Fourier Series

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Created by T.

Madas

FOURIER
SERIES

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

The Fourier Theorem

If f ( x ) is a piecewise continuous function on (α , β ) , then


a
f ( x) = 0 +
2  a cos  nπLx  + b sin  nπLx  ,
n =1
n n


1  nπ x 
where an = f ( x ) cos   dx
L α  L 


1  nπ x 
bn = f ( x ) sin   dx
L α  L 

β −α
L= = half period
2

Parseval’s Identity

β ∞
1
L 
α
 f ( x ) 
2 a2
dx = 0 +
2 
n =1
 an2 + bn2 
 

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

FOURIER SERIES
EXPANSIONS

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 1

f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .


 ( −1)n +1 sin nx 

MM1B , f ( x ) = 2
n =1

 n



Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 2
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = 2 x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .


 4 ( −1)n+1 
2x =  sin ( nx ) 
 n 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 3

2t + 2 − 1 ≤ t ≤ 0
f (t ) =  .
 0 0 ≤ t ≤1

f (t ) = f (t + 2) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


 2cos ( 2n − 1) π t  sin ( nπ t ) 
f (t ) =
1 2
+   − 
2 π 2
 π ( 2n − 1) n 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 4

1 + 1 t − 4 ≤ t ≤ 0
 4
f (t ) =  .
1
1 − 4 t 0 ≤ t ≤ 4

f ( t ) = f ( t + 8) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


 cos  1 ( 2n − 1) π t  
1 4
f (t ) = + 2  4 
2 π  ( 2n − 1) 2 
n =1
 

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 5
The “Top Hat” function is defined as

 π
1 x≤
2
f ( x) = 
0 π
< x ≤π
 2

for x ∈ » , f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .


 ( −1)n +1 cos ( 2n − 1) x  
1 2
f ( x) = +   
2 π  2n − 1 
 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 6

1 −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
f ( x) =  .
x 0 ≤ x ≤1

f ( x + 2) = f ( x) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

∞ ∞

 
 cos ( 2n − 1) π x   1  sin ( nπ x ) 
f ( x) =
3 2
−   −
 
4 π2  ( 2n − 1) 2
 π  n 
n =1 n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 7
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

c) Hence determine the exact value of

1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − + − + ... .
4 9 16 25 36


1 4  ( −1)n  1 1 1 1 1 π2
2
MM1E , x = + 2  2 cos ( nπ x )  , 1 − + − + − + ... =
3 π  n  4 9 16 25 36 12
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 8
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( −π , π ) .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( −π , π ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

0 −π ≤ x ≤ − 1 π
 2
 1 1
f ( x ) = 1 − π <x≤ π
2 2

0 1π ≤ x ≤π
 2

c) Hence determine the exact value of

1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − + − + ... .
3 5 7 9 11


1 4  ( −1) n+1 cos ( nx )  1 1 1 1 1 π
f ( x) = +   , 1 − + − + − + ... =
2 π  2n − 1  3 5 7 9 11 4
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 9
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval (α , α + 2L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in (α ,α + 2L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

f ( x) = x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .

b) Find the Fourier series of f ( x ) …

i. … in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 , with period 4 .

ii. … in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 , with period 8 , by building a suitable


iiii “extension” to f ( x ) .

Illustrate the solution in each case with a sketch.

∞ ∞

 
4 1  8  ( −1)n +1 
x = 2−
π
( 1
)
 n sin 2 nπ x  , x = π 
 n
(
sin 1 nπ x
4 )
n =1 n =1 

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 10
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval (α , α + 2L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in (α ,α + 2L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

f ( x ) = x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

b) Find the Fourier series of f ( x ) …

i. … in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , with period 1.

ii. … in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , with period 2 , by building a suitable


iiii “extension” to f ( x ) .

Illustrate the solution in each case with a sketch.

∞ ∞

 
1  cos ( 2nπ x ) sin ( 2nπ x )   ( −1)n 
2 1 4
x2 = +  2 2
−  , x = +  2 cos ( nπ x ) 
3  nπ nπ  3 π2  n 
n =1 n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 11

π − x 0≤ x ≤π
f ( x) = 
π + x −π < x ≤ 0

for x ∈ » , f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of

( r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
.

c) Show that


 sin nπ − cos nπ  π2
 2 2 =−
2
 ( 2n + 1)  8 2
n =0



 cos ( 2n − 1) x  
f ( x) =
π
2
+
4
π
 
 ( 2n − 1)
2
 ,
  ( 2r −1)
r =1
1
2
=
π2
8
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 12
The periodic function f is defined as

 0 −1 ≤ t < 0
f (t ) =  2
 t 0 ≤ t ≤1

for t ∈ » , f ( t ) = f ( t + 2 ) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


1  ( −1)n × 2cos ( nπ t )  ( −1)n +1 2   
f (t ) = +  +  + − 1
n
( )  ( )
− 1  sin nπ t
6 n 2π 2  nπ n3π 3  
 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 13

f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of

 n =1
( −1)n+1 .
2n − 1

∞ ∞
( −1)n+1 = π

f ( x) = π − 2
n =1
sin nx
n
,
 2 −1
n =1
n 4

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 14
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( −π , π ) .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( −π , π ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − π 2 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

c) Hence determine the exact value of

n =1
( −1)n+1 .
n2

∞ ∞


 ( −1)n cos nx  ( −1)n+1 = π 2
2 2
3x − π = 12
n =1

 n2
 ,
 
n =1
n2 12

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 15

f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of

(
r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
.


(
π 4 cos ( 2n − 1) x  1 π2
f ( x) = − , =
2 π ( 2n − 1)2 r =1
2r − 1)
2 8
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 16

f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of

 n =1
( −1)n+1 sin n .
n



( −1)n+1 sin nπ x ( −1)n+1 sin n = 1
f ( x) =
2
π n
,

n =1
n 2
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 17

f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 4) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

f ( x) =
4 16
+
3 π2 
n =1
( −1)n cos
n 2 ( 12 nπ x )

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 18
A function f ( x ) is defined in the interval ( −π , π ) .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( −π , π ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

c) Hence determine the exact value of

g ( x ) = x 2 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

∞ ∞

 
 ( −1)n+1 sin nx  π2  ( −1)n cos nx 
f ( x) = 2   , g ( x) = +4  
 n  3  n2 
n =1 n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 19

f ( x ) = x2 , x ∈ » , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

Determine the Fourier series of f ( x ) as

a) … as half range cosine expansion.

b) … as half range sine expansion.


 ( −1)n 
1 4
f ( x) = + 2
3 π n =1
 2 cos ( nπ x )  ,
 n 


f ( x) =
2
π 3  
n =1
2 
n 3( 

2 − n 2π 2 ( −1) − 2  sin ( nπ x ) 
) n

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 20

 π −x 0≤ x ≤π
f ( x) =  , x∈».
 0 π ≤ x ≤ 2π

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of

(r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
.



 2 cos ( 2m − 1) x  sin mx 
f ( x) =
π
4
+  
 π ( 2m − 1)
2
+
m 
 ,

(
r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
=
π2
8
m =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 21

f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of

 n =1
( −1)n+1 .
n2



( −1)n cos nx ( −1)n+1 = π 2

2
π
f ( x) = +4 ,
3 n2 n2 12
n =1 n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 22

f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

a) Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

b) Hence determine the exact value of


n =1
( −1)n+1 .
n2



( −1)n+1 = π 2

2
4π  cos nx π sin nx 
f ( x) = +4  n 2 − n  ,
3 n2 12
n =1 n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 23
It is given that for x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π ,

x =
π
2

4
π 
n =1
cos ( 2n − 1) x 
( 2n − 1)2
, x = x + 2π .

a) Use the above Fourier series expansion to deduce the Fourier series expansion
of sgn ( x ) .

b) Verify the answer of part (a) by obtaining directly the Fourier series expansion
of sgn ( x ) .

c) Hence determine the exact value of

 r =1
( −1)r +1 .
2r − 1



( −1)r +1 = π

4 sin ( 2n − 1) x 
MM1A , sgn ( x ) = ,
π ( 2n − 1)2 r =1
2r − 1 4
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 24

 π
 − x 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f ( x) = 
 0 π < x <π
 2

f ( x) = f ( x + π ) .

Determine the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) .

∞ ∞

f ( x) = −
π
8
+

n =1
cos ( 4n − 2 ) x 
( 2n − 1)2 π
+
1
2 
n =1
( −1)n sin 2nx
n

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 25
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Determine the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = e x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .


sinh π 2sinh π  ( −1) n cos ( nx ) − n sin ( nx )  
x
e = +   
2
π π  1+ n 
n =1
 

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 26
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Show that

π n
2 ( a − ni )( −1)

−π
ax inx
e e dx =
a 2 + n2
sinh ( aπ )

c) Determine the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = eax , a > 0 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

d) Hence find the Fourier series of cosh ( ax ) and sinh ( ax ) , for −π ≤ x ≤ π .


sinh ( aπ ) 2sinh ( aπ )  ( −1)n  a cos ( nx ) − n sin ( nx )  
e ax
= +    ,
2 2
aπ π  a +n 
n =1
 


sinh ( aπ ) 2a sinh ( aπ )  ( −1)n cos ( nx ) 
cosh ( ax ) = +  2 2
 ,
aπ π  a + n 
n =1


2sinh ( aπ )  n ( −1)n+1 sin ( nx ) 
sinh ( ax ) =  
π  a2 + n2 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 27
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Determine the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = e x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

c) Hence find the Fourier series of sinh x and cosh x , for −π ≤ x ≤ π .


sinh π 2sinh π  ( −1) n cos ( nx ) − n sin ( nx )  
x
e = +    ,
2
π π  1+ n 
n =1
 


2sinh π  n ( −1)n+1 sin ( nx ) 
sinh x =  ,
π  1 + n2 
n =1


sinh π 2sinh π  ( −1)n cos ( nx ) 
cosh x = +   ,
π π  1 + n2 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 28
A function f is defined by

f ( t ) = V cos ω t , t ∈ » ,

where V and ω are positive constants.

Show that the Fourier series of f is given by

2V 4V  1
f (t ) = + cos ( 2ω t ) − 1 cos ( 4ω t ) + 1 cos ( 6ω t ) + ...
π π 3 15 35 

proof

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

PARSEVAL’S
IDENTITY

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 1
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

c) State Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) from part (a).

d) Hence show that

(
n =1
1
2n − 1)
4
=
π4
96
.


π  cos ( 2n − 1) x  
x = −
4
  
π 2
2  ( 2n − 1) 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 2
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = sign ( x ) , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

c) Prove Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( −π , π ) .

d) Hence show that

(
n =1
1
2n − 1)
2
=
π2
8
.


4  sin ( 2n − 1) x  
sign ( x ) =  
π  ( 2n − 1) 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 3
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = 1 + 1 sign ( x ) , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
2 2

c) Prove the validity of Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in the
interval ( − L, L ) .

d) Hence show that

(
n =1
1
2n − 1)
2
=
π2
8
.


1 1 1 2  sin ( 2n − 1) x  
MM1C , + sign ( x ) = +  
2 2 2 π  ( 2n − 1) 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 4

f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

Use Parseval’s identity for the Fourier coefficients of f ( x ) to determine the exact
value of

 n =1
1
n2
.

n =1
1
n2
=
π2
6

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 5

f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .

Use Parseval’s identity for the Fourier coefficients of f ( x ) to determine the exact
value of

 n =1
1
n4
.

n =1
1
n4
=
π4
90

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 6
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) Prove the validity of Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in the
interval ( − L, L ) .

c) Find the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = x 2 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .

d) Hence show that

n =1
1
n4
=
π4
90
.


π 2  ( −1)n 
2
x = +4  2 cos nx 
3  n 
n =1

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 7
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .

a) State the general formula for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) , giving


general expressions for the coefficients of the series.

b) State and prove Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in ( − L, L ) .

c) By considering the Fourier series of

f ( x ) = x3 , −π ≤ x ≤ π ,


show that

n =1
1
n6
=
π6
945
.

You may use without proof the following results.


1 
• x3 sin nx dx = 4 
nx 6 − n 2 x 2 cos nx + 3 n 2 x 2 − 2 sin nx  + C
( ) ( )
n 


n =1
1
n2
=
π2
6



n =1
1
n4
=
π4
90

proof

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

FOURIER SERIES
Complex Expansions

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 1
A periodic function f ( t ) is defined in the interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 , f ( t + 2 L ) = f ( t ) .

It is further given that f ( t ) is continuous or piecewise continuous in ( − L, L ) and has


Fourier series


a
f (t ) = 0 +
2 
n =1


 nπ t 
 
 nπ t  
 an cos  L  + bn sin  L   ,
 


1  nπ t 
where an = f ( t ) cos   dt , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
L −L  L 


1  nπ t 
and bn = f ( t ) sin   dt , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
L −L  L 

Show that the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) is


f (t ) =

n =−∞
c e inLπ t  ,
 n 


1 − inLπ t
where cn = f (t ) e dt , n ∈ »
2L −L

MM1D , proof

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 2

1 − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2
f (t ) =  , f ( t + 8) = f ( t ) .
0 2 < t < 6

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


f (t ) = 1 + 1
2 2 
n =−∞
 e 14 nπ t i sinc 1 nπ 
 ( 2 )
n≠0

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 3

1 0≤t ≤a
f (t ) =  , a < 1T , f (t + T ) = f (t ) .
0 a <t <T 2

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


a a   nπ ( 2t − a )   nπ a  
f (t ) = + exp   sinc  
T T   T   T 
n =−∞
n≠0

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 4

f (t ) = t , 0 ≤ t < 1 , f ( t + 1) = f ( t ) .

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


1 i  e 2nπ t i 
f (t ) = +  
2 2π  n 
n =−∞
n≠0

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 5

f ( t ) = eπ t , 0 ≤ t < 2 , f (t + 2) = f (t ) .

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .

( e 2π − 1)
∞  2 nπ t i 
f (t ) =
2π   (1 + in ) e

n =−∞  (2
n +1 )


Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 6

f ( t ) = cos (π t ) , − 1 ≤ t < 1 , f ( t + 1) = f ( t ) .
2 2

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


 ( −1)n +1 e 2nπ t i 
f (t ) =
π
2

n =−∞
 2
 4n − 1 

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 7

f ( t ) = sin (π t ) , 0 ≤ t < 1 , f ( t + 1) = f ( t ) .

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .


2  e 2nπ t i 
f (t ) = −  2 
π  4n − 1 
n =−∞

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Question 8
The function f is defined as

 πt 
f ( t ) = V cos   , − 1 T ≤ t < 1 T , f (t ) = f (t + T ) ,
T  2 2

where V and T are positive constants.

Determine the complex Fourier series expansion of f ( t ) .

∞  2 nπ t i 
f (t ) =
2V
π (  e
 1 − 4n 2
n =−∞  )


Created by T. Madas

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