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SQL Tutorial (Chap10)

sql basics

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10 views

SQL Tutorial (Chap10)

sql basics

Uploaded by

jaggu011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Chapter 10: Relational Operators

 SQL Tutorial - Equals to (=) Operator

Relational Operator Equals to:


= [Equalsto]

This operator is used for equality test. Used to test the equality of two operands.

Example:-
Display the details of Employees whose salary is equal to 2000.

SQL> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE sal=2000;

SQL Tutorial - Lessthan (<) Operator

Relational Operator Lessthan:


This operator is used for less than test. Example a<b checks that operand ‘a’ is less than ‘b’ or not.

Example: Display the details of the employees whose salary is less than 3000.
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal < 3000

Here if you observe we got a result values whose salary is less than the operand 3000.
SQL Tutorial - Greaterthan (>) Operator

Relational Operator Greater than:


(Greater than Operator) >
This operator is used for Greater than test. For example a>b checks the operand ‘a’ is greater
than ‘b’ or not.

Example:
Display the details of Employees whose salary is greater than 3000
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal > 3000;

SQL Tutorial - Less than or Equals to


(<=) Operator

Relational Operator Less than or Equals to:


Lessthan or Equals to Operator (<=)
This operator is used for Less than or Equal to test. For example a<=b, here checks whether
operand ‘a’ is less than or equals to operand ‘b’. If a<b then condition is true and if a=b then also
condition is true but if a>b then condition is false.

Example :
Display the details of Employees whose salary is less than or equal to 3000.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE sal <= 3000;
SQL Tutorial - Greater than or Equals to
(>=) Operator

Relational Operator Greater than or Equals to:


Greater than or Equals to (>=)
This operator is used to check the Greater than or equal test. For example a>=b checks the operand
‘a’ is greater than operand ‘b’ or operand ‘a’ is equals to the operand ‘b’.

Example:
Display the details of Employees whose salary is greater than or equal to 3000.

SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal >= 3000;

Not Equals to ( != / ^= / <> ) Operator

Relational Operator Not Equals to:


Not equals to ( != or ^= or <> )
This operator is used for inequality test.

Examples:
Display the details of employees whose salary is not equals to 2000.
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal != 2000;

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal ^= 2000;

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal <> 2000;


SQL IN Operator

IN :
 Returns true if value is available in given list of values
 Supports with all types of data (data types)

In the below example only employees whose empno is (7125,7369,7782) are fetched.
SQL> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE empno IN (7125, 7369, 7782);

Inside DML statements:


SQL> UPDATE emp SET sal=sal+200 WHERE ename IN (‘SMITH’,’ALLEN’,’WARD’);

SQL> DELETE FROM emp WHERE hiredate IN (‘22-DEC-82’,’ 17-NOV-81’);

SQL BETWEEN Operator


BETWEEN

 Returns true if value specified is within the specified range.


 Supports with numbers and date values.
 between is an inclusive operator which includes range limits in output
Example:- in this example all employee records are fetched whose salary is between 2000 and
3000
SQL> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE sal BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000;

Whenever lower bound value is larger than upper bound then it shows ‘no rows selected’
Example:-
SQL> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE sal BETWEEN 3000 AND 2000;

Output:

-- No rows selected

SQL LIKE Operator

LIKE:-

 Used to search for pattern in a given input


 It is supported with character data only
 It uses two Meta characters

% (percentage) and _ (underscore) are two Meta characters.


% (percentage) represents “zero or more characters “in the given input
_ (underscore) represents “one character” in given input.
Example:- Display the employees whose name is starting with ‘S’ in EMP table.

SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE ‘S%’;

Display the employees whose name ends with ‘S’ in EMP table
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE ‘%S’;

Display the employees whose names are having second letter as ‘L’ in EMP table
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE ‘_L%’;

SQL IS NULL Operator

IS NULL:-
 Used to search for NULL values In the given input
 Supports with all types of data

Example:-
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal IS NULL;

Output:-

-- No rows selected;

AS there IS salary available FOR every employee.

Let’s fetch all employees whose has commission enabled.


SQL> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE comm IS NULL;

SQL Concatenation ( || ) Operator


Character operators or Concatenation Operators are used in expressions to
manipulate character strings.
Look at the below example it shows how to use the Character Operator.
SQL>SELECT 'The Name of the employee is: ' || ENAME FROM EMP;
Output:

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