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Module 1 - All Definitions and Intro

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Module 1 - All Definitions and Intro

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MODULE 1 DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS-

Definitions
MODULE 1 DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS-
Definitions
ELECTRIC CHARGE
Electric charge is a basic property of matter
carried by some elementary particles that
govern how the particles are affected by an
electric or magnetic field.
❖Electric charge, which can be positive or
negative, is neither created nor destroyed.
❖Electrons have a negative charge and
protons have an equal positive charge but
neutrons have zero charges.
CONTINUED….
❖The International System of Unit (SI unit) of electric charge is
Coulomb and abbreviated as C.
❖An electron itself has a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19
C and a proton has a positive 1.6 × 10−19 C of charge.
❖Electric charge law: Opposite charges attract similar charges
repels each other.
TYPES OF MATERIALS
Based material properties
like bandgap, the materials
are classified as 3 types in
the perspective of
conductivity.
1. Conductors
2. Semi-conductors
3. Insulators
Fig. 1. Energy band diagram of materials
WHAT ARE THESE BANDS?
Valance band: valence band corresponds to the energy level of electrons
present in the valence shell (outermost shell) of an atomic structure.

Conduction band: A conduction band is defined as that energy band that


consists of free electrons that are responsible for conduction. The electrons
that get moved out from the valence band by experiencing external force
reaches the higher energy band to support conduction.
WHAT IS BAND GAP?
Bandgap: The energy difference between the highest occupied energy state of
the valence band and the lowest unoccupied state of the conduction band is called
the bandgap and is indicative of the electrical conductivity of a material.

❖A large bandgap means that a lot of energy is required to excite valence electrons
to the conduction band.
❖When the valence band and conduction band overlap as they do in metals,
electrons can readily jump between the two bands (see Figure 1) meaning the
material is highly conductive.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL AND THEIR
BANDGAP
BANDGAP AND CONDUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Fig. 2. Atomic structure of


Copper
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MATERIALS
❖As the temperature of a conductor is increased the thermal
agitation increases which increase the rate of collisions. This leads
to an increase in resistivity. Therefore, they have a positive
temperature coefficient.

❖ Semiconductors have a negative temperature coefficient because


more free charge carriers (electrons and/ or holes) are available
for conduction.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE,
AND VOLTAGE
Electric potential: the amount of work
needed to move a unit charge from a
reference point to a specific point against
an electric field.
In Figure 1.3, to move the charge q from
plate A to plate B, an equal and opposite
force (F = −qE) must then be applied.
Where q is charge and E is electric field
strength. The work W done in moving the
positive charge through a distance d is W Figure 1.3 Illustration of electric potential
= Fd = −qEd.
CONTINUED…
❖The potential energy for a
positive charge increases
when it moves against an
electric field and decreases
when it moves with the
electric field; the opposite is
true for a negative charge.
❖SI unit of the electric
potential is joules per
coulomb or volts, Figure 1.4 Illustration of potential difference
abbreviated as V. and voltage
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE AND VOLTAGE
A voltage which is a measure of electric potential difference and
defined as the work to be done, upon a unit charge to move
between two points, against a static electric field. The SI unit of
voltage is volts abbreviated as V.
In a circuit, voltage drop/potential difference in a component or
between two points is measured by connecting a voltmeter in
parallel.
CURRENT
it is a measure of the rate of flow of electric charge q and denoted as I.
𝑑𝑞
𝐼= C/s or Ampere (A)
𝑑𝑡
A wire is said to carry a current of one ampere when charge flows through it at
the rate of one coulomb per second.

In a circuit, the current through a component or wire is measured by connecting


an ammeter in series.
EXAMPLE 1.1

Problem: Estimate the increase in the electric charge storage capacity in coulomb if a
mobile phone battery capacity is improved from 3000 mAh to 5000 mAh.

Increment= 18000-10800= 7200 C


RESISTANCE (R)
It may be defined as the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or
restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e., electrons) through it. The SI unit of resistance is
the ohm (Ω).
❖For conductors, smaller units like milli-ohm = 10−3 ohm or micro-ohm = 10−6 ohm are
used.
❖For insulators a much bigger unit is used i.e., mega-ohm = 106 ohms or kilo-ohm =
103 ohms (kilo means thousand).
RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
At a constant temperature, the resistance R of a
conductor is calculated as:
Method to measure
resistivity: If we
consider a current
flowing through a
metal of cross-section
area 1m2 and length
of 1m, then resistivity
of the metal will be
equal to the resistance
Figure 1.5 Resistance of a conductor itself.
RESISTIVITY OF MATERIALS
Resistivity : is the nature of a material may be defined as the resistance between the
opposite faces of a meter cube (Figure 1.5) of that material. Resistivity is commonly
represented by the Greek letter ρ (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter
(Ω⋅m). By using the method
mentioned in the
previous slide these
values would be found.
OHM’S LAW

❖Ohm's law states that the voltage between two points is directly proportional to the
current passing through the resistance, and directly proportional to the resistance of the
circuit. The formula for Ohm's law is V=IR.
❖The law was named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who published a
treatise in 1827 describing measurements of applied voltage and current through simple
electrical circuits.
❖The SI unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω). 1 Ω = 1 V/A.
OHMIC VS NON-OHMIC
If the variation is
linear, then we say
the device is ohmic
and if it is non-
linear then we
conclude that the
device under test is
a non-ohmic.
THANK YOU

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