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Computer Engineering (4):Computer Networks

Book · September 2015

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 6 October University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Engineering (4)

Computer Networks
Fourth Year
2015/2016

By

Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban Mahmoud

 Contents
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Communication Networks
1.1 Introduction………………………………………………. 1
1.2 Importance of communication networks…………………. 2
1.2.1 Resources sharing………………………………... 2
1.2.2 File transfers speed……………….……………… 2
1.2.3 Low operation cost………………………………. 3
1.2.4 Centralized software management………………. 3
1.2.5 Flexible access…………………………………… 3
1.3 Limitations of communication network………………….. 3
1.3.1 Installation costs…………………………………. 4
1.3.2 Requires administrative time…………………….. 4
1.3.3 Security requirements……………………………. 4
1.3.4 A file server may fail…………………………… 4
1.3.5 Breakdowns and possible loss of resources……... 5
1.3.6 Dependency……………………………………… 5
1.3.7 Conflict…………………………………………... 5
1.4 Data communication characteristics……………...……… 6
1.4.1 Delivery………………………………………….. 6
1.4.2 Accuracy…………………………………………. 6
1.4.3 Timeliness……………………………………….. 6
1.4.4 Jitter……………………………………………… 6
1.5 Data communication system components………….…….. 7
1.6 Data representation……………………………………..… 8
1.6.1 Text……………………………………………… 8
1.6.2 Numbers………………………………….……… 8
1.6.3 Images…………………………………………… 8
1.6.4 Audio……………………………………………. 8
1.6.5 Video……………………………………………. 8
1.7 Data flow through the communication system…………… 9
1.7.1 Simplex………………………………………….. 9
1.7.2 Half-duplex……………………………………… 9
1.7.3 Full-duplex……………………………………… 10
1.8 Communication channel performance measures………... 10
1.8.1 Spectral bandwidth……………………………… 10
1.8.2 Digital bandwidth…………………..……………. 11
1.8.3 Signal to noise ratio……………...…….………… 11
 1.8.4 Channel capacity………………………………… 11
1.8.5 Bit error rate……………………………………... 13
Sheet 1…………………………………………..………………. 13
CHAPTER 2: Networks Classifications
2.1 Networks classifications according to range………..…… 15
2.1.1 Personal area network…………………………… 16
2.1.2 Local area network………………………………. 16
2.1.3 Metropolitan area network………………………. 17
2.1.4 Wide area networks……………………………… 18
2.2 Network classification according to the internetwork….… 19
2.2.1 Intranet…………………………………………… 20
2.2.2 Extranet………………………………………….. 20
2.2.3 Internet…………………………………………… 21
2.3 Network classification according to the network topology. 21
2.3.1 Bus………………………………………………. 22
2.3.2 Star……………………………………………….. 23
2.3.3 Ring……………………………………………… 24
2.3.4 Mesh.…………………………………………….. 25
2.3.5 Tree………………………………………………. 26
2.3.6 Hybrid……………………………………………. 27
2.4 Networks classification according to network architecture. 30
2.4.1 Peer-to-peer networks……………………………. 30
2.4.2 Client / server networks…………………………. 31
Sheet 2……………………..……………………………………. 32

CHAPTER 3: Transmission Media

3.1 Introduction………………………………………………. 40
3.2 Design factors for transmission media…………………… 41
3.3 Wired transmission media………………………………... 42
3.3.1 Twisted pair cable……………………………….. 42
3.3.2 Coaxial cable…………………………………….. 46
3.3.3 Optical fiber cable……………………………….. 48
3.4 Wireless transmission media…………………………….. 49
3.4.1 Radio waves……………………………………... 53
 3.4.2 Microwaves……………………………………... 54
3.4.3 Infrared………………………………………….. 55
3.4.4 Satellite…………………………………………. 57
Sheet 3……………………………………………………..……. 59

CHAPTER 4: Reference Models

4.1 OSI reference model……….………………………..…… 61
4.1.1 Physical layer…………………………….……… 65
4.1.2 Data link layer…………………………………… 67
4.1.3 Network layer……………………………………. 68
4.1.4 Transport layer…………………………………... 70
4.1.5 Session layer…………………………………….. 71
4.1.6 Presentation layer………………………………... 72
4.1.7 Application layer………………………………… 74
4.2 TCP reference model……………………………………... 75
4.3 Comparison of the OSI and TCP reference models…........ 77
Sheet 4…………………………………………………..………. 78

CHAPTER (5): Network Hardware

5.1 Introduction………………………………………………. 86
5.2 File / network server...……………………………………. 88
5.3 Workstation..…………………………………………….. 89
5.4 Network interface card………………………………….. 90
5.5 Node connections……………………………..…………. 91
5.5.1 Switch…………………………………………… 92
5.5.2 Hub……………………………………………… 93
5.5.3 Bridge…………………………………………… 94
5.5.4 Router……………………………………………. 96
5.5.5 Gateway…………………………………………. 98
5.5.6 Repeater…………………………………………. 98
5.6 Firewalls…………………………………………………. 100
Sheet 5……………………...…………………………………… 102

CHAPTER 6 Local Area Network Protocols

6.1 Introduction………………….. …………………………. 105
6.2 LAN Protocols…………………………………………… 106
 6.2.1 Ethernet protocols…… …………………………. 107
6.2.2 Token Ring Protocols……………………………. 108
6.2.3 Fiber Distributed Data Protocols………………… 110
6.2.4 Logic Link Control Protocols……………………. 111
6.2.5 Virtual LAN protocols…………………..………. 113
6.2.6 Wireless LAN protocols…………………………. 114
6.2.7 Subnetwork Access Protocols……………..……. 116
6.2.8 Spanning Tree Protocol…………………………. 117
Sheet 6………………………….………...……………………... 119

CHAPTER 7 Metropolitan Area Network Protocols

7.1 Introduction………………….. …………………………. 122

7.2 MAN protocols…………………………………………… 123
7.2.1 Distributed Queue Dual Bus Protocol…………… 124
7.2.2 Switched Multimegabit Data Service Protocol….. 125
7.2.3 Broadband Wireless MAN Standard Protocol.…. 125
Sheet 7……………………………………………………..……. 128

CHAPTER 8 Wide Area Network Protocols

8.1 Introduction..……………………………………………... 130

8.2 WAN Protocols.………………………………………….. 130
8.2.1 Point-to-Point Protocols…………………………. 131
8.2.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Reference Protocol 132
8.2.3 Frame Relay Protocol Protocols…………….…… 134
8.2.4 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network… 136
8.2.5 Link Access Procedure for Frame Protocols.…… 137
8.2.6 Link Access Procedure Protocols.……………….. 140
8.2.7 High Level Data Link Control Protocols.……….. 141
Sheet 8………………………………………...………………… 143

CHAPTER 9 Internet Protocols

9.1 Introduction………………………………………………. 144

9.2 Internet Protocols………………………………………… 146
9.2.1 Internet Protocol (version 4).…………………….. 147
 9.2.2 Internet Protocol (version 6).…………………….. 149
9.2.3 Internet Message Access Protocol (version 4).….. 151
9.2.4 Internet Message Control Protocol (version 6)..… 152
9.2.5 Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol……………………………. 154
9.2.6 Internet Datagram Protocol……………………… 156
9.2.7 Internet Relay Chat Protocol……………………. 157
9.2.8 Internet Group Management Protocol…………… 157
9.2.9 Internet Key Exchange Protocol…………………. 159
Sheet 9……………………………...………………………...…. 160

CHAPTER 10 Network Operations and management Systems

10.1 Network operating system.………………………………. 161

10.2 Network operating system selection…………………….. 162
10.2.1 Resource sharing………………………………… 163
10.2.2 Managing users…………………………………. 164
10.2.3 Managing the network…………………………… 164
10.3 Operations systems components…………………………. 165
10.3.1 Client software…………………………………... 166
10.3.2 Server software………………………………….. 168
10.4 Novell operating systems………………………………… 168
10.5 Microsoft network operating systems……………………. 169
10.6 Other network operating systems………………………… 170
10.6.1 AppleTalk network operating system…………… 170
10.6.2 UNIX LANs…………………………………….. 170
10.6.3 Banyan virtual integrated network services……... 171
10.7 Network management systems…………………………... 172
10.8 Network troubleshooting…………………………………. 172
10.8.1 Troubleshooting steps…………………………... 173
10.8.2 Troubleshooting tools……………………………. 175
10.8.2.1 Hardware tools………………………... 176
10.8.2.2 Software tools………………………… 179
10.8.2.3 Monitoring and troubleshooting tools… 182
Sheet 10…………………………………………………………. 184
 Selected References.…………….…………………………….. 188

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