SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution)

Affiliated to Anna University
COIMBATORE-35

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

MACHINE LEARNING

19CSP202 – Database Management System Laboratory

Academic Year 2023-2024 EVEN

PRACTICAL RECORD

NAME ___________________

REGISTER NO ___________________

DEGREE ___________________

BRANCH ___________________

SEMESTER ___________________
 SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)
Affiliated to Anna University
COIMBATORE-35

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

MACHINE LEARNING

19CSP202 – Database Management System Laboratory

Name: _____________________ Class: II Year B.Tech IT

Branch: Information Technology Semester: IV

Register No: ________________________

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above student of the 19CSP202 –
Database Management System Laboratory y during the Academic year 2023 – 2024 Even
Semester

Signature of Lab-in-charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the practical examination held on _______________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Page No:
 Table of Content

Marks
S.No Date Experiment Name Page No Sign
obtained
Creation of a database and writing SQL
1 queries to retrieve information from the
database
Performing Insertion, Deletion, Modifying,
2 Altering, Updating and Viewing records
based on conditions
Creation of Views, Synonyms, Sequence,
3
Indexes, Save point
Creating an Employee database to set various
4
constraints
5 Creating relationship between the databases.

6 Study of PL/SQL block

Write a PL/SQL block to satisfy some

7
conditions by accepting input from the user.
Write a PL/SQL block that handles all types
8
of exceptions.
9 Creation of Procedures.
10 Creation of database triggers and functions

11 Installing and Configuring - MongoDB

Creation, Insertion, Updation, Retrieval and

12
Deletion operations on Mongo DB
Accessing Databases from Programs using
13
JDBC
Mini project (Application Development using
14
Oracle/ Mysql )
15 Content Beyond Syllabus

Department of AIML
Average Performance 25
Average Record 15
Average Viva 10
Total 50

Page No:
Ex. No: 01 Creation of a database and SQL queries to retrieve information from
Date: the database

Aim:
To Create database and to retrieve table using DDL Query.
DDL Commands
 Create Table
 Alter Table
 Drop Table
 Truncate Table
 Rename
Table Creation
Table is a primary object of database, used to store data in form of rows and columns. It is created
using following command:
Syntax: CREATE TABLE <table_name> (column_name data_ type (constraints), …)
Desc Command
Describe command is external command of Oracle. The describe command is used to view the
structure of table as follows.
Syntax: desc <table_name>
Alter Table:
Add a column
Syntax: Alter table <table_name> add (new_column_name data_ type (constraints), …)
Modify a Column
Syntax: Alter Table <Table Name>Modify Column <Column Name> <New Datatype>(<New Size>);
Drop Table:
Drop A Column:
Syntax: Alter Table <Table Name>Drop Column <Column Name>;
Drop Entire Table
Syntax:
Drop table <Table_Name>
Truncate Table
If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure is required then only
data can be deleted using truncate command. Truncate command will delete all the records
permanently of specified table

Page No:
Syntax:
Truncate table <table name>
Rename a table
Rename command is used to give new names for existing tables.
Syntax:
Rename table old table_name TO new table_name;
Constraints
Constraints can be specified when the table is created with the CREATE TABLE statement, or
after the table is created with the ALTER TABLE statement.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....
);
Add primary Key to table
 The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table.
 Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values.
 A table can have only ONE primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist of
single or multiple columns (fields).
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons ( CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255), FirstName varchar(255),
Age int Age int,
); CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName)
);

Add primary key to Existing Table

Example
 ALTER TABLE Persons ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
 ALTER TABLE Persons ADD CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName);

DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint

Example

Page No:
  ALTER TABLE Persons DROP PRIMARY KEY;
 ALTER TABLE Persons DROP CONSTRAINT PK_Person;
FOREIGN KEY on CREATE TABLE
Example
CREATE TABLE Orders ( CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, OrderID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL, OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID PersonID int,
int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(PersonID) PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
); CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder FOREIGN KEY (PersonID)
REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);

FOREIGN KEY on ALTER TABLE

Example
 ALTER TABLE Orders ADD FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);

 ALTER TABLE Orders ADD CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder FOREIGN KEY (PersonID)

REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint
Example
 ALTER TABLE Orders DROP FOREIGN KEY FK_PersonOrder;
 ALTER TABLE Orders DROP CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder;

Datatype
It is used to store character data within the predefined length. It can be stored up to
CHAR(size)
2000 bytes.
It is used to store national character data within the predefined length. It can be
NCHAR(size)
stored up to 2000 bytes.
It is used to store variable string data within the predefined length. It can be stored up
VARCHAR2(size)
to 4000 byte.
It is the same as VARCHAR2(size). You can also use VARCHAR(size), but it is
VARCHAR(SIZE)
suggested to use VARCHAR2(size)
It is used to store Unicode string data within the predefined length. We have to must
NVARCHAR2(size)
specify the size of NVARCHAR2 data type. It can be stored up to 4000 bytes.
It contains precision p and scale s. The precision p can range from 1 to 38, and the
NUMBER(p, s)
scale s can range from -84 to 127.
FLOAT(p) It is a subtype of the NUMBER data type. The precision p can range from 1 to 126.
BINARY_FLOAT It is used for binary precision( 32-bit). It requires 5 bytes, including length byte.
It is used for double binary precision (64-bit). It requires 9 bytes, including length
BINARY_DOUBLE
byte.
It is used to store a valid date-time format with a fixed length. Its range varies from
DATE
January 1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.
TIMESTAMP It is used to store the valid date in YYYY-MM-DD with time hh:mm:ss format.
BLOB It is used to specify unstructured binary data. Its range goes up to 232-1 bytes or 4

Page No:
 GB.
It is used to store binary data in an external file. Its range goes up to 2 32-1 bytes or 4
BFILE
GB.
CLOB It is used for single-byte character data. Its range goes up to 232-1 bytes or 4 GB.
It is used to specify single byte or fixed length multibyte national character set
NCLOB
(NCHAR) data. Its range is up to 232-1 bytes or 4 GB.
It is used to specify variable length raw binary data. Its range is up to 2000 bytes per
RAW(size)
row. Its maximum size must be specified.
It is used to specify variable length raw binary data. Its range up to 231-1 bytes or 2
LONG RAW
GB, per row.

Activity 1
Able to apply SQL commands to create database and table structure.

Page No:
Page No:
Activity 2
A database named studentDB will developed by an application software house company. There
are 6 tables in the database. Relationship scheme for the tables is as below:

Student(StudID, StudName, StudAddress, StudBirthDate, CourseID);

Course(CourseID, CourseName, LectID);
Lecturer(LectID, LectName, LectTelNo, DepartID);
Subject(SubID, SubName);
Department(DepartID, DepartName);
Stud_Sub (StudSubID, StudID, SubID, Mark,Grade)
(Primary Key showed by underlined and bold while in italic and dotted lined is Foreign Key)

Data Dictionary for the tables is as below:

Refer to the information above, write SQL statements for the questions below:
1. Create database studentDB.
2. Create 6 tables from data dictionary given above.
3. Add one column StudTelNo in STUDENT table and the data type is INT(9).
4. Alter data type of CourseName column for COURSE table to VARCHAR(30).
5. Drop table Stud_Sub from database

Page No:
Page No:
Page No:
Viva Questions
1. Define data and information.
2. Define Data base management system.
3. What is SQL?
4. What is the syntax for creating a table?
5. List the components of SQL.
6. Define DDL? What are the DDL commands?
7. List out the uses of alter command.
8. What is Syntax for truncate a table?
9. What is the use drop table command?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result: Thus, the database has been created and retrieved the information using SQL Queries.

Page No:
 Ex. No: 02 Performing Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating
Date: and Viewing records based on conditions.

Aim: To Perform Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and Viewing records
based on conditions.
DML Commands
 Insert
 Select
 Update
 Delete
Insert a data into table
Insert command is used to insert rows into the table.
Syntax
 INSERT INTO tablename values (columnname1, columnname2,….columnname n)
 INSERT INTO tablename (columnname1, columnname2,….columnname n)
VALUES(Value1,Value2,..Value n);
 INSERT INTO table _name values ('&column_name1 ',&Column_name2,
'&Column_name3' , '&Column_Name'………….);
To retrieve / display data from tables
Select command is used to select values or data from table
Syntax: SELECT * FROM TABLENAME;
Elimination of duplicates from the select statement
SELECT DISTINCT columnname 1, columnname 2,…. columnname n FROM tablename;
The retrieving of specific columns from a table
SELECT columnname 1, columnname 2,…. columnname n FROM tablename;
Update a data in the table
This SQL command is used to modify the values in an existing table.
Syntax
UPDATE tablename SET column1= expression1, column2= expression 2,... WHERE
somecolumn=somevalue;
Note:
 An expression consists of either a constant (new value), an arithmetic or string
operation or an SQL query. Note that the new value to assign to must matching data
type.
  An update statement used without a where clause results in changing respective
attributes of all tuples in the specified table.
Delete rows from a table
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Task:
Execute the Data Manipulation commands for Experiment No. 01, which you completed
in the previous class. Refer above mentioned syntax
Viva Questions
1. What are the DML commands?
2. How the data or values to be entered into a table?
3. What is the use of DELETE command?
4. How the data or values to be updated on a table?
5. List out the uses of SELECT command?
6. How the data or values are retrieved from a table?
7. Define DML? What are the DML commands?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result: Thus, the database has been created and executed the DML commands using SQL
Queries.
Ex. No: 03
Creation of Views, Synonyms, Sequence, Indexes, Save point
Date:

Aim:
To implement the Views, Synonyms, Sequence, Indexes, save point using SQL

VIEWS
Manipulation Operation in View
1. Create view
2. Insert in view
3. Delete in view
4. Update of view
5. Drop of view
Syntax
Create View: This command is used to create a view.
CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Update View: This command is used to update a view.
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Drop View: This command is used to drop the view table
DROP VIEW view_name;
Inserting a row from View
INSERT INTO view_name(column1, column2 , column3,..) VALUES(value1, value2,
value3..);
Deleting a row from a View
DELETE FROM view_name WHERE condition;

Page No:
SYNONYM
Provides an alternative name for another database object, referred to as the base object, that can exist
on a local or remote server.

Synonyms are used to create alternate names for tables, views, sequences ... etc.
The syntax for this is:
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synname FOR objectname;
CREATE SYNONYM Emp FOR Employee;
CREATE SYNONYM Cstd FOR Customer_Details;
SELECT * FROM Cstd;
Viewing the details of a user synonyms
SELECT synonym_name, table_name, table_owner FROM USER_SYNONYMS;

Dropping a Synonym- A Synonym can be dropped as:

Syntax: DROP SYNONYM synonymname;
Example:
DROP SYNONYM Emp;

Page No:
SEQUENCE
Sequence is a set of integers 1, 2, 3, … that are generated and supported by some database
systems to produce unique values on demand.
 A sequence is a user defined schema bound object that generates a sequence of
numeric values.
 Sequences are frequently used in many databases because many applications require
each row in a table to contain a unique value and sequences provides an easy way to
generate them.
 The sequence of numeric values is generated in an ascending or descending order at
defined intervals and can be configured to restart when exceeds max_value.
Syntax:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name
START WITH initial_value
INCREMENT BY increment_value
MINVALUE minimum value
MAXVALUE maximum value
CYCLE|NOCYCLE ;
Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_1
start with 1
increment by 1
minvalue 0
maxvalue 100
cycle;
Table Creation
CREATE TABLE students
(
ID number(10),
NAME char(20)
);
insert values into table
INSERT into students VALUES (sequence_1.nextval,'Ramesh');
INSERT into students VALUES(sequence_1.nextval,'Suresh');

Page No:
INDEXES
Index is used for faster retrieval of rows from a table. It can be used implicitly or explicitly.
Mainly, index is of two types:
Simple Index - It is created on a single column.
Syntax
CREATE INDEX indexname ON tablename(column);
Example
CREATE INDEX idx ON Student (cgpa);
Complex Index- It is created on more than one column.
Syntax
CREATE INDEX indexname ON tablename(columns);
Example
CREATE INDEX ids ON Student (first, last);
Unique Index - unique index does not allow any duplicate values to be inserted into the table.
Syntax
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name on table_name (column_name);
Drop Index
Syntax
DROP INDEX index_name;
Display
SHOW INDEX FROM tablename;

Page No:
SAVE POINT - A SAVEPOINT is a point in a transaction when you can roll the transaction
back to a certain point without rolling back the entire transaction.
Syntax
SAVEPOINT <SAVE POINT NAME>;
ROLLBACK- The ROLLBACK command is used to undo a group of transactions.
Syntax
ROLL BACK ; or ROLLBACK <SAVE POINT NAME>;

Page No:
Viva Questions
1. What do database languages do?
2. What is SQL?
3. Difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?
4. What is the difference between primary key and candidate key?
5. What happens when the column is set to AUTO INCREMENT and if you reach maximum
value in the table?
6. How can you see all indexes defined for a table?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result: Thus, the implementation of view in SQL is performed and output is verified.

Page No:
 Ex. No: 04
Creating an Employee database to set various constraints.
Date:
Aim:
To create Employee database to set various constraints using SQL
SQL Constraints:
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table. Constraints are used to limit
the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in
the table. If there is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is
aborted.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....
);
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
 NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
 UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
 PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely
identifies each row in a table
 FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between tables
 CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
 DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
 CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
NOT NULL Constraint
 By default, a column can hold NULL values.
 The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.
UNIQUE Constraint
 The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are different.
 Both the UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints provide a guarantee for
uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
 A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint.
  Can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only one PRIMARY
KEY constraint per table.
PRIMARY KEY Constraint
 The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table.
 Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values.
 A table can have only ONE primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist’
of single or multiple columns (fields).
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
 The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy links
between tables.
 A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table, that refers to
the PRIMARY KEY in another table.
 The table with the foreign key is called the child table, and the table with the primary
key is called the referenced or parent table
CHECK Constraint
The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column.
DEFAULT Constraint
 The DEFAULT constraint is used to set a default value for a column.
 The default value will be added to all new records, if no other value is specified.
CREATE INDEX Statement
 The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables.
 Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database more quickly than otherwise. The
users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries.
Viva Question
1. To include integrity constraint in a existing relation use:
A. Create table
B. Modify table
C. Alter table
D.

2. Which of the following is not a integrity constraint?

A. Not null
B. Positive
C. Unique
D. Check 'predicate'
3. Foreign key is the one in which the ________ of one relation is referenced in another
relation.
A. Foreign key
B. Primary key
C. References
D. Check constraint
4. Constraints regarding integrity are ___ that must be followed.
A. Data
B. Rules
C. Tables
D. None
5. Information ___ is maintained by Integrity Constraints.
E. Quantity
F. Data Department of AIML
G. Quality Performance 25
H. Flow Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result
Thus, the Employee database has been created with various constraints and output is verified.
 Ex. No: 05
Creating relationship between the databases
Date:

Aim
To create a databases and implement the relationships between the databases.
Definition
A relationship between two database tables presupposes that one of them has a
foreign key that references the primary key of another table.
An entity-relationship diagram, also known as ERD, ER diagram, or ER model,
comprises a graphical representation of how entities relate to each other within a database.
ER models are widely used in database design as they are fairly abstract and are easy to view
and analyze.
Types of relationships in a database
There are 3 main types of relationship in a database:
 one-to-one
 one-to-many
 many-to-many.
One to One
A one-to-one relationship between two entities exists when a particular entity instance
exists in one table, and it can have only one associated entity instance in another table.
Example: A user can have only one address, and an address belongs to only one user.

One to Many
A one-to-many relationship exists between two entities if an entity instance in one of the tables
can be associated with multiple records (entity instances) in the other table. The opposite
relationship does not exist; that is, each entity instance in the second table can only be
associated with one entity instance in the first table.
Many-to-Many
A many-to-many relationship exists between two entities if for one entity instance there may
be multiple records in the other table, and vice versa.
Viva Question
1. What is a relation in a database?
2. What is data redundancy?
3. What are the types of keys in relational databases?
4. What is Normalization?
5. What is data abstraction? Explain the levels of abstraction.

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result
Thus, the databases has been created with the relationships using SQL.
 Ex. No: 06
Study of PL/SQL
Date:

Aim:
To study about PL/ SQL
PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming
languages. It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early 90's to enhance the
capabilities of SQL. PL/SQL is one of three key programming languages embedded in the
Oracle Database, along with SQL itself and Java.

The PL/SQL programming language was developed by Oracle Corporation in the late 1980s
as procedural extension language for SQL and the Oracle relational database. Following are
certain notable facts about PL/SQL −
 PL/SQL is a completely portable, high-performance transaction-processing language.
 PL/SQL provides a built-in, interpreted and OS independent programming
environment.
 PL/SQL can also directly be called from the command-line SQL*Plus interface.
 Direct call can also be made from external programming language calls to database.
 PL/SQL's general syntax is based on that of ADA and Pascal programming language.
 Apart from Oracle, PL/SQL is available in TimesTen in-memory database and IBM
DB2.

Features of PL/SQL
PL/SQL has the following features −
 PL/SQL is tightly integrated with SQL.
 It offers extensive error checking.
 It offers numerous data types.
 It offers a variety of programming structures.
 It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.
 It supports object-oriented programming.
 It supports the development of web applications and server pages.

Advantages of PL/SQL
PL/SQL has the following advantages −
 SQL is the standard database language and PL/SQL is strongly integrated with SQL.
PL/SQL supports both static and dynamic SQL. Static SQL supports DML operations
and transaction control from PL/SQL block. In Dynamic SQL, SQL allows
embedding DDL statements in PL/SQL blocks.
 PL/SQL allows sending an entire block of statements to the database at one time. This
reduces network traffic and provides high performance for the applications.
 PL/SQL gives high productivity to programmers as it can query, transform, and
update data in a database.
  PL/SQL saves time on design and debugging by strong features, such as exception
handling, encapsulation, data hiding, and object-oriented data types.
 Applications written in PL/SQL are fully portable.
 PL/SQL provides high security level.
 PL/SQL provides access to predefined SQL packages.
 PL/SQL provides support for Object-Oriented Programming.
 PL/SQL provides support for developing Web Applications and Server Pages.

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result
Thus, the PL/SQL has been studied.
 Ex. No: 07 PL/SQL block to satisfy some conditions by accepting input from the
Date: user.

Aim
To implement simple control structure and cursor programs using PL/SQL.

Program:

REVERSING THE NUMBERS

SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
given_number varchar(5):='567';
str_length number(2);
inverted_number varchar(5);
begin
str_length:=length(given_number);
for cntr in reverse 1..str_length
loop
inverted_number:=inverted_number||substr(given_number,cntr,1);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('the given no is'||given_number);
dbms_output.put_line('the inverted number is'|| inverted_number);
end;
SQL> /
SUM OF 100 NUMBERS

SQL> set serveroutput on

SQL> declare
a number;
s1 number default 0;
begin
a:=1;
loop
s1:=s1+a;
exit when (a=100);
a:=a+1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum between 1 and 100 is'|| s1);
end;
SQL> /
SUM OF ODD NUMBER USING USER INPUT
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
n number;
sum1 number default 0;
endvalue number;
begin
endvalue:=&endvalue;
n:=1;
for n in 1..endvalue
loop
if mod(n,2)=1
then
sum1:=sum1+n;
end if;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum ='||sum1);
end;
SQL> /
SUM OF ODD NO USING WHILE LOOP
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
n number;
sum1 number default 0;
endvalue number;
begin
endvalue:=&endvalue;
n:=1;
while(n<endvalue)
loop
sum1:=sum1+n;
n:=n+2;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum of odd no. bt 1 and' ||endvalue||'is'||sum1);
end;
/
CALCULATE THE NET SALARY
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
ename varchar2(15);
basic number;
da number;
hra number;
pf number;
netsalary number;
begin
ename:=&ename;
basic:=&basic;
da:=basic*(41/100);
hra:=basic*(15/100);
if(basic<3000)
then
pf:=basic*(5/100);
elsif(basic>=3000 and basic<=5000)
then
pf:=basic*(7/100);
elsif(basic>=5000 and basic<=8000)
then
pf:=basic*(8/100);
else
pf:=basic*(10/100);
end if;
netsalary:=basic+da+hra-pf;
dbms_output.put_line('employee name:'||ename);
dbms_output.put_line('providend fund:'||pf);
dbms_output.put_line('net salary:'||netsalary);
end;
EXAMPLE FOR LOOP
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
begin
for i in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(i));
end loop;
end;
/

EXAMPLE FOR WHILE

SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
i number:=0;
j number:=0;
begin
while i<=100 loop
j:=j+1;
i:=i+2;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(i));
end;
/
EXAMPLE FOR LOOP USING EXIT
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
a number:=100;
begin
loop
a:=a+25;
exit when a=250;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(a));
end; /
PRIME OR NOT
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
no number(3):=&no;
a number(4);
b number(2);
begin
for i in 2..no-1
loop
a:=no MOD i;
if a=0
then
GOTO out;
end if;
end loop;
<<out>>
if a=1
then
dbms_output.put_line(no||'is a prime');
else
dbms_output.put_line(no||'is not a prime');
end if;
end; /
AREA CALCULATION
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
pi constant number(4,2):=3.14;
radius number(5);
area number(14,2);
begin
radius:=3;
while radius<=7
loop
area:=pi*power(radius,2);
insert into areas values(radius,area);
radius:=radius+1;
end loop;
end;
/
Implicit cursors:
SQL> DECLARE
ena EMP.ENAME%TYPE;
esa EMP.SAL%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT ENAME,SAL INTO ENA,ESA FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO = &EMPNO;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NAME :' || ENA);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SALARY :' || ESA);
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee no does not exits');
END;

.
Explicit Cursors:
SQL> DECLARE
ena EMP.ENAME%TYPE;
esa EMP.SAL%TYPE;
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename,sal FROM EMP;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
FETCH c1 INTO ena,esa;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ' salry is $ ' || esa);
FETCH c1 INTO ena,esa;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ' salry is $ ' || esa);
FETCH c1 INTO ena,esa;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ' salry is $ ' || esa);
CLOSE c1;
END;
/
Viva Questions
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS?
2. Difference between file system and database system.
3. Define DBA
4. Name different types of Attributes
5. Define tuples
6. Define Functional dependency
7. Define Normalization

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result
Thus, the simple control structure and cursor programs are implemented successfully
using PL/SQL.
Ex. No: 08
PL/SQL block that handles all types of exceptions
Date:
Aim:
To implement the PL/SQL block that handles all types of exceptions.
Exceptions

An exception is an error which disrupts the normal flow of program instructions. PL/SQL
provides us the exception block which raises the exception thus helping the programmer to
find out the fault and resolve it.

There are two types of exceptions defined in PL/SQL

1. User defined exception.

2. System defined exceptions.
Various System Defined Exceptions

Syntax
WHEN exception THEN
statement;
DECLARE
declaration Section
BEGIN
executable command(s);
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception1 THEN
statement1;
WHEN exception2 THEN
statement2;
[WHEN others THEN]
/* default exception handling code */
END;
SYSTEM DEFINED EXCEPTIONS
These exceptions are predefined in PL/SQL which get raised WHEN certain database rule
is violated.
System-defined exceptions are further divided into two categories:
1. Named system exceptions.
2. Unnamed system exceptions.
Named system exceptions: They have a predefined name by the system like
ACCESS_INTO_NULL, DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX, LOGIN_DENIED etc.
Create a table (Student) with following details
S_id, S_Name,Mark
1. NO_DATA_FOUND: It is raised WHEN a SELECT INTO statement returns no rows
Program
DECLARE
temp varchar(20);

BEGIN
SELECT s_id into temp from student where s_name='akash';

exception
WHEN no_data_found THEN
dbms_output.put_line('ERROR');
dbms_output.put_line('there is no name as');
dbms_output.put_line(' akash in geeks table');
end;
Output

2. ZERO_DIVIDE = raises exception WHEN dividing with zero

Program
DECLARE
a int:=10;
b int:=0;
answer int;

BEGIN
answer:=a/b;
dbms_output.put_line('the result after division is'||answer);

exception
WHEN zero_divide THEN
dbms_output.put_line('dividing by zero please check the values again');
dbms_output.put_line('the value of a is '||a);
dbms_output.put_line('the value of b is '||b);
END;
Output
User defined exceptions:
This type of users can create their own exceptions according to the need and to raise these
exceptions explicitly raise command is used.
Description
Divide non-negative integer x by y such that the result is greater than or equal to 1.
From the given question we can conclude that there exist two exceptions
 Division be zero.
 If result is greater than or equal to 1 means y is less than or equal to x.
Program
DECLARE
x int:=&x; /*taking value at run time*/
y int:=&y;
div_r float;
exp1 EXCEPTION;
exp2 EXCEPTION;

BEGIN
IF y=0 then
raise exp1;

ELSIF y > x then

raise exp2;

ELSE
div_r:= x / y;
dbms_output.put_line('the result is '||div_r);

END IF;

EXCEPTION
WHEN exp1 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Error');
dbms_output.put_line('division by zero not allowed');

WHEN exp2 THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Error');
dbms_output.put_line('y is greater than x please check the input');

END;
Output
Raise_Application_Error
It is used to display user-defined error messages with error number whose range is in
between -20000 and -20999. When RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR executes it returns
error message and error code which looks same as Oracle built-in error.
Program
DECLARE
myex EXCEPTION;
n NUMBER :=10;

BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(i*i);
IF i*i=36 THEN
RAISE myex;
END IF;
END LOOP;

EXCEPTION
WHEN myex THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20015, 'Welcome to DBMS LAB');

END;
Output

1.
Viva Question
2. What are Errors?
3. What are Exceptions?
4. What is the difference between Errors and Exceptions?
5. How do you differentiate between errors in SQL and PL/SQL?
6. What is basic syntax of Oracle exception handling block?
7. What are the types of exceptions in Oracle PL/SQL?
8. List some Pre-defined Oracle exceptions?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50
Result
Thus, the implementation of PL/SQL block Programs using exception handling is
implemented.
Ex. No: 09
Creation of Procedures
Date:
Aim
To create a Procedures using SQL
Procedures in PL/SQL
A subprogram is a program unit/module that performs a particular task. These subprograms
are combined to form larger programs. This is basically called the 'Modular design'. A
subprogram can be invoked by another subprogram or program which is called the calling
program.
A subprogram can be created
 At the schema level
 Inside a package
 Inside a PL/SQL block
PL/SQL subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks that can be invoked with a set of
parameters. PL/SQL provides two kinds of subprograms −
 Functions − These subprograms return a single value; mainly used to compute and
return a value.
 Procedures − These subprograms do not return a value directly; mainly used to
perform an action.
Syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;
Executing a Standalone Procedure
A standalone procedure can be called in two ways −
 Using the EXECUTE keyword
o Syntax : EXECUTE Procedure_Name or exec Procedure_Name
 Calling the name of the procedure from a PL/SQL block
o Syntax:
BEGIN
greetings;
END;
/
Deleting a Standalone Procedure
Syntax
DROP PROCEDURE procedure-name;
Simple Program
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dbmslab
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('WELCOME TO DBMS LAB');
END;
/
Output

Program 2
create table stud(rno number(2),mark1 number(3),mark2 number(3),total
number(3),primary key(rno));
create or replace procedure studd(rnum number) is
m1 number;
m2 number;
total number;
begin
select mark1,mark2 into m1,m2 from stud where rno=rnum;
if m1<m2 then
update stud set total=m1+m2 where rno=rnum;
end if;
end;
/
Output
Viva Question
1. What are the different schema objects that can be created in PL/SQL?
2. What are subprograms in PL/SQL and what are the advantages of subprograms?
3. What is a Stored Procedure in PL/SQL?
4. What is the syntax to create a Stored Procedure in PL/SQL?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result
Thus, the report is generated using the PL/SQL procedure.
Ex. No: 10 Creation of database triggers and functions
Date:
Aim
To create a database triggers and functions using SQL
Trigger
A trigger is a stored procedure in database which automatically invokes whenever a
special event in the database occurs.
Syntax
create trigger [trigger_name]
[before | after]
{insert | update | delete}
on [table_name]
[for each row]
[trigger_body]

Create a Student Report Database (S_Id, S_Name, Subject1, Subject 2, Subject 3, total,
Percentage), in which student marks assessment is recorded. In such schema, create a
trigger so that the total and percentage of specified marks is automatically inserted
whenever a record is insert.
Table Creation

Execute Trigger
create trigger stud_marks
before INSERT
on
Student
for each row
set Student.total = Student.subj1 + Student.subj2 + Student.subj3, Student.per =
Student.total * 60 / 100;
Insert the values into the table
Function
The PL/SQL Function is very similar to PL/SQL Procedure. The main difference between
procedure and a function is, a function must always return a value, and on the other hand a
procedure may or may not return a value. Except this, all the other things of PL/SQL
procedure are true for PL/SQL function too.
Syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name [parameters]
[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
RETURN return_datatype
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< function_body >
END [function_name];
Create a function
create or replace function adder(n1 in number, n2 in number)
return number
is
n3 number(8);
begin
n3 :=n1+n2;
return n3;
end;
/
Call the function
DECLARE
n3 number(2);
BEGIN
n3 := adder(11,22);
dbms_output.put_line('Addition is: ' || n3);
END;
/
Output:
Factorial of given number using function
DECLARE
num number;
factorial number;

FUNCTION fact(x number)

RETURN number
IS
f number;
BEGIN
IF x=0 THEN
f := 1;
ELSE
f := x * fact(x-1);
END IF;
RETURN f;
END;

BEGIN
num:= 6;
factorial := fact(num);
dbms_output.put_line(' Factorial '|| num || ' is ' || factorial);
END;
/
Output
Function using Table
Create the table with following Attributes
Customers
Id Name Department Salary
1 alex web developer 35000
2 ricky program developer 45000
3 mohan web designer 35000
4 dilshad database manager 44000

Function Creation
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalcustomers
RETURN number IS
total number(2) := 0;
BEGIN
SELECT count(*) into total
FROM customers;
RETURN total;
END;
/
Output
Call the function
DECLARE
c number(2);
BEGIN
c := totalcustomers();
dbms_output.put_line('Total no. of Customers: ' || c);
END;
/
Output
Viva Questions

1. What is a Trigger?
2. What is a triggering event?
3. Types of trigger based on triggering event?
4. What are some use cases of Triggers??
5. Difference between Triggers and Constraints?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result: Thus, the PL/ SQL commands for triggers and functions are executed and verified
successfully.
Ex. No: 11
Installing and Configuring - MongoDB
Date:

Aim:
To install and configure the mongodb shell in windows.
Introduction:
MongoDB is a powerful, highly scalable, free and open-source NoSQL based database.
MongoDB was initially released approximately 9 years ago on the 11th of February, 2009
and has since then achieved the position of the leading NoSQL database. The
company MongoDB Inc. (New York, United States) maintains and manages the development
of MongoDB. They also provide the commercial version of MongoDB which includes
support also. The source code of MongoDB is available on Github.
Over the years, MongoDB has become a popular choice of a highly scalable database and it is
currently being used as the backend data store of many well-known organizations like IBM,
Twitter, Zendesk, Forbes, Facebook, Google, and a gazillion others. MongoDB has also
caught the eyes of the open-source community and a lot of developers work on various open-
source projects based on MongoDB.
MongoDB is a document-based data store which means that it stores the information in rather
an unstructured format as compared to structured tables like in MySQL or PostgreSQL. This
essentially means that the data stored in MongoDB is “schema-less”. Therefore, MongoDB
provides a fast and scalable data storage service which makes it a popular choice in the
performance-critical application. Moreover, the fact that MongoDB has been written in C++
makes it even faster as compared to a lot of other databases.
MongoDB should not be used in applications that require table joins simply because it
doesn’t support joins (like in SQL). This is attributed to the fact that the data stored in
MongoDB is not structured and therefore, performing joins is a highly time-consuming
process that may lead to slow performance.
Here is how a simple MongoDB based Student model will look like:
{
_id: STUDENT_IDname: STUDENT_NAME,
data_of_birth: STUDENT_DATE_OF_BIRTH,
courses: [
{
code: COURSE_CODE,
instructor: COURSE_INSTRUCTOR,
 },
{
code: COURSE_CODE,
instructor: COURSE_INSTRUCTOR,
} ] }
PRE-REQUISITE INFORMATION ON WINDOWS:
The users of Windows must know that their windows desktop has got one of the two
versions i.e. 32-bit & 64-bit.
This information could be found out in the properties of one’s “My Computer” or “This
PC” on their device i.e. either their windows is 32-bit or 64-bit.

Meanwhile, in order to check the window version, one can also use command prompt in the
way as narrated in the snippet below:
The command is C:\>wmic os get osarchitecture

Command to find the Operating System architecture

MongoDB is available in both the versions which support their respective 32-bit & 64-bit
windows.
For instance, 32-bit windows users have got the advantage of having qualitative development
and testing environments. Meanwhile, if one must get into production environments, then
they must have to adopt 64-bit windows, because in this case, using 32-bit would limit the
data usage which would be stored in MongoDB. Therefore, the 32 –bit windows version
supports the MongoDB version which has the database size lesser than 2 GigaBytes.
MONGODB DOWNLOAD ON WINDOWS:
Click on the following link to download MongoDB on Windows
 https://www.mongodb.com/try/download/community

To get the Download File of MongoDB from website

Step 1: Open the file. We have installed for 64-bit version with the name as “mongoDB-
windows-x86_64-5.0.8-signed.msi”. Click on the file where you’ve saved it to start the
wizard.
Step 2: Click “Next”.

Step 3: Tick the check box next to ‘I accept the terms in the License Agreement’ and again
click on ‘Next’.
Step 4: Click “Complete” to install all the features of MongoDB. As for “Custom”, this
option would be used to install only the specific components of MongoDB and also if a user
wants to change the location of where the installation must be done.

Step 5: Click Next without changing the settings.

Step 6: Click “Install” to begin the installation drive.
Step 7: After the installation has been finished. Simply, click “Finish“.

CONFIGURATION THROUGH MONGO SHELL

After the whole installation is done, the user must configure it.
Follow the below steps:
If you use “mongo” in the command prompt without configuring it, then it would give an
error. Hence, configure it first.
Step 1: Go to the local disk C and get into “Program Files“. There you’ll find a folder named
“MongoDB“. Inside that their will be a folder named server. Click that and you can find the
version folder go inside that then there will be a folder named bin. Double click that folder.
You can find several files related to mongodb their. Then copy the path.
Step 2: Paste the copied path in the environmental variable setup. Type env in start menu.
Then click on the “Edit the system environmental variable”.

Step 3: Then the system properties dialog box appear click on environmental variable in that.

Step 4: Then the environmental variable dialog box appear. In that there are two different
kinds of variable. One was “User Variable, System Variable”.
In user variable click on the path and click edit
Step 5: Click new in that paste the copied path in the variable and Click Ok
Step 6: Then click on the ‘system variable’. And click on path. Click on edit.

Step 7: Click new in that, Paste the copied path in the variable and Click Ok

Step 8: Then click ok in all the window.

Step 9: Then create a folder in local disk:C, named “data”, in that folder create another folder
called db
Step 10: Then open command prompt and type “mongod” to start the server.
C:\Users\doubl>mongod

Step 11: Open another command prompt and type ‘mongo’ to start the client server.
C:\Users\doubl>mongo
Viva Questions

1. What is MongoDB ?

2. What are some of the advantages of MongoDB?

3. What is a Collection in MongoDB?

4. What are Databases in MongoDB?

5. What is the Mongo Shell?

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result:
Thus, the installation and configuration of MongoDB has been installed and
configured.
 Ex. No: 12 Creation, Insertion, Updation, Retrieval and Deletion operations on
Date: Mongo DB

Aim:
To create the database and perform the manipulation operations using Mongo DB
Operation
 Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50
Result:
Thus, the database has been created and manipulation operation using Mongodb
 Ex. No: 13
Accessing Databases from Programs using JDBC
Date:

Aim:
To Accessing the databases from program using Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
Accessing a Database
The process of retrieving information from a database via JDBC involves these five basic
steps:
1. Register the JDBC driver with the driver manager.
2. Establish a database connection.
3. Execute an SQL statement.
4. Process the results.
5. Close the database connection.
Register the JDBC Driver
JDBC driver can be used to establish a database connection, it must first be registered with the
driver manager. The driver manager's job is to maintain a reference to all driver objects that
are available to JDBC clients. A JDBC driver automatically registers itself with the driver
manager when it is loaded. To load a JDBC driver, use the Class.forName().newInstance()
method call as demonstrated here:

Class.forName() is a static method that instructs the Java virtual machine to dynamically
locate, load, and link the specified class (if not already loaded).
If the class cannot be located, a ClassNotFoundException is thrown.
The newInstance() method indicates that a new instance of this class should be created.
Establish a Database Connection
Once the driver is loaded, we can use it to establish a connection to the database. A JDBC
connection is identified by a database URL that tells the driver manager which driver and data
source to use. The standard syntax for a database URL is shown here:
jdbc: SUBPROTOCOL: SUBNAME

The first part of the URL indicates that JDBC is being used to establish the connection.
The SUBPROTOCOL is the name of a valid JDBC driver or other database connectivity
solution. The SUBNAME is typically a logical name, or alias, that maps to a physical database.

JDBC URLs for Common Data Sources

To establish a database connection, use the DriverManager object's getConnection
() method.
getConnection () is a static method that can be used like this:

Or, for databases that require authentication, the connection can be established like this:

Within its getConnection () method, the DriverManager queries each registered driver until it
finds one that recognizes the specified database URL. Once the correct driver is located,
the DriverManager uses it to create the Connection object. The DriverManager and
Connection objects are contained in the java.sql package. Be sure to import this package when
using JDBC.
Execute an SQL Statement
Once established, the database connection can be used to submit SQL statements to the
database. An SQL statement performs some operation on the database such as retrieving,
inserting, updating, or deleting rows. To execute an SQL command, a Statement object must
be created using the Connection object's createstatement () method. The Statement object
provides methods to perform various operations against the database.

Using the Statement object's executeQuery () method, information can be retrieved from the
database. The executeQuery () method accepts an SQL SELECT statement and returns a
ResultSet object containing the database rows extracted by the query. For inserts, updates, or
deletes, use the executeUpdate () method. The ResultSet object can be created like this:
Process the Results
To process the results, Can traverse the rows of the result set using the ResultSet
object's next() and previous() methods (the previous() method is only available in JDBC 2.0
and later using certain types of result sets). The following sample code creates a Statement
object, executes a query, and iterates through the result set. The ResultSet
object's getString() method is used to extract the value of specific fields.
Statement stmt = dbConn.createStatement();

It is important to keep in mind that the ResultSet object is tied to the Statement object that
created it. If the ResultSet object's Statement is closed or used to execute another query, the
ResultSet is closed automatically.
Close the Database Connection
Because database connections are a valuable and limited resource, you should close the
connection when processing is complete. The Connection object provides a
simple close() method for this purpose.

Program

import java.sql.*;
class OracleCon{
public static void main(String args[]){
 try{
//step1 load the driver class
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

//step2 create the connection object

Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");

//step3 create the statement object

Statement stmt=con.createStatement();

//step4 execute query

ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));

//step5 close the connection object

con.close();
}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
}
}

Output:
Program 2
import java.sql.*;
// Importing required classes
import java.util.*;

// Main class
class Main {

// Main driver method

public static void main(String a[])
{

// Creating the connection using Oracle DB

// Note: url syntax is standard, so do grasp
String url = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe";

// Username and password to access DB

// Custom initialization
String user = "system";
String pass = "12345";

// Entering the data

Scanner k = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("enter name");
String name = k.next();

System.out.println("enter roll no");

int roll = k.nextInt();

System.out.println("enter class");
String cls = k.next();

// Inserting data using SQL query

String sql = "insert into student1 values('" + name
+ "'," + roll + ",'" + cls + "')";

// Connection class object

Connection con = null;

// Try block to check for exceptions

try {

// Registering drivers
DriverManager.registerDriver(
new oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver());

// Reference to connection interface

 con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user,
pass);

// Creating a statement
Statement st = con.createStatement();

// Executing query
int m = st.executeUpdate(sql);
if (m == 1)
System.out.println(
"inserted successfully : " + sql);
else
System.out.println("insertion failed");

// Closing the connections

con.close();
}

// Catch block to handle exceptions

catch (Exception ex) {
// Display message when exceptions occurs
System.err.println(ex);
}
}
}

Output

Department of AIML
Average Performance 25
Average Record 15
Average Viva 10
Total 50
Result:
Thus, the databases have been accesses from program using Java Database
Connectivity
 Ex. No: 14
Mini Project
Date:

Banking Management System

Design Window

Adding Library

Project = > References => Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects 2.0 Library

Coding

Dim Con As New ADODB.Connection

Dim Rs As New ADODB.Recordset

Private Sub CmdAddNew_Click()

Rs.AddNew
txtClear
Text1.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub CmdDelete_Click()

On Error Resume Next

If Rs.EOF Then
MsgBox "No Records"
Else
Rs.Delete
Rs.MoveNext
DisplayText
MsgBox "Record Deleted"

End If

End Sub

Private Sub CmdFirst_Click()

Rs.MoveFirst
DisplayText
End Sub

Private Sub CmdNext_Click()

Rs.MoveNext
If Not Rs.EOF Then
DisplayText
Else
MsgBox "End Of The Record"
Rs.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub

Private Sub CmdUpdate_Click()

Rs(0).Value = Val(Text1.Text)
Rs(1).Value = Text2.Text
Rs(2).Value = Text3.Text
Rs(3).Value = Val(Text4.Text)

Rs.Update

MsgBox "Record Updated"

End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Con.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;User ID=cse101;Password=cse101;Data

Source=ibmrec;Persist Security Info=False"
Con.CursorLocation = adUseClient

Rs.Open "select * from Bank", Con, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic

End Sub

Sub txtClear()

Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""

End Sub

Sub DisplayText()

Text1.Text = Rs(0).Value
Text2.Text = Rs(1).Value
Text3.Text = Rs(2).Value
Text4.Text = Rs(3).Value

End Sub

Private Sub CmdTransact_Click()

Form2.Show

End Sub

Transaction Window
Design

Coding

Dim Con As New ADODB.Connection

Dim Rs As New ADODB.Recordset
Private Sub CmdDeposit_Click()

Dim AccNo As Integer

AccNo = Val(Text1.Text)
Rs.MoveFirst

Do While Not Rs.EOF

If Rs(0).Value = AccNo Then

Rs(3).Value = Rs(3).Value + Val(Text2.Text)
Rs.Update
MsgBox "Amount Deposited"
End If

Rs.MoveNext

Loop

End Sub

Private Sub CmdWithdraw_Click()

Dim AccNo As Integer, Bal As Double

Rs.MoveFirst

AccNo = Val(Text1.Text)

Do While Not Rs.EOF

If Rs(0).Value = AccNo Then

Bal = Rs(3).Value - Val(Text2.Text)

If Bal >= 500 Then

Rs(3).Value = Rs(3).Value - Val(Text2.Text)
Rs.Update
MsgBox "Amount Withdrew"
Else
MsgBox "Balance Problem"
End If
End If
Rs.MoveNext
Loop

End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Con.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;User ID=cse101;Password=cse101;Data
Source=ibmrec;Persist Security Info=False"
Con.CursorLocation = adUseClient

Rs.Open "select * from Bank", Con, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic

End Sub

Employees Management System

Design Window

Adding Library

Project = > References => Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects 2.0 Library

Coding

Dim Con As New ADODB.Connection

Dim Rs As New ADODB.Recordset

Private Sub CmdAddNew_Click()

Rs.AddNew
txtClear
Text1.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub CmdDelete_Click()

On Error Resume Next

If Rs.EOF Then
MsgBox "No Records"
Else
Rs.Delete
Rs.MoveNext
DisplayText
MsgBox "Record Deleted"
End If

End Sub

Private Sub CmdMoveFirst_Click()

Rs.MoveFirst
DisplayText

End Sub

Private Sub CmdMoveNext_Click()

Rs.MoveNext
If Not Rs.EOF Then
DisplayText
Else
MsgBox "End Of The Record"
End If

End Sub

Private Sub CmdUpdate_Click()

Rs(0).Value = Val(Text1.Text)
Rs(1).Value = Text2.Text
Rs(2).Value = Text3.Text
Rs(3).Value = Text4.Text

Rs.Update
MsgBox "Record Updated"

End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Con.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;User ID=cse101;Password=cse101;Data

Source=ibmrec;Persist Security Info=False"
Con.CursorLocation = adUseClient

Rs.Open "select * from employees", Con, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic

End Sub

Sub txtClear()

Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""

End Sub

Sub DisplayText()

Text1.Text = Rs(0).Value
Text2.Text = Rs(1).Value
Text3.Text = Rs(2).Value
Text4.Text = Rs(3).Value

End Sub

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result: Thus, the mini project has been completed and the output is verified
 Ex. No: 15
Content Beyond Syllabus: Oracle Installation
Date:

Aim:
To install and configure the Oracle in windows

Introduction
The Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) is used to install the Oracle Database software. OUI is a
graphical user interface utility that enables you to:
 View the Oracle software that is installed on your machine
 Install new Oracle Database software
 Delete Oracle software that is no longer required
During the installation process, OUI will start the Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
(DBCA) which can install a precreated default database that contains example schemas or can
guide you through the process of creating and configuring a customized database.
If you do not create a database during installation, you can invoke DBCA after you have
installed the software, to create one or more databases.
Hardware and Software Requirements
Before installing the software, OUI performs several automated checks to ensure that your
computer fulfills the basic hardware and software requirements for an Oracle Database
installation. If your computer does not meet the requirements, an error message is displayed.
Some of the requirements to install the software are:
 Minimum 2 GB of physical memory
 Sufficient virtual memory (swap)
 At least 10 GB of free disk space
Downloading an oracle database software
Step1: Open a web browser of your choice and navigate to http://otn.oracle.com/windows.
By default, the page displays the what’s New tab, showcasing news about Oracle on Windows.
Note: In this OBE, we use Internet Explorer to download the software.
Step 2: Click the Downloads tab.

Step 3: Click on the latest version of Oracle Database 12c (x64).

Step 4: The software downloads page displays the files required to download the database. It
lists a set of software files to install software such as, Oracle Database Grid
Infrastructure and Oracle Database Gateways with the Oracle database. Each set displays
a short description of what the file includes. You can choose to download any set of software
depending on your requirement.

Step 5: In this OBE, we install Oracle Database 12c. Accept the license agreement and click
the files under Oracle Database 12c Release ... for Microsoft Windows (x64) to download.
Step 6: Log into your Oracle web account. If you do not have an Oracle account, click the
"Sign Up" link to create one. Then choose the location where you want to download the .zip
files.

Step 7: After downloading the files, use the default built-in extraction tool provided by
Windows, or tools such as 7-zip to extract the .zip files. In this OBE, we use the built-in
extractor to extract the software files.
Right click winx64_12c_database_1of2 and select Extract All...

Step 8: Choose the folder of your choice and click Extract. In this OBE, we extract the file to
the F:\windows_db_12c\winx64_12c_database_1of2 folder.

Step 9: The file winx64_12c_database_2of2.zip must be extracted into the same folder where
the first file was extracted. Right click winx64_12c_database_2of2.zip, select the Extract
All... option and specify the same location where the first file was extracted. In this OBE, we
extract the files to the F:\windows_db_12c\winx64_12c_database_1of2 folder.
Click Extract.
Step 10: The software files are extracted. Expand the winx64_12c_database_1 folder.

Installing Oracle Database Software

Step 1: Expand the database folder that you extracted in the previous section.
Double-click setup.

Step 2: Click Yes in the User Account Control window to continue with the installation.
Step 3: The Configure Security Updates window appears. Enter your email address and My
Oracle Support password to receive security issue notifications via email. If you do not wish
to receive notifications via email, deselect "I wish to receive security updates via My
Oracle Support". Click Next to continue. Click "Yes" in the confirmation window to
confirm your preference.
Step 4: The Download Software Updates window appears with the following options:
o Select "Use My Oracle Support credentials for download" to download and
apply the latest software updates.
o Select "Use pre-downloaded software updates" to apply software updates that
you previously downloaded.
o Select "Skip software updates" if do not want to apply any updates.
Accept the default and click Next.

Step 5: The Select Installation Option window appears with the following options:
o Select "Create and configure a database" to install the database, create
database instance and configure the database.
o Select "Install database software only" to only install the database software.
o Select "Upgrade an existing database" to upgrade the database that is already
installed.
In this OBE, we create and configure the database. Select the Create and configure a
database option and click Next.
Step 6: The System Class window appears. Select Desktop Class or Server Class depending
on the type of system you are using. In this OBE, we will perform the installation on a
desktop/laptop. Select Desktop class and click Next.

Step 7: The Oracle Home User Selection window appears. Starting with Oracle Database
12c Release 1 (12.1), Oracle Database on Microsoft Windows supports the use of an Oracle
Home User, specified at the time of installation. This Oracle Home User is used to run the
Windows services for a Oracle Home, and is similar to the Oracle User on Oracle Database
on Linux. This user is associated with an Oracle Home and cannot be changed to a different
user post installation.
Note:
 o Different Oracle homes on a system can share the same Oracle Home User or
use different Oracle Home Users.
o The Oracle Home User is different from an Oracle Installation User. The
Oracle Installation User is the user who requires administrative privileges to
install Oracle products. The Oracle Home User is used to run the Windows
services for the Oracle Home.
The window provides the following options:
o If you select "Use Existing Windows User", the user credentials provided must
be a standard Windows user account (not an administrator).
 If this is a single instance database installation, the user can be a local
user, a domain user, or a managed services account.
 If this is an Oracle RAC database installation, the existing user must be
a Windows domain user. The Oracle installer will display an error if
this user has administrator privileges.
o If you select "Create New Windows User", the Oracle installer will create a
new standard Windows user account. This user will be assigned as the Oracle
Home User. Please note that this user will not have login privileges. This
option is not available for an Oracle RAC Database installation.
o If you select "Use Windows Built-in Account", the system uses the Windows
Built-in account as the Oracle Home User.
Select the Create New Windows User option. Enter the user name
as OracleHomeUser1 and password as Welcome1. Click Next.
Note: Remember the Windows User password. It will be required later to administer
or manage database services.
Step 8: The Typical Install Configuration window appears. Click on a text field and then the

balloon icon ( )to know more about the field. Note that by default, the installer creates a
container database along with a pluggable database called "pdborcl". The pluggable database
contains the sample HR schema. Change the Global database name to orcl. Enter the
"Administrative password" as Oracle_1. This password will be used later to log into
administrator accounts such as SYS and SYSTEM. Click Next.

Step 9: The prerequisite checks are performed and a Summary window appears. Review the
settings and click Install.
Note: Depending on your firewall settings, you may need to grant permissions to allow java
to access the network.
Step 10: The progress window appears.

Step 11: The Database Configuration Assistant creates the database.

Step 12: After the Database Configuration Assistant creates the database, you can
navigate to https://localhost:5500/em as a SYS user to manage the database using
Enterprise Manager Database Express. You can click "Password Management..." to
unlock accounts. Click OK to continue.
Step 13: The Finish window appears. Click Close to exit the Oracle Universal Installer.

Verifying the Installation

View Oracle Services
Step 1: Navigate to C:\Windows\system32 using Windows Explorer. Double-
click services. The Services window appears, displaying a list of services.

Step 2: Scroll down to view a list Oracle services. You see that most of the Oracle services
are started successfully by the database.
View Oracle Home on the File System
Step 1: Navigate to the C:\app\OracleHomeUser1 folder. This folder contains database files
(in oradata folder) and the Oracle Database software (in the product folder).

Step 2: Navigate to C:\app\OracleHomeUser1\product\12.1.0\dbhome_1 folder. This

folder is the new "Oracle Home" created by the installer and contains software files related to
the database.
View the tnsnames.ora File
Step 1: Navigate to C:\app\OracleHomeUser1\product\12.1.0\dbhome_1\NETWORK\
ADMIN. Double-click tnsnames.ora to view the network configuration settings.

Step 2: You see that a connect alias called "ORCL" has been created. This "ORCL" alias points
to the container database with the service name "ORCL".

Step 3: Create a database connect alias called " PDBORCL" and specify the network
configuration settings to access the pluggable database "PDBORCL" that we created during
installation. Copy the following code and paste it in the tnsnames.ora file. If necessary,
modify the host and port to match the values in the ORCL alias.
PDBORCL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = localhost)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = pdborcl)
)
)
Step 4: Save and close the file.
Connecting to Oracle Database Using SQL*Plus
Step 1: Open a command prompt and execute the following command. This command uses
SQL*Plus to connect to the pluggable database as a system administrator:
sqlplus sys/Oracle_1@pdborcl as sysdba;
Note: If you had chosen a different administrative password during installation,
replace Oracle_1 with the appropriate password in the command.

Step 2: By default, the HR schema is locked. Execute the following command to unlock
the HR schema.
alter user hr identified by hr account unlock;

Step 3: Execute the following commands to connect to the HR schema in the pluggable
database and query the EMPLOYEES table.
connect hr/hr@pdborcl
select count(*) from employees;

Step 4: The EMPLOYEES table contains 107 rows. This verifies that the HR schema was
created successfully when the database was installed.

Department of AIML
Performance 25
Record 15
Viva 10
Total 50

Result: Thus, the oracle has been installed, configured and verified by executing the SQL
Statements
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3QL> DROP View my-iewj
View Dxopped
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m-View
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Name Score
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SQLZ
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CRERTE SYNONYM <Std toR
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SQL> TNsERT INOr Employee (id, name, salaay)
VOLDES (4,Eve',53obe, I5,' Fran', 6200D),
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naroe, ernai l)vnLDES (4,'Emily'.
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SQL > SELECT #FRom emp:
Naroe Salony
Sohn
Atice
Bob

SQL> SELECTreom cstd;

Custorocr-ld name email
L michael michaet Qernail tom
Sanah Saxahemail. com
Dnd
SQL > Daop 3gnonym emp.
Suynenyn dtop ped.
SQL > Ceate sEQUENCE Sequente -)
START orTH I
TNCRE ENT BY1
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mexveLUE IODO

Sequene Created
SQL > CREATE TBLE Suclent s
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Table Created
SQL> esc sthucltnts
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SQL> INSERT INT Students
(TD,NAmE)
VALUE S (sequsnce_t. next val,
(Sequen celnextval, lAiee '), John'),
Cseauence- l.Dextval,' Bob'3
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SQL> SELECT FROM stuclen ts;

Name
John
Aice
Bob
SQL> CREATE TABLE Student Cid INT PRIenARY
kEY firs t vARCHA (D), last
veRCHA ( ) ,
Capa DCCiMAL(3,13);
Table Creat ed
SQL > TNSERT INTD Stucleot Cid,first, last
capa) VALUES Ci,John', t Doe';5),
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Johoson 32 );
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SQL desc Stucent

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SQL > Create TNDEX idxnaoe ON
Shudent (fist tast);
Tncex Cvected succes
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FROM studernt,
Table Non-uniqus Ley.name
Student
Se-in-index Celumn.nome
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Index diopped Succcss fully
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Alice &rnith
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SQL>0PDATE Stucdent SET cqpa -3-8
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tabie updated
SQL >ScCECr*rRom Stulent
id fst last Cgpa
Joho Doe 35
2 Smith
Boh Johnson 32
4 Ernitg Adams
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SQL> scLECT FROm Stulent
id fvst Last ca pa
Jehn Toe 35

Atice Senith 39
Bob 3ohnson 32
Emity Alars
5 Broun 34
Seorge
 SQL> CRenTC TABLE Employee (Employee TD
INT PRIO 6Ry kEy, FistNane VeeCHAR2(0)
NoT NOLL, LasL Name VARHtOR(KD) N T N
Ermail VARCHAR2 ((D0) UNIQUE,
t , (oNsTeeINT DEPERYoCLD
fDepautment
ToREIGN KEy CDepattnent TO)
T

REFCRENCES Deautrment (pepaatroent TD)

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CHECK (Emait Lt LE ))
Tatle Cteated
SqL> desc Eroployee
Table Narme Null? ype
NOT NLL INT
TistName
LastNarne
vARCHOR2(5D)
Ermail
NOTNLL
VARCHOR(G0)
VARCHAR (1oD)
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SQL > desc Depattrment
Table Narme Null ?
DePARTO CNTT D NOT NULL INT
DEPTNOE VARCHAR2 (50)
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Name, ast Name, Email, Depautroent ID)
VALUES C1, 'Job,tDoel, Cjohn. doeQexam ple. o,
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taice.jo hnoonae xampie Com ', to3);
3 Ows in erted

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2 Jane Smith jane.emitfhCeampecm to2
3 Aice John son fice johnsn@eamplecon 1o3

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maabeting ).(lo3,<rT').
3 bws insertecl

SQL>ELECT* FROm EmPtyEEDEPATOCNT ;

DE PARTMENTID DEPTNAME
Soules

Maiketing
IT
1o3