Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Madas
FOURIER
SERIES
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
∞
a
f ( x) = 0 +
2 a cos nπLx + b sin nπLx ,
n =1
n n
1 nπ x
where an = f ( x ) cos dx
L α L
1 nπ x
bn = f ( x ) sin dx
L α L
β −α
L= = half period
2
Parseval’s Identity
β ∞
1
L
α
f ( x )
2 a2
dx = 0 +
2
n =1
an2 + bn2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
FOURIER SERIES
EXPANSIONS
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
∞
( −1)n +1 sin nx
MM1B , f ( x ) = 2
n =1
n
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 2
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = 2 x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
4 ( −1)n+1
2x = sin ( nx )
n
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
2t + 2 − 1 ≤ t ≤ 0
f (t ) = .
0 0 ≤ t ≤1
f (t ) = f (t + 2) .
2cos ( 2n − 1) π t sin ( nπ t )
f (t ) =
1 2
+ −
2 π 2
π ( 2n − 1) n
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 4
1 + 1 t − 4 ≤ t ≤ 0
4
f (t ) = .
1
1 − 4 t 0 ≤ t ≤ 4
f ( t ) = f ( t + 8) .
cos 1 ( 2n − 1) π t
1 4
f (t ) = + 2 4
2 π ( 2n − 1) 2
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 5
The “Top Hat” function is defined as
π
1 x≤
2
f ( x) =
0 π
< x ≤π
2
for x ∈ » , f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
( −1)n +1 cos ( 2n − 1) x
1 2
f ( x) = +
2 π 2n − 1
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 6
1 −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
f ( x) = .
x 0 ≤ x ≤1
f ( x + 2) = f ( x) .
∞ ∞
cos ( 2n − 1) π x 1 sin ( nπ x )
f ( x) =
3 2
− −
4 π2 ( 2n − 1) 2
π n
n =1 n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 7
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − + − + ... .
4 9 16 25 36
1 4 ( −1)n 1 1 1 1 1 π2
2
MM1E , x = + 2 2 cos ( nπ x ) , 1 − + − + − + ... =
3 π n 4 9 16 25 36 12
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 8
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( −π , π ) .
0 −π ≤ x ≤ − 1 π
2
1 1
f ( x ) = 1 − π <x≤ π
2 2
0 1π ≤ x ≤π
2
1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − + − + ... .
3 5 7 9 11
1 4 ( −1) n+1 cos ( nx ) 1 1 1 1 1 π
f ( x) = + , 1 − + − + − + ... =
2 π 2n − 1 3 5 7 9 11 4
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 9
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval (α , α + 2L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x) = x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .
∞ ∞
4 1 8 ( −1)n +1
x = 2−
π
( 1
)
n sin 2 nπ x , x = π
n
(
sin 1 nπ x
4 )
n =1 n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 10
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval (α , α + 2L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
∞ ∞
1 cos ( 2nπ x ) sin ( 2nπ x ) ( −1)n
2 1 4
x2 = + 2 2
− , x = + 2 cos ( nπ x )
3 nπ nπ 3 π2 n
n =1 n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 11
π − x 0≤ x ≤π
f ( x) =
π + x −π < x ≤ 0
for x ∈ » , f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
( r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
.
c) Show that
sin nπ − cos nπ π2
2 2 =−
2
( 2n + 1) 8 2
n =0
∞
cos ( 2n − 1) x
f ( x) =
π
2
+
4
π
( 2n − 1)
2
,
( 2r −1)
r =1
1
2
=
π2
8
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 12
The periodic function f is defined as
0 −1 ≤ t < 0
f (t ) = 2
t 0 ≤ t ≤1
for t ∈ » , f ( t ) = f ( t + 2 ) .
1 ( −1)n × 2cos ( nπ t ) ( −1)n +1 2
f (t ) = + + + − 1
n
( ) ( )
− 1 sin nπ t
6 n 2π 2 nπ n3π 3
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 13
f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
n =1
( −1)n+1 .
2n − 1
∞ ∞
( −1)n+1 = π
f ( x) = π − 2
n =1
sin nx
n
,
2 −1
n =1
n 4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 14
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( −π , π ) .
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − π 2 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
n =1
( −1)n+1 .
n2
∞ ∞
( −1)n cos nx ( −1)n+1 = π 2
2 2
3x − π = 12
n =1
n2
,
n =1
n2 12
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 15
f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
(
r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
.
∞
(
π 4 cos ( 2n − 1) x 1 π2
f ( x) = − , =
2 π ( 2n − 1)2 r =1
2r − 1)
2 8
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 16
f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2) .
n =1
( −1)n+1 sin n .
n
∞
( −1)n+1 sin nπ x ( −1)n+1 sin n = 1
f ( x) =
2
π n
,
n =1
n 2
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 17
f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 4) .
f ( x) =
4 16
+
3 π2
n =1
( −1)n cos
n 2 ( 12 nπ x )
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 18
A function f ( x ) is defined in the interval ( −π , π ) .
f ( x ) = x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
g ( x ) = x 2 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
∞ ∞
( −1)n+1 sin nx π2 ( −1)n cos nx
f ( x) = 2 , g ( x) = +4
n 3 n2
n =1 n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 19
f ( x ) = x2 , x ∈ » , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
∞
( −1)n
1 4
f ( x) = + 2
3 π n =1
2 cos ( nπ x ) ,
n
∞
f ( x) =
2
π 3
n =1
2
n 3(
2 − n 2π 2 ( −1) − 2 sin ( nπ x )
) n
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 20
π −x 0≤ x ≤π
f ( x) = , x∈».
0 π ≤ x ≤ 2π
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
(r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
.
∞
2 cos ( 2m − 1) x sin mx
f ( x) =
π
4
+
π ( 2m − 1)
2
+
m
,
(
r =1
1
2r − 1)
2
=
π2
8
m =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 21
f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
n =1
( −1)n+1 .
n2
∞
( −1)n cos nx ( −1)n+1 = π 2
2
π
f ( x) = +4 ,
3 n2 n2 12
n =1 n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 22
f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
n =1
( −1)n+1 .
n2
∞
( −1)n+1 = π 2
2
4π cos nx π sin nx
f ( x) = +4 n 2 − n ,
3 n2 12
n =1 n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 23
It is given that for x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π ,
x =
π
2
−
4
π
n =1
cos ( 2n − 1) x
( 2n − 1)2
, x = x + 2π .
a) Use the above Fourier series expansion to deduce the Fourier series expansion
of sgn ( x ) .
b) Verify the answer of part (a) by obtaining directly the Fourier series expansion
of sgn ( x ) .
r =1
( −1)r +1 .
2r − 1
∞
( −1)r +1 = π
4 sin ( 2n − 1) x
MM1A , sgn ( x ) = ,
π ( 2n − 1)2 r =1
2r − 1 4
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 24
π
− x 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f ( x) =
0 π < x <π
2
f ( x) = f ( x + π ) .
∞ ∞
f ( x) = −
π
8
+
n =1
cos ( 4n − 2 ) x
( 2n − 1)2 π
+
1
2
n =1
( −1)n sin 2nx
n
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 25
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = e x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
sinh π 2sinh π ( −1) n cos ( nx ) − n sin ( nx )
x
e = +
2
π π 1+ n
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 26
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
b) Show that
π n
2 ( a − ni )( −1)
−π
ax inx
e e dx =
a 2 + n2
sinh ( aπ )
f ( x ) = eax , a > 0 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
sinh ( aπ ) 2sinh ( aπ ) ( −1)n a cos ( nx ) − n sin ( nx )
e ax
= + ,
2 2
aπ π a +n
n =1
∞
sinh ( aπ ) 2a sinh ( aπ ) ( −1)n cos ( nx )
cosh ( ax ) = + 2 2
,
aπ π a + n
n =1
∞
2sinh ( aπ ) n ( −1)n+1 sin ( nx )
sinh ( ax ) =
π a2 + n2
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 27
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = e x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
sinh π 2sinh π ( −1) n cos ( nx ) − n sin ( nx )
x
e = + ,
2
π π 1+ n
n =1
∞
2sinh π n ( −1)n+1 sin ( nx )
sinh x = ,
π 1 + n2
n =1
∞
sinh π 2sinh π ( −1)n cos ( nx )
cosh x = + ,
π π 1 + n2
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 28
A function f is defined by
f ( t ) = V cos ω t , t ∈ » ,
2V 4V 1
f (t ) = + cos ( 2ω t ) − 1 cos ( 4ω t ) + 1 cos ( 6ω t ) + ...
π π 3 15 35
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
PARSEVAL’S
IDENTITY
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = x , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
c) State Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) from part (a).
(
n =1
1
2n − 1)
4
=
π4
96
.
π cos ( 2n − 1) x
x = −
4
π 2
2 ( 2n − 1)
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 2
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = sign ( x ) , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
(
n =1
1
2n − 1)
2
=
π2
8
.
4 sin ( 2n − 1) x
sign ( x ) =
π ( 2n − 1)
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = 1 + 1 sign ( x ) , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
2 2
c) Prove the validity of Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in the
interval ( − L, L ) .
(
n =1
1
2n − 1)
2
=
π2
8
.
1 1 1 2 sin ( 2n − 1) x
MM1C , + sign ( x ) = +
2 2 2 π ( 2n − 1)
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 4
f ( x ) = x , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
Use Parseval’s identity for the Fourier coefficients of f ( x ) to determine the exact
value of
n =1
1
n2
.
n =1
1
n2
=
π2
6
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 5
f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈ » , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
f ( x ) = f ( x + 2π ) .
Use Parseval’s identity for the Fourier coefficients of f ( x ) to determine the exact
value of
n =1
1
n4
.
n =1
1
n4
=
π4
90
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 6
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
b) Prove the validity of Parseval’s identity for the Fourier series of f ( x ) in the
interval ( − L, L ) .
f ( x ) = x 2 , −π ≤ x ≤ π .
n =1
1
n4
=
π4
90
.
π 2 ( −1)n
2
x = +4 2 cos nx
3 n
n =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 7
A function f ( x ) is defined in an interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 .
f ( x ) = x3 , −π ≤ x ≤ π ,
∞
show that
n =1
1
n6
=
π6
945
.
1
• x3 sin nx dx = 4
nx 6 − n 2 x 2 cos nx + 3 n 2 x 2 − 2 sin nx + C
( ) ( )
n
∞
•
n =1
1
n2
=
π2
6
∞
•
n =1
1
n4
=
π4
90
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
FOURIER SERIES
Complex Expansions
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
A periodic function f ( t ) is defined in the interval ( − L, L ) , L > 0 , f ( t + 2 L ) = f ( t ) .
∞
a
f (t ) = 0 +
2
n =1
nπ t
nπ t
an cos L + bn sin L ,
1 nπ t
where an = f ( t ) cos dt , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
L −L L
1 nπ t
and bn = f ( t ) sin dt , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
L −L L
∞
f (t ) =
n =−∞
c e inLπ t ,
n
1 − inLπ t
where cn = f (t ) e dt , n ∈ »
2L −L
MM1D , proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 2
1 − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2
f (t ) = , f ( t + 8) = f ( t ) .
0 2 < t < 6
∞
f (t ) = 1 + 1
2 2
n =−∞
e 14 nπ t i sinc 1 nπ
( 2 )
n≠0
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
1 0≤t ≤a
f (t ) = , a < 1T , f (t + T ) = f (t ) .
0 a <t <T 2
a a nπ ( 2t − a ) nπ a
f (t ) = + exp sinc
T T T T
n =−∞
n≠0
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 4
f (t ) = t , 0 ≤ t < 1 , f ( t + 1) = f ( t ) .
1 i e 2nπ t i
f (t ) = +
2 2π n
n =−∞
n≠0
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 5
f ( t ) = eπ t , 0 ≤ t < 2 , f (t + 2) = f (t ) .
( e 2π − 1)
∞ 2 nπ t i
f (t ) =
2π (1 + in ) e
n =−∞ (2
n +1 )
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 6
f ( t ) = cos (π t ) , − 1 ≤ t < 1 , f ( t + 1) = f ( t ) .
2 2
∞
( −1)n +1 e 2nπ t i
f (t ) =
π
2
n =−∞
2
4n − 1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 7
f ( t ) = sin (π t ) , 0 ≤ t < 1 , f ( t + 1) = f ( t ) .
2 e 2nπ t i
f (t ) = − 2
π 4n − 1
n =−∞
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 8
The function f is defined as
πt
f ( t ) = V cos , − 1 T ≤ t < 1 T , f (t ) = f (t + T ) ,
T 2 2
∞ 2 nπ t i
f (t ) =
2V
π ( e
1 − 4n 2
n =−∞ )
Created by T. Madas