SUBJECT : Aerospace Instrumentation Lab

SUBJECT CODE : 205302

LAB NO : 04

TITLE : To Study the Characteristics of a

Temperature Sensor (Thermistor)

SUBMITTED TO : Maam Shifa Nadeem

SEMESTER : Spring 2023 (6th)
SECTION : Aero 19-A

Marks Obtained
Group Member 1 Group Member 2 Group Member 3
NAME Ayesha Zulifqar M Asif Gulzar M Asim Naseem
REGISTRATION NO 200101059 200101099 200101100
LAB REPORT 04 04 04
PERFORMANCE
TOTAL MARKS

DEADLINE: 5th May, 2023

DATE OF 30th April, 2023
SUBMISSION:

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Institute of Space Technnology Islamabad
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................3
PURPOSE.........................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................4
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT...............................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE.........................................................................................................5
OBSERVATIONS AND READINGS..............................................................................................6
Temrature conversion:...................................................................................................................6
Resistance calculation:..................................................................................................................6
GRAPHS...........................................................................................................................................7
Without curve fitting:....................................................................................................................7
With Curve Fitting and Equation:.................................................................................................8
5 application of Thermistor.........................................................................................................10
What do we mean when we saythermistor is a passive component?..........................................10
What is the relationship between temrature and resistance?.......................................................11
CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................11

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Thermistor Connections.....................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Experimental Setup............................................................................................................5
Figure 3: Resistance Against Temrature...........................................................................................7
Figure 4: Resistance against Voltage................................................................................................7
Figure 5: with curve fitting Resistance Against Temrature..............................................................8
Figure 6: with curve fitting Resistance Against voltage...................................................................9

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiment is to explain the behavior of a temperature sensor
(Thermocouple) and to check the output of the Thermocouple with the change on temperature.
INTRODUCTION
Type “K” Thermocouple
A Type K thermocouple refers to any temperature sensor containing Chromel and Alumel
conductors in this arrangement, when the ends that are joined together are heated, an output
voltage is obtained between the other two ends.The ends that are joined together are referred to as
the “hot” junction and the other ends are the “cold” junction. The magnitude of the output voltage
depends on the temperature difference between the “hot” and “cold” junctions and on the
materials used
For the type “K” thermocouple the output voltage is fairly linear over the temperature range 0- 100°C and
of magnitude 40.28μV/°C difference between the “hot” and “cold” junctions

Figure 1: Thermistor Connections

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
 IT-5927 Transducer and Instrumentation Trainer.
 2mm Connecting Wires.
 Digital Multimeter (DMM)

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
Connect the circuit as shown below.

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Figure 2: Experimental Setup

 First, take notes from the supervisor and establish a proper connection.
 With the help of diagram given in manual make proper and firm connections.
 Make sure no loose connection.
 Check for proper safety hazards.
 Ground all connections where mentioned.
 Fix the value of resistor to 100k.
 Connect voltmeters. V1, V2 and V3.
 Switch ON the power supply and set the 10kΩ wirewound resistor to minimum for zero
output voltage from the Power Amplifier.
 Calculate value of resistor from VDR.
 Use curve fitting.
 Before operating make sure to verify circuit by supervisor.

Experimental setup is explained as

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 Connect the +l2V supply to the Heater Element input socket and, at 1 minute intervals,
note the values in Table 1.
 Switch OFF the power supply.
 Plot the graph of thermistor voltage against temperature.
 Using Interpolation / Curve Fitting of your data calculate resistance of thermistor in kΩ at
35oC.

OBSERVATIONS AND READINGS

Temperature Voltage (V)
S>No (℃)

1 38.60 0.397

2 40.2 0.393

3 41.4 0.410

4 45 0.442

5 50 0.492

6 54 0.532

7 60 0.610

8 65 0.650

9 70 0.697

10 76 0.754

Temrature conversion:
1 degree Celsius (Co) = 10 mV
Resistance calculation:
Rf
Vout= ∗Vin
Rf + Rth
Vin= 12 v
Fix resiotor Rf= 100 kilo ohm
Rth= thermistor resistance

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GRAPHS
Without curve fitting:

Figure 3: Resistance Against Temrature

Figure 4: Resistance against Voltage

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With Curve Fitting and Equation:

Figure 5: with curve fitting Resistance Against Temrature

Equation:

Linear model Poly1:

f(x) = p1*x + p2
Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
p1 = 0.07067 (-0.0731, 0.2144)
p2 = 65.35 (60.37, 70.32)

Goodness of fit:
SSE: 2.565
R-square: 0.1384
Adjusted R-square: 0.03068
RMSE: 0.5663

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Figure 6: with curve fitting Resistance Against voltage

Equation:

Linear model Poly1:

f(x) = p1*x + p2
Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
p1 = 39.14 (18.96, 59.32)
p2 = -121.8 (-219.6, -24.07)

Goodness of fit:
SSE: 0.8506
R-square: 0.7143
Adjusted R-square: 0.6786
RMSE: 0.3261

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5 application of Thermistor.
Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that are commonly used in electronic circuits to
measure temperature changes. Here are five applications of thermistors:

1. Temperature sensing: Thermistors can be used to measure temperature changes in a

variety of applications, such as in thermostats, refrigerators, and air conditioners. In these
applications, the thermistor is used as a sensor to detect changes in temperature and
control the operation of the equipment.

2. Overheat protection: Thermistors can also be used as temperature sensors in overheat

protection circuits for electronic devices. For example, in power supplies or battery
chargers, thermistors can be used to monitor the temperature of the device and shut it
down if the temperature gets too high, preventing damage or even fires.

3. Inrush current limiter: A thermistor can also be used as an inrush current limiter in
electronic circuits. When a device is powered on, the sudden surge of current can damage
the device or the power supply. By using a thermistor in series with the load, the initial
current surge can be limited, protecting the device and power supply.

4. Temperature compensation: Thermistors can be used in temperature compensation

circuits to compensate for changes in temperature in other electronic components, such as
diodes or transistors. By measuring the temperature using a thermistor, the circuit can
adjust its operation to maintain a consistent performance.

5. Medical applications: Thermistors can also be used in medical applications, such as

temperature probes for monitoring body temperature. The thermistor can be placed in
contact with the skin or inside the body to measure the temperature and provide accurate
readings for diagnosis and treatment.
What do we mean when we saythermistor is a passive component?
In electronics, passive components are those that do not require an external power source to
function. A thermistor is a type of passive component because it does not require an external
power source to operate. Instead, it relies on the changes in temperature to change its resistance.

A thermistor is made of a temperature-sensitive material such as metal oxides or polymers. As the

temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes as well. When the temperature
increases, the resistance decreases, and when the temperature decreases, the resistance increases.

Passive elements are essential building blocks of electronic circuits, and thermistors are
commonly used in temperature sensing and temperature compensation circuits. They are often
used in conjunction with active components such as transistors or operational amplifiers to create
a complete electronic system.

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What is the relationship between temrature and resistance?

Thermistor has two main types

1. NTC negative temperature coefficient
2. PTC positive temperature coefficient
Our traniner haas NTC meaning the value of resistor decreases as temperarure increases.In a
linear behaviour.

CONCLUSION
Thermistors are temperature-dependent resistances, therefore the varies with temperature, the
resistance change with temperature is high compared with the metallic resistances and is usually
negative; the resistance decreases with temperature increase. The temperature characteristics are
highly nonlinear. From the graph this characteristic can be verified as the temperature increases
the resistance increases too.

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