1 𝑞1 𝑞2 Force = 𝐹 = 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2 𝐹 Electric field intensity 𝐸 = 𝑞
Electric dipole moment 𝑝 = 𝑞 × 2𝑙
1 2𝑝 Intensity at a point on axial line 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟3 1 𝑝 Intensity at a point on Equatorial line = 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
Torque acting on a dipole 𝜏 = 𝑝𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Electric flux = 𝜑 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑞 Gauss’ theorem 𝜑 = 𝜖 0
𝜆 Electric field due to an infinite line charge𝐸 = 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝜎 Electric field due to an infinite plane sheet of charge 𝐸 = 2𝜀0
Electric field due to charged thin shell
1 𝑞 a) At an external point𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝜎 b) At the surface 𝐸 = 𝜀0 c) At an internal point E =0 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 𝑤 𝑉= 𝑞0 1 𝑞 Potential due to a point charge 𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 0 1 𝑝 Potential due to a dipole at a point on axial line 𝑉 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2
Potential due to a dipole at a point on equatorial line = 0
𝑑𝑉 Relation between E and V 𝐸 = − 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑞1 𝑞2 Electric potential energy 𝑈 = 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟
Work done in rotating an electric dipole 𝑊 = 𝑝𝐸 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
Potential energy of diploe – 𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
CAPACITANCE 𝑄 Capacitance 𝐶 = 𝑉
Capacitance of a spherical conductor 𝐶 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝜀0𝐴 Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor 𝐶 = 𝑑 𝜀0𝐴 Capacitance with a dielectric between the plates 𝐶 = 𝑡 𝑑−𝑡 + 𝐾
Capacitors in parallel 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 … … .. 𝐶𝑉 2 𝑄2 Energy stored in a capacitor𝑈 = = 2 2𝐶 𝜀 Dielectric constant K =𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀 0
CURRENT ELECTRICITY Current in terms of drift velocity 𝐼 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑣𝑑 𝐼 Current density𝑗 = 𝐴 = σE 𝐸 𝑅𝐴 Specific resistance 𝜌 = 𝑗 = 𝑙
𝑣2𝑡 Electric Energy 𝑊 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 = = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 𝑟
2 𝑣2 Electric power 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅 = = 𝑉𝐼 𝑟 1 1 1 1 Resistors in parallel𝑅 = + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ……… 𝑅1 2 3
Resistors in series 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 … … .. 𝑅𝑡 −𝑅0 Temperature coefficient of resistance𝛼 = 𝑅0 𝑡
Terminal potential difference𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟
𝑛𝐸 Cells in series 𝑖 = 𝑛𝑟+𝑅 𝑛𝐸 a) When nr<<R ,𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐸 b) When nr>>R, 𝑖 = 𝑅 𝑛𝐸 Cells in parallel 𝑖 = 𝑟+𝑛𝑅 𝐸 a) When nr<<R ,𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐸 b) When nr>> R, 𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑅 𝑃 𝑅 Wheatstone bridge balancing condition 𝑄 = 𝑆
100−𝑖 Metre Bridge Unknown resistance 𝑆 = 𝑅 ( ) 𝑙
𝑉𝐴𝐵 Potential gradient 𝐾 = , smaller the value of K grater will be the 𝐿 sensitivity. 𝑙 Internal resistance𝑟 = 𝑅 ( 𝑙1 − 1) 2 MAGNETISM AND MOVING CHARGE 0 𝜇 𝐼 Magnetic field due to infinitely long conductor 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝜇0𝑁 𝐼 Magnetic field due to circular coil (at the center) 𝐵 = 2𝑟 𝜇0𝑛 𝐼 Magnetic field due to a solenoid 𝐵 = ( n= N/L) 𝜇0𝑁 𝐼 Magnetic field due to a Toroidal 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟
Force acting on a moving charge 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Force acting on a current carrying conductor 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 Force between two parallel current carrying conductor𝐹 == 𝑙 2𝜋𝑟
Torque acting on a current carrying loop 𝜏 = 𝑁𝑖𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Magnetic dipole moment 𝑚 = 𝑁𝑖𝐴 𝜑 𝑁𝐴𝐵 Current sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer 𝑖 = 𝐶 𝜑 𝑁𝐴𝐵 Voltage sensitivity of galvanometer 𝑉 = 𝐶 𝐼𝑔 Galvanometer into ammeter value of shunt resistance 𝑆 = (𝐼−𝐼 ) 𝐺 𝑔
𝑉 Galvanometer into voltmeter value of series resistance 𝑅 = −𝐺 𝐼𝑔
Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole
𝜇 2𝑚 (a) End on position 𝐵 = 4𝜋0 𝑟3 𝜇0 𝑚 (b) Broad on position 𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟 3
Torque acting on a magnetic dipole 𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐵𝑉 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝐵𝐻
𝐵𝐸 = √𝐵𝐻 2 + 𝐵𝑉 2
MAGENTIC SUBSTANCES 𝑚 Intensity of magnetization 𝑀 = 𝑉 𝐵 Magnetic field strength 𝐻 = 𝜇 − 𝑀 0
𝐵 Magnetic permeability𝜇 = 𝐻 𝜇 Relative magnetic permeability 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇 0
𝑀 Magnetic Susceptibility 𝜒 = 𝐻
Relation between 𝜇𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜒𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒
ELECTROMAGENTIC INDUCTION 𝑑∅ Induced emf𝑒 = − 𝑑𝑡
Motional emf𝑒 = 𝐵𝑣𝑙
𝑑𝑖 Self- induced emf𝑒 = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴 Self-inductance of a long solenoid 𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑒2 Coefficient of mutual inductance𝑀 = − 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 mutual inductance (two co axial solenoids) 𝑀 = 𝑙 Induced voltage in an ac generator 𝑒 = −𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 Mean value of ac current𝐼𝑚 = 0.637 𝐼0 RMS value𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝐼0 AC circuit with R only 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋 AC circuit with L only 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 2 ) 𝜋 AC circuit with C only 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 )
