INGENIERÍA AERONÁUTICA

Propulsión I

Juliana A. Niño Navia

Ingeniera Aeronáutica
MSc. Ingeniería Aeronáutica y Mecánica
 THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

EX1 Calculate the mass of the reactants and combustion products

of one mole of C12H26 with oxygen in stoichiometric proportion.

12 26 + 18,5%2 ⇒ 12 %2 + 13 2%

The molecular weigth for each element :

() = 12+/-./, () = 1+/-./ 0 ()% = 16+/-./.

() 12 26 = 12 × () + 26 × () = 144 + 26 = 170+/-./,

()%2 = 2 × 16 = 32+/-./,

() %2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44+/-./,

() 2% = 2 × 1 + 16 = 18+/-./.
 THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

-565 (89:;) = ∑A? BC >? · ()? = 1 × 170 + 18,5 × 32 = 762+

-565 (D86E) = ∑AF BC >F · ()F = 12 × 44 + 13 × 18 = 762+

G >H(89:;5) = 1 + 18.5 = 19.5 -./

HBC

G >H(D86E) = 12 + 13 = 25 -./
HBC
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

EX 2. For the standard atmospheric condition, the composition of

air in a molar fraction can be represented as: 78% N2, 21% O2
and 1% Ar. Calculate: a) the molecular weight of the mixture; b)
the mass fractions of N2, O2 and Ar; and c) the specific constant
for air [J / kg.K]
a)
A

():H8 = G >H · ()H = 0.21 × 16 × 2 + 0.78 × 14 × 2 + 0.01 × 40

H BC
= 28,96 +/-./
b)

-WX 0.21 × 32
-VWX = = = 0.232
-565 28.96
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

-YX 0.78 × 28
-VYX = = = 0.754
-565 28.96

-Z8 0.01 × 40
-VZ? = = = 0.014
-565 28.96

c)

[\ 8314 ^/_-./`
[ZH8 = = = 287 ^/_+`
(]:H8 28.96 `+/_-./
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

EX 3. For combustion of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) with 20%

excess of oxidant. Calculate: (a) the molar fraction of each reagent; (b)
the mass fraction of each reagent; (c) the OF ratio in mass basis; (d) the
OF ratio in molar basis; (e) the equivalence ratio ∅

2 + ½ %2 ⇒ 2%

With 20% of oxidant excess (α = 1,2):

2 + (1.2). ½ %2 ⇒ 2% + (0.6 – 0.5) %2

2 + 0.6 %2 ⇒ 2% + 0.1 %2
a)
> iX 1
h iX = = = 0.625
>565 1 + 0.6
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

> WX 0.6
h WX = = = 0.375
>565 1 + 0.6
b)

hH · ()H
-VH = A
∑HBC hH · ()H

hWX · ()WX 0.375 × 32

-VWX = A = = 0.9057
∑HBC hH · ()H 0.625 × 2 + 0.375 × 32

hiX · ()iX 0.625 × 2

-ViX = = = 0.0943
∑HBC hH · ()H 0.625 × 2 + 0.375 × 32
A
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

c)
%j = (-6k /-l ) = (-V6k . -565 )/(-Vl . -565 ) = -VWX /-Vim

%j = (0.9057/0.0943) = 9,6 kg de O2/kg de H2

d)
%j = (h6k /hl ) = (h6k . h565 )/(hl . h565 ) = hWX /him

%j = (0.375/0.625) = 0.6 mol de O2/mol de H2

e)
>l:;5n:o
q> j%:;5n:o %jr56H;
∅= Wp Z;5n:o
= =
>l r56H;s j% %j:;5n:o
q> r56H;s
Wp r56H;s
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

e)
%jr56H; 0.5
∅= = = 0.833
%j:;5n:o 0.6

Or

1 1
∅= = = 0.833
t 1.2
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

u;v = F w ?9:;

A A

u;v = G >F ℎF w G >? ℎ?

FBC FBC
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

A A

u;v = G >F ℎF w G >? ℎ?

FBC FBC

u;v = ℎy,zWm
{
+ ∆ℎr,zWm w ℎy,z
{
+ ∆ℎr,z w (ℎy,Wm
{
+ ∆ℎr,Wm )

u;v = w393546^/-./ + ∆ℎr,zWm w ℎy,z

{
+ ∆ℎr,z w ℎy,Wm
{
+ ∆ℎr,Wm )

u;v = w393546^/-./
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

A gas mixture of CO, CO2 and N2 at 1atm and 1200K contains 0.10 and 0.20 of
molar fractions for CO and CO2, respectively. Determine the absolute enthalpy
of the mixture on a molar basis (kJ / kmol)

ℎ~Hk = G ℎy,
{
+ ∆ℎr,~Hk
~Hk
•

Cm{{ Cm{{ Cm{{

ℎ~Hk = hzWX ℎy,zWm
{
+ ∆ℎ zWm € + hzW ℎy,zW
{
+ ∆ℎ zW € + hYX ℎy,Y
{
X
+ ∆ℎ YX €
m•‚ m•‚ m•‚

ℎ~Hk = 0.10 w110541 + 28683 + 0.20 w393546 + 45051 + 0.70 0 + 28356

ℎ~Hk = w58035,6_^/_-./
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

Calculate the LHV and HHV for n-decane (C10H22) in liquid and gaseous state.

A‡ A‡
ℎy,
{
= w249659 A~6o
ℎy,
{
= w393546 A~6o
zC{imm(†) zWm
,

A‡ A‡ A‡
ℎy,
{
= w241884 , ℎ‰, imW = 44010 , ℎ‰,
{
zC{imm
= 50978
imW(†) A~6ˆ A~6o A~6o

C{ mm + 15.5%m ⇒ 10 %m + 11 m%

Š ‹ = ℎy,zkiŒ
{
w >zWm ℎy,zWm
{
w >imW ℎy,imW
{

_^ _^ _^
Š ‹z•ŽiXX(•) = w249659 w 10 w393546 w 11 w241884
_-./ _-./ _-./
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES
Š ‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6346525_^/_-./

‹(†) = LHV(†) + >imW ℎ‰,imW

{

_^ _^
‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6346525 + 11 44010
_-./ _-./

_^
‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6830635
_-./

b)
LHV(o) = Š ‹(†) w ℎ‰,l

A‡ A‡
Š ‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6346525 - 50978
A~6o A~6o

_^
Š ‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6295547
_-./
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

b)
HV(o) = ‹(†) w ℎ‰,l

‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6830635 - 50978 A~6o

A‡

_^
‹z•ŽiXX(•) = 6779657
_-./
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

Estimate the adiabatic flame temperature at constant pressure and

constant volume process for the mixture in stoichiometric proportion
CH4/air. The reagents are at 1atm and 298K.

Assume:
1. Complete combustion
“
2. ∆ℎ r,H ’m•‚ = ” ( • w 298)
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

CH4 + 2(O2 + 3,76N2) ⇒ CO2 + 2H2O + 7,52 N2

Constant pressure process

u= ∆

? = F
A

? = G >? (ℎy,?
{
+ ∆ℎr,? )
?BC

HR = > — ℎy,zi
{
4
+ ” (298 w 298) + >% m ˜ℎy,WX + ” (298 w
{

298)™ + >>m ℎy,Y

{
X
+ ” (298 w 298)

A‡
HR = w74865
A~6o
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

HP = > %m ℎy,zW
{
X
+ ” ( •m w 298) + > m %˜ℎ {
y,iXW
+ ” (•m w
298)™ + >>m ℎy,Y
{
X
+ ” (•m w 298)

HP = 1[w393546 + 56.21(•m – 298)] %m + 2[w241884 +

43.87(•m – 298)] m % + 7.52[0 + 33.71(•m – 298)]>m

› = – 877314 + 397.5(•m – 298)

Solving •m
? = F

-74865=– 877314 + 397.5(•m – 298)

•m = 2317 K
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

Constant volume process

A A

0= ∆ w [ •? G >? w •F G >F
?BC FBC

_^
>? = >F = 10.52 •žŸ [ = 8. 315
_-./. `

-74865– [– 877314 + 397.5(•m – 298)] – 8.315 · 10.52(298 – •m ) = 0

Solving •m
•m = 2886.32 K
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

A small prototype of ramjet engine, burns gaseous n-octane (C8H18)

with air. In the test rig of this engine, the mass air flow is fixed at 100
g/s. The prototype's construction material can't handle temperatures
above 1573 K. Which is the maximum mass flow rate of fuel that can be
tested in the test rig while maintaining combustion with excess air?
Which is the excess of oxidant in this extreme condition?

Assume:

Complete combustion, reagents at 298K, adiabatic process and use ∆hs

as a Poly form

‚ C‚ + 12.5(α)(O2 + 3,76N2) ⇒ 8CO2 + 9H2O +

47(α)N2 + 12.5(α – 1)O2

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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

“m
¥

>zkiŒ k ¤ · Š ‹zkiŒ = G >F ∆ℎ r,F ¦

FBC
m•‚

“m “m
Š ‹z‚iC‚ = >zWX ∆ℎ r,zWX € + >iXW ∆ℎ r,iXW €
m•‚ m•‚
“m “m
+ >YX t ∆ℎ YX € + >WX 12.5 t w 1 ∆ℎ WX €
m•‚ m•‚
C§¨© C§¨©
Š ‹z‚iC‚ = 8zWX ∆ℎ r,zWX € + 9iXW ∆ℎ r,iXW €
m•‚ m•‚
C§¨© C§¨©
+ 47YX t ∆ℎ r,YX € + 12.5 t w 1 >WX ∆ℎ r,WX €
m•‚ m•‚
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

a)
Š ‹z‚iC‚ = 5106174 _^/_-./,

C§¨©
∆ℎ r,zWX ’ = 65806 kJ/kmol,
m•‚
C§¨©
∆ℎ r,iXW ’ = 51815 kJ/kmol,
m•‚
C§¨©
∆ℎ r,YX ’ = 40999 kJ/kmol,
m•‚
C§¨©
∆ℎ r,WX ’ = 43188 kJ/kmol,
m•‚

5106174 = 8zWX (65806) + 9iXW 51815 + 47YX t 40999

+ 12.5 t w 1 >WX 43188

Solving
t = 1.886
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THERMOCHEMISTRY EXAMPLES

-Wp
b)
ªjZ;5n:o =
-l

12.5 × 1.886(32 + 3.76 × 28)

ªjZ;5n:o = = 28.38
8 × 12 + 18

-«Wp
ªjZ;5n:o =
-«l

-«Wp 100 +/¬

-«l = = = 3.52 +/¬
ªjZ;5n:o 28.38