script>

</Body>
</Html>
- X

C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ Search...
Demo Program - To test Pr..

Using Break Statement

01234

The continue statement will skip back to the loop condition check. When the continue
statement is executed, the current iteration of the enclosing loop is terminated, and the next
iteration begins. For example,
324

Chapter 15.indd 324 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 for(var n=0;n<=10;n++)
{
if(n==5)
{
continue;
}
document.write(n+"<br>");
}
In the above example, which writes out the value of n starting from 0, when n is equal
to 5 the continue statement is executed and the continue statement continues the loop without
printing the value 5 and the output is as follows,
Illustration 15.7 Using continue statement
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program - To test Continue command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h2> Using continue Statement </h2>");
for( var no2=0;no2<=10;no2++)
{
if(no2==5)
{continue;}
document.write(no2+" ");
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

- X

C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ Search...
Demo Program - To test Pr..
Using Continue Statement
0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
15.2.3 while loop
In JavaScript while loop is another most basic loop. The purpose of a while loop is to
execute a statement /block of statement repeatedly as long as an expression is true.
The while statement creates a loop that executes a specified statement as long as the test
condition evaluates to true. The condition is evaluated before executing the statement.
325

Chapter 15.indd 325 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 The syntax is:
while (condition)
{
body of the loop
}

Illustration 15.8 Using while loop

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Program - To test while statement in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h2> Using while Statement </h2>");
var no2=0;
while(no2<=5)
{
document.write(no2+" ");
no2=no2+1;
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

- X

C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ Search...
Demo Program - To test Pr..
Using While Statement
012345
To execute a while statement, the interpreter first evaluates the expression. If the value
of the expression is true the interpreter executes the statement and repeats, jumping back to
the top of the loop and evaluating expression again. In the above example let us see how the
while command is executed,
1. Initial value of the variable no2 is set to 0
2. The expression in the while statement is executed
3. If the condition is true then body of the loop will be executed once otherwise body of the
loop will be skipped and control will jump to next statement to end of the loop.
4. Then the value of the control variable is executed and control jumps to condition again to
5. step 3 is repeated again
326

Chapter 15.indd 326 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 15.2.4 do .. while loop
The do..while loop is like a while loop, except that the loop expression is tested at the
end of the loop rather than at the beginning. This means that the body of the loop is always
executed at least once. The syntax is:
do
{
body of the loop
} while (expression);
An important difference between while and do..while statement is in the do..while loop
body of the loop is executed at least once before the condition can be executed. In a while loop,
first condition will be evaluated and then only based on the result of the condition the body of
the loop will be executed.
Illustration 15.9 Using do..while loop

<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Program - To test do..while statement in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h2> Using do..while Statement </h2>");
var no2=0;
do Output:
{ - X
document.write(no2+" ");
no2=no2+2; C:\User\ELCOT\Desktop\SCER ^ Search...
}while(no2<=10); Demo Program - To test Pr..
</script>
Using do..while Statement
</Body>
0 2 4 6 8 10
</Html>

Exercise
Write a JavaScript Program for the following:
a) To display Odd number from 1 to N numbers.
b) To display any Multiplication table as the user required.
c) To display as 10,9,8,……0

327

Chapter 15.indd 327 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 Points to Remember:
• Conditional Statements help to alter the normal sequence of execution of a program
by two types of controls - Branching and Looping.
• The three logical operators in Jave Script are &&, !! & !.
• The break statement is commonly used to exit the statement once the appropriate
choice is found.
• The for is a very rigid, flexible structure that loops for a pre set number of times.
• The break statement terminates the loop irrespective of the condition and the
continue statement executes the next iteration of the loop.

Evaluation

Part-I
Choose the correct answers:
1. Which conditional statement is used to transfer control from current statement to
another statement?
(a) Branching (b) Sequencing (c) Looping (d) Interating
2. _______ statement can be used as alterative to if-else statement.
(a) While (b) If (c) Else-if (d) Switch
3. Which statement in switch case is used to exit the statement once the appropriate choice
is found?
(a) Exit (b) Default (c) Case (d) Break
4. Which of the following is not a looping statement?
(a) Switch (b) While (c) Do-While (d) For
5. Which part of the loop statement determines the number of times, the loop will be
iterated? (MOT)
(a) First (b) Second (c) Third (d) Final
6. Which of the following is not a branching statement?
(a) Loop (b) If-else (c) Switch (d) For
7. What will be the output for the following snippet:
For (var n=0; n<10; n+1)
{
if (n==3)
{
break;
}
328

Chapter 15.indd 328 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 document write (n+"<br>");
}
(a) 0 1 2 (b) 0 1 2 3 (c) 0 1 2 3 4 (d) 0, 1, 3

8. In which loop the condition is evaluated, before executing a statement?

(a) While (b) Do while (c) Break (d) Continue
9. The _______ statement is especially useful when testing all the possible results of an
expression.
(a) While (b) Do while (c) Switch (d) If
10. In the _____ loop, body of the loop is always executed at least once before the condition
is evaluated
(a) For (b) While (c) If (d) Do while
11. <script type = "text / javascript">
x = 6 + "3";
document write (x);
<script> what will be the output?
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 63 (d) Error
Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. What are the different types of control statement used in JavaScript?
2. What is meant by conditional statements in JavaScript?
3. List out the various branching statements in JavaScript?
4. Write the general syntax for switch statement
5. Differentiate the break and continue statement.

Part-III
Short Answers
1. What is if statement and write its types.
2. Write the syntax for else-if statement.
3. What is called a loop and what are its types?
4. Differentiate between while and do while statements

329

Chapter 15.indd 329 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 5. What message will be displayed, if the input for age is given as 20, for the following
snippet.
if (age> = 18 )
{
alert ("you are eligible to get Driving licence"}
}
else
alert ("you are not eligible to get driving licence");
}

Part –IV
Explain in Detail
1. Explain for loop with example
2. Explain switch case statement with example
3. Write the output for the following program
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> for statement</title>
<Head>
<Body>
<script language= "java Script" type = "text / javaScript")
var no1= prompt ("please enter table you want:", "0" );
document write ("<h2> multiplication for your need </h2>")
for (Var no2= 0; no2<=10; no2++)
{
document write (no1+ "x" + no2+ "=" + no1+no2+ "<br>);
}
</script>
</body>
</Html>

4. Write a Java Script program using while statement to display 10 numbers.

330

Chapter 15.indd 330 06-01-2023 15:26:48

 Unit IV JavaScript CHAPTER
16
JavaScript Functions

Learning Outcomes

The students will learn the following:

• How to implement functions in JavaScript

• How to use Pre-defined functions
• How to create and use user-defined functions
• To create an Online application
16.1 Introduction

A function is a block of JavaScript code that is defined once but may be executed or
invoked any number of times. Functions are used to encapsulate code that performs a specific
task. Sometimes functions are defined for commonly required tasks to avoid the repetition
entailed in typing the same statements over and over. More generally, they are used to keep
code that performs a particular job in one place in order to enhance reusability and program
clarity.

JavaScript functions are parameterized or non-parameterized. A parameterized

function definition may include a list of identifiers, known as parameters that work as local
variables for the body of the function. Function invocations provide values or arguments for
the function’s parameters. Functions often use their argument values to compute a return value
that becomes the value of the function invocation expression.

JavaScript supports two types functions. They are

• Pre-defined or Library Functions

• User-defined Functions

16.2 Some common pre-defined functions.

Pre-defined functions are already defined in the JavaScript library which are also called
Library functions. For example isNaN(), toUpperCase(), toLowerCase(), length(), alert(),
prompt(),write() etc., are pre-defined functions.
331

Chapter 16.indd 331 06-01-2023 15:27:14

 Table: 16.1 Predefined functions

Function Description Example Result

toUpperCase() Used to convert x=”java” JAVA
given string into x.toUpperCase();
uppercase
toLowerCase() Used to convert x=”JAVA” java
given string into x.toLowerCase();
lowercase
length Used to find length x=”JAVA” 4
of the given string x.length();
parseInt() Used to convert the parseInt(34.234); 34
given float value into
an integer
parseFloat() Used to convert the parseInt(“34.23”); 34.23
given string into a
integer
16.3 User defined functions
User-defined functions allow the programmer to modularize a program. Most computer
programs that solve real-world problems are much large, occupy more space in the computer
memory and takes more time to execute. Hence such large programs are divided into small
programs called modules.
Function Definition
The format of a function definition is
Function function-name(parameters list)

{
{

Declaration of variable
Executable statements;
{ Function Body

}
Note:
• The function-name is any valid identifier.
For Example: sum
• The parameter list contains one or more valid variable name.
• Parameter list contains more than one variable then comma must be there between the
variable. For example: function sum(x,y)
• The function body must be enclosed by braces.
Example:
function sum(x,y)
{
var m=x+y;
return m;
}
332

Chapter 16.indd 332 06-01-2023 15:27:14

 Listing 16.1 Using Function

<html>
<head>
<title>Function Example</title>
<script type="text/JavaScript">
<!--
var input1=window.prompt("Enter Value1 :", "0");
var input2=window.prompt("Enter Value2 :", "0");
var v1=parseInt(input1);
var v2=parseInt(input2);
var s=sum(v1,v2);
document.writeln("<br><h4><u>Example for Function</u></h4>");
document.writeln("First No :" + v1 + " <br>Second No :" + v2 + "<br> The Sum = " + s);
function sum(x, y)
{
var s=x+y;
return s;
}
//-->
</script> </head> <body> </body> </html>
Output:

333

Chapter 16.indd 333 06-01-2023 15:27:14

 The isNaN() function is used to check whether the given value or variable is valid
number. This function returns true if the given value is not a number. For example isNaN(“12”),
isNaN(“A”).

Listing 16.2 Using isNaN() Function

<html>
<title>Example Program to test isNan() Function</title>
<head> </head>
<body>
<h4><u>Example Program to test isNan() Function</u></h4>
<script language="JavaScript">
function checknum()
{
var n=document.form1.text1.value;
if(isNaN(n)==true)
{ document.form1.text2.value="Not a Number : "+n; }
else
{ document.form1.text2.value="It is Number : "+n; }
}
</script>
<form name="form1">
Enter a Number1:
<input type="text" name="text1" size=3>
<br><br>
<input type="button" value="Click to Check" onClick="checknum()">
<input type="text" name="text2" size=30>
<br> </form> </body> </html>

Output:

334

Chapter 16.indd 334 06-01-2023 15:27:14

 Listing 16.3 Using Function (on-line quiz)

<html>
<head>
<title>On-line Quize</title>
<script type="text/JavaScript">
function checkAnswer()
{
//var myQuiz=document.getElementById("myQuiz");
if ( document.getElementById("myQuiz").elements[0].checked)
alert("Congratulations, Your Answer is correct");
else
alert("Your Answer is incorrect, Please try Again");
}
</script> </head>
<body>
<form id="myQuiz" action="JavaScript:checkAnswer()">
<p> Which is not a Programming Language: <br>
<input type="radio" name="radiobutton" value="Word" />
<label> MS-Word</label>
<input type="radio" name="radiobutton" value="Cobol" />
<label> COBOL</label>
<input type="radio" name="radiobutton" value="CPP" />
<label> C++</label>
<input type="radio" name="radiobutton" value="VB" />
<label>Visual BASIC</label><br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
</p> </form> </body> </html>

Output:

Note:
• The getElementById() method returns the element that has the ID attribute with the
specified value. (In this example, ID is received from form tag).
• elements[0] indicates the first option given in the question (Ms-word)

335

Chapter 16.indd 335 06-01-2023 15:27:14

 Points to Remember:
• A function is a block of JavaScript code that is defined once but can be invoked for
any number of times.
• There are 2 types of functions predefined and user defined functions
• Predefined functions are also called Library function
• User defined functions allow the programmer to modularize a program
• Larger programs are divided into smaller programs called modules.

Evaluation
Part-I
Choose the correct answer:
1. The parameters work as
A) Local variable B) Global Variable
C) File variable D) block variable
2. Predefined functions are also called as
A)Library functions B) storage functions
C) instructions D) commands
3. Larger programs are divided into smaller called
A) modules B) block
C) sets D) Group
4. Which of the following is used to enhance reusability and program clarity.
A) functions B) modules
C) sets D) instructions
5. Which of the following allow the programmer to modularize a program
A) Library functions B) user defined functions
C) Normal functions D) Ordinary functions
Part – II
Very Short Answers
1. What is a function in JavaScript?
2. What is the use of function?
3. Write a note on Library functions.
4. Write a note on user defined functions.
5. Write the syntax of functions.

Part-III
Short Answers
1. Write a program in JavaScript to find the cube of a number using function
2. Write a program in JavaScript to find the sum of 10 numbers using function.
Case study
Display a menu as web page, Accept the choice as input and display the result using function.
The menu to be displayed is
1. Sum of numbers upto a given limit
2. Sum of numbers from a starting limit to ending limit.
336

Chapter 16.indd 336 06-01-2023 15:27:14

 Unit V COMPUTER ETHICS AND
CYBER SECURITY
CHAPTER
17
Computer Ethics and Cyber Security

Learning Objectives GUIDELINES OF ETHICS

After learning this chapter, Generally, the following guidelines

the students will be able to should be observed by computer users:
1. Honesty: Users should be truthful while
• To know about cyber-crimes.
using the internet.
• To understand the guidelines and need
2. Confidentiality: Users should not
for ethics in cyber-world.
share any important information with
• To understand issues related to cyber-
unauthorized people.
crimes.
3. Respect: Each user should respect the
• To know the functionality of firewalls
privacy of other users.
and proxy servers.
4. Responsibility: Each user should take
• To learn about encryption and
ownership and responsibility for their
decryption.
actions
• To gain knowledge on IT Act.
17.1 INTRODUCTION Ethics is a set of moral principles
that govern the behavior of
Internet is a communication media
an individual in a society,
which is easily accessible and open to all.
and Computer ethics is set of
Information Technology is widespread
moral principles that regulate the use of
through computers, mobile phones and
computers by users.
internet. There is a lot of scope and possibility
for misuse of Information Technology.
17.2 ETHICAL ISSUES
Computer systems in general are
vulnerable.Special care must be taken An Ethical issue is a problem or
explicitly in order to ensure that the valuable issue that requires a person or organization
data do not get into wrong hands. Hence, to choose between alternatives that must
the data need to be protected. be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong
(unethical). These issues must be addressed
A cyber-crime is a crime which
and resolved to have a positive influence in
involves computer and network.This is
society.
becoming a growing threat to society .
Some of the common ethical issues are listed
ETHICS below:
Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern • Cyber crime
the behavior of an individual in a society, and • Software Piracy
Computer ethics is set of moral principles • Hacking
that regulate the use of computers by users. • Use of computers to commit fraud
337

Chapter 17.indd 337 06-01-2023 15:27:44

 • Sabotage in the form of viruses An entirely different approach to
• Making false claims using computers software piracy is called Shareware. Shareware
CYBER CRIME publishers encourage users to give copies of
Cybercrime is an intellectual, white- programs to friends and colleagues but ask
collar crime. Those who commit such crimes everyone who uses that program regularly to
generally manipulate the computer system pay a registration fee to the program’s author
in an intelligent manner. directly. Commercial programs that are made
For example – illegal money transfer via available to the public illegally are often called
internet. Warez.
Examples of some Computer crimes and
HACKING
their functions are listed below in Table
Hacking is intruding into a computer
17.1:
system to steal personal data without the
Table 17.1 Computer Crime
owner’s permission or knowledge (like
Crime Function to steal a password). It is also gaining
Malware Malicious programs that unauthorized access to a computer system,
can perform a variety
and altering its contents. It may be done
of functions including
in pursuit of a criminal activity or it may
monitoring user’s computer
activity without their be a hobby. Hacking may be harmless if
permission. the hacker is only enjoying the challenge
Harvesting A person or program of breaking systems’ defenses, but such
collects login and password ethical hacking should be practiced only as
information from a controlled experiments. Figure 17.3 shows
legitimate user to illegally a diagrammatic representation of Hacking.
gain acces s to others’
account(s). The act of gaining illegal
Spam Distribute unwanted e-mail access to a computer
to a large number ofinternet
users.
SOFTWARE PIRACY
Software Piracy is HACKING
“unauthorized copying of software”.
Figure 17.2 shows a diagrammatical
representation of software piracy.
SOFTWARE PIRACY Leads to Protected by

Identity theft or Firewalls, passwords

Duplicating and Downloading
gaining personal and user Id’s , anti
selling copyrighted software illegally
information hacking software
programs through network
Figure 17.3 Diagramatic representation of
Figure 17.2- Diagrammatic representation
Hacking
of Software piracy
338

Chapter 17.indd 338 06-01-2023 15:27:44

 To prevent unauthorized access, Firewalls, may look like a legitimate e-mail from bank
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Virus or other official institution.
and Content Scanners, Patches and Hot fixes 17.3 Cyber Security and Threats
are used.
CRACKING Cyber attacks are launched primarily
for causing significant damage to a
Cracking is where someone edits
computer system or for stealing important
a program source so that the code can be
information from an individual or from an
exploited or modified. A cracker (also called
organization.Cyber security is a collection
a black hat or dark side hacker) is a malicious
of various technologies, processes and
or criminal hacker. “Cracking” means trying
measures that reduces the risk of cyber
to get into computer systems in order to
attacks and protects organizations and
steal, corrupt, or illegitimately view data.
individuals from computer based threats.
A cracker is someone who breaks into
TYPES OF CYBER ATTACKS
someone else's computer system, often on a
Malware is a type of software
network, bypassing passwords or licenses in
designed through which the criminals gain
computer programs.
illegal access to software and cause damage.
They may send official e-mail Various types of cyber-attacks and their
requesting some sensitive information. It functions are given inTable 17.2.

Table 17.2 – Cyber Attacks and Functions

Cyber
S.No. Function
Attack
A virus is a small piece of computer code that can repeat itself
and spreads from one computer to another by attaching itself to
another computer file. One of the most common virus is Trojan.
1. Virus
A Trojan virus is a program that appears to perform one function
(for example, virus removal) but actually performs malicious
activity when executed.
Worms are self- repeating and do not require a computer program
to attach themselves. Worms continually look for vulnerabilities
2. Worms
and report back to the author of the worm when weaknesses are
discovered.
Spyware can be installed on the computer automatically when
3. Spyware the attachments are open, by clicking on links or by downloading
infected software.
Ransomware is a type of malicious program that demands payment
after launching a cyber-attack on a computer system. This type of
4. Ransomware
malware has become increasingly popular among criminals and
costs the organizations millions each year.

339

Chapter 17.indd 339 06-01-2023 15:27:44

 Cyber Security Threats network and entrusted computer outside
In recent years, most of the individuals the network.
and enterprises are facing problems due
to the weaknesses inherent in security A proxy server acts as an intermediary
systems and compromised organizational between the end users and a web server. The
infrastructures. Different types of Cyber proxy server examines the request, checks
Security Threats are categorized as below: authenticity and grants the request.
Phishing Encryption and Decryption
Phishing is a type of computer crime
used to attack, steal user data, including login Encryption and decryption are
name, password and credit card numbers processes that ensure confidentiality that
e.t.c. through emails. only authorized persons can access the
Pharming information.
Pharming is a scamming practice
in which malicious code is installed on a Encryption is the process of translating the
personal computer or server, misdirecting plain text data (plaintext) into random and
users to fraudulent web sites without their mangled data (called cipher-text).
knowledge or permission. Pharming has
been called "phishing without a trap”. It is Decryption is the reverse process
another way hackers attempt to manipulate of converting the cipher-text back to
users on the Internet. It is a cyber-attack plaintext.Encryption and decryption are
intended to redirect a website's traffic to a
done by cryptography. In cryptography a
fake site.
key is a piece of information (parameter)
Cookies
that determines the functional output of a
A cookie is a small piece of data
cryptographic algorithm.
sent from a website and stored on the user's
computer memory (Hard drive) by the user's Encryption is used to protect data in
web browser while the user is browsing communication system, for example data
internet. being transferred via networks (e.g. the
Web sites typically use cookies for the Internet, ecommerce), mobile telephones,
following reasons: wireless microphones, wireless intercom
• To collect demographic information systems, Bluetooth devices and bank
about who has visited the Web site. automatic teller machines.
• Sites often use this information to track
how often visitors come to the site and 17.4 INTRODUCTION TO
how long they remain on the site. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Firewall and Proxy Servers ACT
A firewall is a computer network
security based system that monitors and In the 21st century, Computer,
controls incoming and outgoing network Internet and ICT or e-revolution has
traffic based on predefined security rules. changed the life style of the people. Apart
A firewall commonly establishes a block from positive side of e-revolution there
between a trusted internal computer is also negative side of computer, that

340

Chapter 17.indd 340 06-01-2023 15:27:44

 is, the internet and ICT in the hands of 2. 
Commercial programs made
criminals .To tackle the problems of cyber available to the public illegally are
known as
crimes Cyber Law or Cyber Space Law or
Information Technology Law or Internet a. freeware b. warez
Law were introduced. c. free software d. software
In India Cyber law and IT Act 2000 3. Which one of the following are self-
, modified in 2008 are being articulated repeating and do not require a computer
program to attach themselves?
to prevent computer crimes. IT Act 2000
is an act to provide legal recognition for a. viruses b. worms
transactions carried out by means of c. spyware d. Trojans
ElectronicData Interchange(EDI) and 4. Which one of the following tracks a
other means of electronic communication. user visits a website?
It is the primary law in India dealing with a. spyware b. cookies
cybercrime and electronic commerce(e- c. worms d. Trojans
Commerce). e-Commerce is electronic data
5.  Which of the following is not a
exchange or electronic filing of information. malicious program on computer
PREVENTION systems?
25% of cyber crime remains unsolved. To a. worms d. Trojans
protect the information the following points c. spyware d. cookies
are to be noted: 6. A computer network security that
• Complex password setting can make monitors and controls incoming and
your surfing secured. outgoing traffic is
• When the internet is not in use, a. Cookies b.Virus
disconnect it. c. Firewall d. worms
7. The process of converting cipher text
• Do NOT open spam mail or emails that to plain text is called
have an unfamiliar sender.
a. Encryption b. Decryption
• When using anti-virus software, keep it c. key d. proxy server
up-to-date. 8. e-commerce means
Evaluation a. electronic commerce
b. electronic data exchange
PART - I
Choose the best Answer. c. electric data exchange
d. electronic commercialization.
1. 
Which of the 9. 
Distributing unwanted e-mail to
following is a set of others is called.
moral principles that a. scam b. spam
regulate the use of computers ?
c. fraud d. spoofing
a. piracy b. programs
c. virus d. computer ethics

341

Chapter 17.indd 341 06-01-2023 15:27:44

 10. 
Legal recognition for transactions 3. 
What are the guidelines to be
are carried out by followed by any computer user?
a. Electronic Data Interchange 4. What are ethical issues? Name some.
b. Electronic Data Exchange Part –IV
c. Electronic Data Transfer
Explain in Detail
d. Electrical Data Interchange 1.  What are the various crimes
Part – II happening using computer?
2. What is piracy? Mention the types of
Very Short Answers piracy? How can it be prevented?
1. What is Harvesting ? 3.  Write the different types of cyber
2. What are Warez? attacks.
3. Write a short note on cracking.
4. Write two types of cyber attacks.
Reference :
5. What is a Cookie? • Computer Network Security and Cyber
Ethics by Joseph MiggaKizza
Part-III
• “Investigating Cyber Law and Cyber
Short Answers Ethics: Issues, Impacts and Practices: 1”
1. What is the role of firewalls? by Alfreda Dudley and James Braman
2.  Write about encryption and
decryption.

GLOSSARY

WORD MEANING
Authenticity The quality of being real or true.

Computer Crime Computer crime is an intellectual crime to manipulate computer system.

Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of
Ethics
an activity.
Hacking is gaining unauthorized access to computer system without
Hacking
the owner’s permission.
Perpetrator A person who carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act.
Software Piracy is the copyright violation of software created original-
Software Piracy
ly by one person and illegally used by someone else.

342

Chapter 17.indd 342 06-01-2023 15:27:44

 Unit VI COMPUTER ETHICS AND
CYBER SECURITY
CHAPTER
18
Tamil Computing

18.1 Introduction
“ பிறநாட்டு நல்லறிஞர் சாத்திரங்கள்

தமிழ்மொழியிற் பெயர்த்தல் வேண்டும்;

இறவாத புகழுடைய புதுநூல்கள்

தமிழ்மொழியில் இயற்றல் வேண்டும்;

மறைவாக நமக்குள்ளே பழங்கதைகள்

ச�ொல்வதில�ோர் மகிமை இல்லை;

திறமான புலமையெனில் வெளிநாட்டோர்;

அதை வணக்கஞ் செய்தல் வேண்டும்.”

- மகாகவி பாரதி

Human civilization developed with 18.2 Tamil in Internet

the innovation of computer in the twentieth
century. Computer development began as a We know that the internet today
early calculating tool and has now become plays a vital role in every man's life. Internet
a essential ingredient for gigantic growth is the best information technological device,
for the existence of human life without through which we get to know information.
computers. In 2017 a study conducted by KPMG
a Singapore based organization along with
It is true that any language will be
google, reported that, Tamil topped the list,
outdated when it does not have the ability
among the most widely used languages in
to adapt itself to the changing technologies.
India, where 42% are using the Internet in
Tamil is a living language for thousands of
Tamil
years. Development of modern technologies,
does not affect the growth of classical
Tamil as it is ready to adopt the growing
technological changes. Tamil is not just a
language, it is our identity, our life and our
sense.
“எங்கள் வாழ்வும், எங்கள் வளமும் மங்காத
தமிழென்று சங்கே முழங்கு” – புரட்சி கவி.
343

Chapter 18.indd 343 06-01-2023 15:28:13

 As per study, by 2021, 74% of people in India will access internet using Tamil and it will be in
the top usage of Internet in India.

These statistical data will be useful to improve internet services in Tamil.

18.3 Search Engines in Tamil

The “Search Engines” are used to

உள்ளீட்டுக் கருவிகள்
search any information from the cyber space.
Although there are many search engines, but
only a few of them are frequently in use. In
the top ten search engines, Google, Bing and
Yahoo take first three places respectively.
Figure 18.1(b) Google Search Engine
Google and Bing provide searching facilities
(Singapore)
in Tamil, which means you can search
everything through Tamil. The Google
search engine gives you an inbuilt Tamil
virtual keyboard.

உள்ளீட்டுக் கருவிகள்

Figure 18.2 Searching in Tamil

Figure 18.1(a) Google Search Engine

(India)
344

Chapter 18.indd 344 06-01-2023 15:28:13

 18.4 e – Governance:

Getting Government services through

internet is known as e-Governance. Govt.
of Tamilnadu has been giving its services
through Internet. One can communicate
with Govt. of Tamilnadu from any corner
of the World. One can get important
announcements, government orders, and
government welfare schemes from the web
portal of Govt. of. Tamilnadu. Figure 18.3 Official Website of Govt. of
Tamilnadu

E-Governance through Tamil Web Address

Official Website of Govt. of Tamilnadu http://www.tn.gov.in/ta
Department of Agricultural Engineering http://www.aed.tn.gov.in/
Department of Environment http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/
Directorate of Govt. Examinations http://www.dge.tn.nic.in/
Tamilnadu Health Department http://www.tnhealth.org/
Tamilnadu Micro, Small and Medium
http://www.msmeonline.tn.gov.in/
Enterprises Department
Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
http://www.tnrd.gov.in/
Department
Backward, Most Backward and Minorities
http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/
Welfare Department
Tamilnadu Forest Department https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/
Hindu Religious and Charitable
http://www.tnhrce.org/
Endowments Department.
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission http://www.tnpsc.gov.in/tamilversion/index.
(TNPSC) html
Official Website of Govt. of Srilanka https://www.gov.lk/index.php

Outside India, Government of services provide thousands of Tamil Books

Srilanka provides all their services through as ebooks are mostly free of cost. It is the
the official website in Tamil. most useful service to Tamil people who live
far away from their home land.
18.5 e-Library

E-Libraries are the portal or website

of collection of e-books. Tamil e-Library

345

Chapter 18.indd 345 06-01-2023 15:28:13

 Tamil e-Library Website address
Tamilnadu School Education
and Teacher Education Training http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/
Textbooks and Resource Books
Tamil Virtual Academy http://www.tamilvu.org/library/libindex.htm
http://connemarapubliclibrarychennai.com/
Connemara Public Library
Veettukku_oru_noolagam/index.html
Tamil Digital Library http://tamildigitallibrary.in/
Chennai Library http://www.chennailibrary.com/
http://www.thamizhagam.net/parithi/
Thamizhagam
parithi.html
http://www.projectmadurai.org/pmworks.
Project Madurai
html
http://www.tamilheritage.org/old/text/
Old Books and Manuscripts
ebook/ebook.html
Noolaham http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/
Anna Centenary Libraray http://www.annacentenarylibrary.org/

18.6 Tamil Typing and Interface software

Tamil is mostly used to type
documents in word processors and search
information on the internet. Typing Tamil
using Tamil interface software is a familiar Figure 18.4 eKalappai Opening screen
one among the different methods of typing.
This is the simplest method of typing Tamil 18.7 Tamil Office Automation
in both Computer and Smart phones. Applications
18.6.1 Familiar Tamil Keyboard Interface:
• NHM Writer, E-Kalappai and Lippikar Famous Office automation software
– are familiar Tamil keyboard interfaces like Microsoft Office, Open Office etc.,
software that is used for Tamil typing provides complete Tamil interface facility.
which works on Tamil Unicode, using These softwares are downloadable and
phonetics. installed in your computer. After installation,
your office automation software environment
• Sellinam and Ponmadal – are familiar
will completely change to Tamil. Menu bars,
Tamil keyboard layouts that works on
names of icons, dialog boxes will be shown
Android operating system in Smart in Tamil. Moreover, you can save files with
phone using phonetics. Tamil names and create folders with Tamil
names.

346

Chapter 18.indd 346 06-01-2023 15:28:13

 Tamil language. This encoding scheme
was registered in IANA (Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority) a unit of ICANN.
ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information
Interchange)
This is one of the encoding schemes
Figure 18.5 Libra Office Writer
specially designed for Indian languages
Environments in Tamil
including Tamil. It was unified with Unicode.
Apart from that Tamil Libra Office,
Unicode:
Tamil Open Office, Azhagi Unicode Editor,
Ponmozhi, Menthamiz, Kamban, Vani Unicode is an encoding system,
designed to handle various world languages,
are office automation software working
including Tamil. Its first version 1.0.0 was
exclusively for Tamil. You can use these
introduced in October 1991. Unicode is the
applications to work completely in Tamil.
best suitable to handle Tamil.
18.8 Tamil Translation Applications
18.11 Tamil Operating System
Thamizpori (தமிழ்பொறி) is a Tamil
tranlation application having more than An operating system is needed to access
electronic systems such as computer and
30000 Tamil words equalent to English
smart phone. Microsoft Windows is very
words. Using this application, we can popular operating system for personal
translate small english sentences into Tamil. computers. Linux is another popular
Google also gives an online translation open source operating system. Operating
facility. systems are used to access a computer easily.
18.9 Tamil Programming Language An operating system should be easy to
work and its environment should be in an
Programming languages to develop understandable form. Thus, all operating
software in computers and smart phones are systems used in computers and smart phones
available only in English. Based on Python are offered in Tamil environment.
programming language, the first Tamil
programming language “Ezhil” (எழில்) is Windows Tamil Environment
designed. interface should be downloaded and
installed from the internet. It displays all
18.10 Tamil Information Interchange
window elements such as Taskbar, desktop
Coding Systems
elements, names of icons, commands in
TSCII (Tamil Script Code for Information Tamil.
Interchange)
Computers handle data and 18.12 Organisation and projects to
information as binary system. Computers develop Tamil
use ASCII encoding system to handle data
Tamil Virtual Academy:
and information. The ASCII encoding
system is applicable only for handling With the objectives of spreading
English language. Therefore, TSCII (Tamil Tamil to the entire world through internet,
Script Code for Information Interchange) Tamil Virtual University was established
is the first coding system to handle our on 17th February 2001 by the Govt. of

347

Chapter 18.indd 347 06-01-2023 15:28:13

 Tamilnadu. Now, this organisation functions literary classics. This means either typing-in
with the name of “Tamil Virtual Academy”. or scanning old books and archiving the text
It offers different courses in Tamil language, is one of the most readily accessible formats
Culture, heritage etc., from kindergarten to for use on all popular computer platforms.
under graduation level.
Since its launch in 1998, Project
Website: http://www.tamilvu.org/index.php Madurai etexts released are in Tamil script
Tamil Language Council, Singapore form as per TSCII encoding. Since 2004
With the objectives we have started releasing etexts in Tamil
of promoting the awareness unicode as well.
and greater use of Tamil Web Site: http://www.projectmadurai.org/
among the Singaporeans, in
Tamil Wikipedia:
2001 the council of Tamil
Language was formed by the ministry of Wikipedia is a open source
Information Communications and Arts, encyclopedia where any person can write
Govt. of Singapore. The council is called as an article about any subject. There are more
“வளர்தமிழ் இயக்கம்”. than One lakh articles in Tamil Wikipedia.
Website: http://tamil.org.sg/ta Web Site: https://ta.wikipedia.org/
Madurai Project In order to make Tamil as a living
Project Madurai is an open and language, it is the duty of every Tamilian to
voluntary initiative to collect and publish actively use Tamil in the development of
free electronic editions of ancient tamil technology.
Points to Remember:
• Tamil topped the list of the most widely used regional languages in India by the end of
2016, among 42% are using the Internet.
• Google and Bing provide searching facilities in Tamil.
• Getting Government services through internet is known as e-Governance.
• Tamil e-Library services provide thousands of Tamil Books as ebooks mostly at free of
cost.
• Thamizpori (தமிழ்பொறி) is a Tamil tranlation application having more than 30000
Tamil words equalent to English words.
• The first Tamil programming language is “Ezhil” (எழில்)
• Unicode is an encoding system, designed to handle various world languages, including
Tamil.
• Windows Tamil Environment interface should be downloading and install from
internet.

Evaluation
Very Short Answers
1. List the search engines supported by Tamil language.
2. What are the keyboard layouts used in Android?
3. Write a short note about Tamil Programming Language.
4. What is TSCII?
5. Write a short note on Tamil Virtual Academy.

348

Chapter 18.indd 348 06-01-2023 15:28:13

 PRACTICAL COMPUTER APPLICATION
11
Practical Programs – Hand Book

Instructions:
1. One exercise from Writer, Calc and CSS, Three exercises from HTML, and Four
exercises from JavaScript are to be practiced in the practical classes.
2. Ansewer to any one question from Practical Book with internal choice
3. Distribution of Marks
I. Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Record Book 5 Marks
II. External Assessment: 15 Marks

(a) Writer or Calc – Procedure

10 Marks
HTML or CSS or JavaScript – Coding

(b) Execution & Output 5 Marks

Total 20 Marks

INDEX
Question
Sl. No. Program Name
Number
1 CA1 Open Office Writer - Formatting Invoice
2 CA2 Open Office Calc – Interest Calculation
3 CA3 HTML – Form Design
4 CA4 HTML – Height and Weight Table
5 CA5 HTML – Nested List
6 CA6 CSS – Formatting Webpage
7 CA7 JavaScript – Display Text
8 CA8 JavaScript – Multiplication Table
9 CA9 JavaScript – Display Weekdays in Words
10 CA10 JavaScript – Login Form

349

Computer Application Practical.indd 349 06-01-2023 15:28:43

 CA1 – FORMATTING INVOICE
Type the following Invoice in OpenOffice Writer and apply the formatting
CA-1
features as given below:

Invoice
SAIRAM MEDICAL STORES
Mobile No : 9002416000 P.B.No: 617
Mail Address : [email protected] 70, New Avadi Road,
Chennai 600 010.
No: 70/162
M/s. Eswari Medical Stores, 23rd Nov 2017
No: 72, N.S.C. Bose Road,
Puduchery - 6210110
Quantity (Nos) Particulars Rate Amount
20 Johnson Baby Powder 25 500
10 Nestle Milk Powder 100 1000
5 Wood Wards Gripe Water 70 350
Total
Add: GST @ 3%
Net Payable

For Sriram Medical Stores

Sales Manager

• Use formula to calculate Total and Net Payable

Procedure

Step-1. OpenOffice Writer and choose Text document or File → New → Text Docu-
ment.
Step-2. Type the text and apply the format as per the given format.
Note: Select the required text before formatting.

Text Format Method

INVOICE Center and apply red Ctrl + E and choose Red color from
font color pallete or any method.

SAIRAM MEDICAL Center and apply blue Ctrl + E and Blue color from font
STORES color pallete or any method.

Eswari Medical Bold Ctrl + B or any method.

Stores

350

Computer Application Practical.indd 350 06-01-2023 15:28:43

 Step-3 Create a table using any one of the method Ctrl + F12 or Insert → Table or
Table → Insert → Table or Insert Table icon from toolbar. with 4 columns and 7 rows
Step–4. Enter the data as per the given format.
Step-5. Select first three columns in 5th Row and Right Click → Cell → Merge and
type as "Total"
Step-6. Repeat Step-5 for 7th Row, and type as "Net payable"
Step-7. To find the Total, Enter the following formula at Total → Amount Column as
=<D2>+<D3>+<D4> OR = Sum (<D2:D4>)
Step-8. To find the GST @ 3% Enter the formula as = <B5> *0.03
Step-9. To calculate Netpayable amount, Enter the formula as =<B5>+<D6>
Output

Invoice
SAIRAM MEDICAL STORES
Mobile No : 9002416000 P.B.No: 617
Mail Address : [email protected] 70, New Avadi Road,
Chennai 600 010.
No: 70/162
M/s. Eswari Medical Stores, 23rd Nov 2017
No: 72, N.S.C. Bose Road,
Puduchery - 6210110
Quantity (Nos) Particulars Rate Amount
20 Johnson Baby Powder 25 500
10 Nestle Milk Powder 100 1000
5 Wood Wards Gripe Water 70 350
Total 1850
Add: GST @ 3% 55.5
Net Payable 1905.5

For Sriram Medical Stores

Sales Manager

CA2 - INTEREST CALCULATION

Create statement of interest using OpenOffice Calc with the following partic-
CA-2
ulars:

Sara Ltd., sells goods. Their policy is to charge interest @ 2% p.a., for the number of
days. From the following data, find out the amount to be collected from each customer.
Assume 365 days in the year.

351

Computer Application Practical.indd 351 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 Date of
Customer Sales Date of Sale NO. of days
settlement
Tharani 25000 10/04/2017 60
Mahalakshmi 14000 28/05/2017 30
Kumar 28000 14/07/2017 45
Arulmozhi 54000 03/08/2017 90

Procedure
Step -1. Open OpenOffice Calc and choose Spreadsheet or File → New → Spreadsheet.
Step -2. Type the Headings in cell A1 to E1 (Customer, Sales, Date of Sale, Number of days
and Date of settlement) as per the given data.
Step -3. In cell F1 and G1 type (Interest Amt and Amount to be paid) respectively.
Step -4. In cell E2 enter the formula = C2 + D2 to arrive the date of settlement and to the
remaining cells (E2 to E5). Use Edit → Fill → Down command
Step -5. In cell F2 enter the formula =ROUND((B2*2/100)*D2/365) to arrive the Interest
amount to the remaining cells (F2 to F5). Use Edit → Fill → Down command
Step -6. In cell G2 enter the formula = B2 + F2 to arrive the Amount to be paid to the remaining
cells (G2 to G5). Use Edit → Fill → Down command
Output

CA3 – FORM DESIGN

CA-3 Write an HTML code to design a form like the one shown below.

352

Computer Application Practical.indd 352 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 Coding
<html>
<head>
<title> User Registration </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> Registration Form </h1>
<form id=reg_form method = post action = " ">
User Name: <input type = text name=uname > <br><br>
Password: <input type = password name=pword1 > <br><br>
Re-type Password: <input type = password name=pword2 > <br><br>
Gender:
<input type = radio name=male value="M" > Male
<input type = radio name=female value="F" > Female
<h2 align=center> Additional Information </h2>
Optional Subject:
<select name=subj>
<option value = CT> Computer Technology
<option value = Paint> Painting
<option value = SG> Sports and Games
</select>
<br><br>
<input type = checkbox name=mail > Put me on mail list <br> <br>
<input type = reset value=Reset >
<input type = submit value=Submit >
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output

353

Computer Application Practical.indd 353 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 CA4 - HEIGHT AND WEIGHT TABLE

CA-4 Write an HTML code to display the following.

Height and Weight

Name Class Height Weight

Mani XII - G 5'0" 45
Vasu XI - H 5'4" 49
Murali XI - B 5'1" 51
Pallavai XII - D 4'5" 50

Coding

<html>
<head>
<title> Height and Weight Table </title>
<head>
<body>
<table border=10>
<caption> Height and Weight </caption>
<tr>
<th width=40%> Name </th>
<th width=20%> Class </th>
<th width=20%> Height </th>
<th width=20%> Weight </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Mani </td>
<td> XII – G </td>
<td> 5’0” </td>
<td> 45 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Vasu </td>
<td> XI – H </td>
<td> 5’4” </td>
<td> 49 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Murali </td>
<td> XI – B </td>

354

Computer Application Practical.indd 354 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 <td> 5’1” </td>
<td> 51 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Pallavai </td>
<td> XII - D </td>
<td> 4’5” </td>
<td> 50 </td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Output

Height and Weight

Name Class Height Weight

Mani XII - G 5'0" 45
Vasu XI - H 5'4" 49
Murali XI - B 5'1" 51
Pallavai XII - D 4'5" 50

CA5 - NESTED LIST

Write an HTML code to create a webpage to display the following sets of

CA-5
lists:

• Languages
1. Tamilnadu
o Tamil
a. Chennai
o Malayalam
b. Madurai
o Telugu
• Science
2. Andhra Pradesh
o Physics
a. Amaravathi
o Chemistry
b. Vijayawada
o Zoology
• Humanities
3. Kerala
o History
a. Thiruvananthapuram
o Commerce
b. Cochin
o Economics

355

Computer Application Practical.indd 355 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 Coding </OL>
<UL>
<LI> Languages
<html>
<UL type=circle>
<head>
<LI> Tamil
<title> Sets of Lists </title>
<LI> Malayalam
</head>
<LI> Telugu
<body>
</UL>
<OL>
<LI> Science
<LI> Tamilnadu
<UL type=circle>
<OL type=a>
<LI> Physics
<LI> Chennai
<LI> Chemistry
<LI> Madurai
<LI> Zoology
</OL>
</UL>
<LI> Andhra Pradesh
<LI> Humanities
<OL type=a>
<UL type=circle>
<LI> Amaravathi
<LI> History
<LI> Vijayawada
<LI> Commerce
</OL>
<LI> Economics
<LI> Kerala
</UL>
<OL type=a>
</UL>
<LI> Thiruvananthapuram
</body>
<LI> Cochin
</html>
</OL>

Output

1. Tamilnadu
a. Chennai
b. Madurai
2. Andhra Pradesh
a. Amaravathi
b. Vijayawada
3. Kerala
a. Thiruvananthapuram
b. Cochin
• Languages
o Tamil
o Malayalam
o Telugu
• Science
o Physics
o Chemistry
o Zoology
• Humanities
o History
o Commerce
o Economics

356

Computer Application Practical.indd 356 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 CA6 - FORMATTING WEBPAGE

CA-6 Create a webpage as given description using CSS

Tamil

Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India

and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and
Chindians. Tamil is an official language of two countries: Sri Lanka and Singapore.

It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory
of Puducherry. It is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with
English, Malay and Mandarin.

Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of
Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Description:

Element Font Style Alignment Color

H1 Arial Black - Center Border 2px

solid blue

P1 Century Bold - Red

P2 Boockman Old Style Italic - Blue

P3 Century Gothic - - Green

Note: Create two files. 1. Mystyle.css and 2. CA6.html

Coding -1 color : Red;
}
Mystyle.css P2
H1 {
{ font-family: "Bookman Old Style";
font-family: "Arial Black"; font-style : Italic;
text-align:center; color : Blue;
border : 2px solid blue; }
} P3
P1 {
{ font-family: "Century Gothic";
font-family: "Century"; color : Green;
font-style : Bold; }

357

Computer Application Practical.indd 357 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 Coding -2 It has official status in the Indian state of
Tamil Nadu
CA6.html
and the Indian Union Territory of
<html>
Puducherry.
<head>
It is used as one of the languages of educa-
<title> Tamil </title>
tion in Malaysia,
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
along with English, Malay and Mandarin.
href="mystyle.css">
</P2> <br> <P3>
</head>
Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in
<body>
the four other
<H1> Tamil </H1>
South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka,
<P1>
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil is a Dravidian language predominant-
and Telangana and the Union Territory of
ly spoken
the Andaman and
by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka,
Nicobar Islands. It is one of the 22 sched-
and by the
uled languages of
Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Bur-
India.
ghers, Douglas,
</P3>
and Chindians. Tamil is an official language
</body>
of two countries:
</html>
Sri Lanka and Singapore.
</P1> <br> <P2>
Output

Tamil
Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly sopken
by the Tamil people of India and SriLankan Moors, Burghers,
Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is an official language of two
countries: Sri Lanka and Singapore.
It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry. It is used as one
of the languages of educatiooon in Malaysia, along with English,
Malay and Mandarin.
Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four
other south Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana and the Union Territory of the andaman and
Nicobar Islands. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.

358

Computer Application Practical.indd 358 06-01-2023 15:28:44

 CA7 - DISPLAY TEXT

CA-7 Create a webpage using JavaScript to display the following text.

Welcome to JavaScript
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Coding

<html>
<head>
<title> Display text using JavaScript </title>
</head>
<body align=center>
<p>
<script>
document.write ("<h1 align=center>Welcome to JavaScript <br>");
document.write ("State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),<br>");
document.write ("Tamilnadu, Chennai. </h1>");
</script>
</p>
</body>
</html>
Output

Welcome to JavaScript
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
CA8 – MULTIPLICATION TABLE
Create a webpage using JavaScript to display multiplication table by prompting
CA-8
number of rows and columns.
Coding
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiplication Table</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
var rows = prompt("How many rows for your multiplication table?");
var cols = prompt("How many columns for your multiplication table?");
359

Computer Application Practical.indd 359 06-01-2023 15:28:45

 if(rows == "" || rows == null) output = output + "<td>" + i*j + "</
rows = 10; td>";
if(cols== "" || cols== null) j = j+1;
cols = 10; }
createTable(rows, cols); output = output + "</tr>";
function createTable(rows, cols) j = 1;
{ }
var j=1; output = output + "</table>";
var output ="<table border='1' width='500' document.write(output);
cellspacing='0'cellpadding='5'>"; }
for(i=1;i<=rows;i++) </script>
{ </head>
output = output + "<tr>"; <body>
while(j<=cols) </body>
{ </html>

Output

1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 6 8 10 12
3 6 9 12 15 18
4 8 12 16 20 24
5 10 15 20 25 30
6 12 18 24 30 36
7 14 21 28 35 46
8 16 24 32 40 48
9 18 27 36 45 54
10 20 30 40 50 60
11 22 33 44 55 66
12 24 36 48 60 72

CA9 - DISPLAY WEEKDAYS IN WORDS

Create a webpage using JavaScript to display Weekday in words by getting
CA-9
input as a number using switch.

Coding {
case (n="1"):
<html> document.write("Sunday");
<head> break;
<title> Weekday </title> case (n="2"):
<script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Monday");
var n=prompt("Enter a number between 1 break;
and 7"); case (n="3"):
switch (n)
360

Computer Application Practical.indd 360 06-01-2023 15:28:45

 document.write("Tuesday"); break;
break; }
case (n="4"): </script>
document.write("Wednesday"); </head>
break; </html>
case (n="5"):
document.write("Thursday"); Output
break;
case (n="6"):
document.write("Friday");
break;
case (n="7"):
document.write("Saturday");
break;
Thursday
default:
document.write("Invalid Weekday");
CA10 - LOGIN FORM
Create a Form using JavaScript to get username, password and address,
CA-10
validate the inputs.

Coding <p align="center">

User Name:<input type="text"
<html>
id="t1"><br><br>
<head>
Password:<input type="text"
<script type="text/javascript">
function sub() id="t2"><br><br>
{ Confirm Password:<input type="text"
if(document.getElementById("t1"). id="t3"><br><br>
value == "") Address:<textarea rows="2" cols="25"
alert("Please enter your name"); id="t4"></textarea><br><br>
else if(document.getElementById("t2"). <input type="button" value="Submit" on-
value == "") click="sub()">
alert("Please enter a password"); <input type="reset" value="Clear All">
else if(document.getElementById("t2"). </p>
value != document.getElementById("t3"). </form>
value) </body>
alert("Please enter correct password"); </html>
else if(document.getElementById("t4").
value == "") Output
alert("Please enter your address");
else
alert("Form has been submitted");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>

361

Computer Application Practical.indd 361 06-01-2023 15:28:45

 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – XI
List of Authors and Reviewers

Domain Experts Authors

Mr. Ramakrishnan V. G.
Dr. T.V. Gopal
Post Graduate Teacher,
Professor,
Karnataka Sangha Hr Sec School, T.Nagar, Chennai.
Dept. of Computer Science and Technology,
Mr. Kannan K.
College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai.
Post Graduate Teacher,
Mrs. Bagyalakshmi P. Chennai Girls Hr. Sec School, Rotler Street, Chennai.
Asst. Professor and Head of the Department,
Mrs. Bindhu Mohandas
Dept. of Computer Applications, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai.
Post Graduate Teacher,
Mrs. Sasikala k Vijayanta Model Hr. Sec. School, H.V.F Estate, Avadi, Chennai.
Associate Professor, Dept of Computer Science, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai
Mr. Gowrisankar N.V.
Dr. Chitra Babu Post Graduate Teacher,
Professor and Head of the Department, Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, SSN Chennai Girls Hr. Sec School, Nungambakkam, Chennai.
College of Engineering , Chennai Mr. Sreenivasan R.
Dr. Radha P Post Graduate Teacher,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Information Technology, Santhome Hr. Sec. School, Mylapore, Chennai.
Govt. Arts & Science College (A), Coimbatore Mr. Lenin K.
Dr. Nester Jeyakumar M Post Graduate Teacher,
Associate Professor and Head Of the Department, Chennai Girls Hr Sec School, Saidapet, Chennai
Dept of Computer Science, Loyola College, Chennai Miss. Sangeetha A.
Dr. Srinivasan N Post Graduate Teacher,
Professor, Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Rajanthangal, Thiruvannamalai.
Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai Dr. Valarmathi K.E.
Dr. Chandra Mohan B Post Graduate Teacher,
Associate Professor, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Academic Council, Velammal Vidhyashram, Surapet, Chennai.
Technology, Vellore Mrs. Gajalakshmi R.
Mr. Sethuraman R Post Graduate Teacher,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Jaigopal Garodia Hindu Vidyalaya Hr. Sec School, West Mambalam,
Science & Technology, Chennai Chennai.
Mr. Sankar K Dr. (Mrs). Vidhya H.
Assistant Professor, Dept of Computer Science, Post Graduate Teacher,
RKM Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai DAV Boys Senior Seconary School, Gopalapuram, Chennai.
Reviewers
Academic Coordinators
Dr. Ranjani Parthasarathi Mr. Ravikumar Arumugam
Professor, Deputy Director,
Dept. of Info Science and Technology, State Council of Educational Research and Training, Chennai.
College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai.
Mrs. Tamil Selvi R.
Mr. Munivel E B.T. Assistant,
Scientist/Engineer ‘C’ IT Group (Information Security), NIELIT Government High School, Poonampalayam, Trichy Dist.
Calicut (MeitY, Govt. of India), NIT Campus, Calicut - KL (IN).
Mr. A. Palanivel Raj
Assistant Professor, SCERT, Chennai
Content Experts
Mrs. Nevedha Selvaraj
Dr. Radha P Assistant Professor, SCERT, Chennai
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Information Technology,
EMIS Technology Team
Govt. Arts & Science College (A), Coimbatore.
R.M. Satheesh
Dr. Nester Jeyakumar M State Coordinator Technical,
Associate Professor and Head of the Department, TN EMIS, Samagra Shiksha.
Dept. of Computer Science, Loyola College, Chennai.
K.P. Sathya Narayana
Art and Design Team IT Consultant,
TN EMIS, Samagra Shiksha

R. Arun Maruthi Selvan

Layout Technical Project Consultant,
TN EMIS, Samagra Shiksha
THY Designers and Computers
Chennai
QC This book has been printed on 80 G.S.M.
Manohar Radhakrishnan Elegant Maplitho paper.
Gopu Rasuvel
Printed by offset at:
Wrapper Design
Kathir Arumugham
Co-ordination
Ramesh Munisamy
Typist
T. Meena

362

Acknowledgement.indd 362 06-01-2023 15:16:43