SENIOR SECONDARY

SET 3

LOGICAL THINKING
1. According to the pattern shown below, what is the number in the blank?
2,10,34,106,322, __ , …
2. Use hexadecimal number system (base 16) to represent octal (base 8) number 20018 .
3. There are a total of 30 questions in a Mathematics competition with the following point rules: 3
points will be given for a correct answer, no points will be given for a blank answer and 2 points
will be deducted for a wrong answer. At least how many people should participate in this
competition so that we can be sure that there are at least 4 candidates having the same scores
regardless of their performance?
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑎
4. If 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑏
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑐
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = 422218, find the value of 5(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒).
5. Given 𝐴 , 𝐵 and 𝐶 are three 1- digit positive numbers and the 3-digit numbers formed by these three
digits have the following properties:
̅̅̅̅̅̅ has an odd number of positive factors; and
1) 𝐴𝐵𝐶
2) The sum of all positive factors of 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ is 1767.
Determine the 3-digit number 𝐵𝐶𝐴. ̅̅̅̅̅̅

ALGEBRA
6. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers, find the minimum value of 9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 60.
7. Simplify √46 + √2016.
8. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 4 in the expansion of (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4)4 .
33
9. Solve the equation log 3 𝑥 + log 9 𝑥 + log 27 𝑥 = 2 .
10. Find the minimum value of integer 𝑘 such that (4 + 𝑘)𝑥 2 + (2𝑘 + 13)𝑥 + 𝑘 + 2 = 0 has two
distinct real roots.

NUMBER THEORY
11. A 5-digit number has a remainder 10 when divided by 12, has a remainder 8 when divided by 10
and has a remainder 3 when divided by 5. What is the smallest possible value of this 5-digit
number?
3
12. Find the smallest integer which is greater than (7 + √17) .
1 1
13. Given 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 37, find the value of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 .
14. Given that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7428142𝐴36𝐵 is an 11-digit number which is divisible by 48, find the maximum value
of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
 81
15. Find the value of the expression 24 + 81 .
24+ 81
24+
24+⋯

GEOMETRY
16. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, the area of triangle 𝐶𝑃𝑇 is 56, the area of triangle 𝐵𝐶𝑃 is 64, and the area of
triangle 𝐵𝑃𝑆 is 16. Find the area of quadrilateral 𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑇.

Question 16
17. Given the centroid of equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is (17,12) and the equation of the line passing
through points 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 10𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 42 = 0 in rectangular coordinates, find the area of the
circumcircle of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶.
18. The side lengths of a triangle are 26, 31, and 41. Find the area of this triangle. (Answer in terms of
simplest surd form)
19. For acute angle 𝜃, find the largest possible value of 42cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 63 cos2 𝜃.
12
20. For acute angle 𝜃 satisfying tan 𝜃 = 5 , find the value of tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃.

COMBINATORICS
1 1 1
21. How many number of set(s) of positive integer solutions does 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2024 have?
22. Miranda randomly picks 7 balls from the bag containing 4 red, 5 green and 6 yellow balls without
replacement. What is the probability that at least 3 of the balls drawn are red?
23. Find the number of different way(s) of arranging 4 identical straws, 5 identical spoons and 7
identical forks in a row.
24. Fifty cards are marked from 1 to 50 and two of these cards are drawn at random without
replacement. Find the probability that the number of one of the cards drawn is a multiple of 5 and
the number of the other card is a prime number.
25. How many 4-digit number(s) is/are there in which the sum of its digits is 13?
 SENIOR SECONDARY
SET 3
SOLUTION MANUAL

LOGICAL THINKING
1. According to the pattern shown below, what is the number in the blank?
2,10,34,106,322, __ , …
Answer: 970
Solution:
3(2) + 4 = 10
3(10) + 4 = 34
3(34) + 4 = 106
3(106) + 4 = 322
3(322) + 4 = 970
Hence, we have 970.

2. Use hexadecimal number system (base 16) to represent octal (base 8) number 20018 .
Answer: 401
Solution:
Converting 20018 to decimal (base 10) first, we have
1 × 80 = 1
0 × 81 = 0
0 × 82 = 0
2 × 83 = 1024
which when added altogether becomes
1 + 1024 = 1025.
We now have 102510 .
Note that for hexadecimal (base 16), we have 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, and 𝐹 where
𝐴 = 10, 𝐵 = 11, 𝐶 = 12, 𝐷 = 13, 𝐸 = 14, 𝐹 = 15.

Converting 102510 to base 16, we have

1025
= 64 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1
16
64
= 4 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 0
16
4
= 0 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 4
16
 Taking note of the remainders in reverse order, we have
4,0,1.
Hence, we have
20018 = 102510 = 40116 .

3. There are a total of 30 questions in a Mathematics competition with the following point rules: 3
points will be given for a correct answer, no points will be given for a blank answer and 2 points
will be deducted for a wrong answer. At least how many people should participate in this
competition so that we can be sure that there are at least 4 candidates having the same scores
regardless of their performance?
Answer: 436
Solution:
Step 1: Find the range of scores.
−60 𝑡𝑜 90
Step 2: Find the number of scores.
90 − (−60) + 1 = 151
Step 3: Find the number of impossible and possible scores.
By observing the scores, we can say that the impossible scores are
−59, −57,83,86,88,89.
Hence, we have 151 − 6 = 145 possible scores.
By pigeonhole principle, we have
145(4 − 1) + 1 = 145(3) + 1 = 436.

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑎
4. If 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑏
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑐
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = 422218, find the value of 5(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒).
Answer: 190
Solution:
10000(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) + 1000(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) + 100(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) +
10(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) = 422218
11111(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) = 422218
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 = 38
5(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) = 5(38) = 190

5. Given 𝐴 , 𝐵 and 𝐶 are three 1- digit positive numbers and the 3-digit numbers formed by these three
digits have the following properties:
1) ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵𝐶 has an odd number of positive factors; and
2) The sum of all positive factors of ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 1767.
̅̅̅̅̅̅
Determine the 3-digit number 𝐵𝐶𝐴.
Answer: 847
Solution:
Note that 1767 = 3 × 19 × 31 = 31 × 57 = (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16)(1 + 7 + 49).
Hence, we have 24 × 72 = 784.
The number of factors of 784 is (4 + 1)(2 + 1) = 15 which is odd.
Thus, ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 784.
Therefore, ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 847.
ALGEBRA
6. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers, find the minimum value of 9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 60.
Answer: 40
Solution:
(9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥) + (𝑦 2 − 8𝑦) + 60
𝑏2
Using the formula 𝑐 − 4𝑎 for each variable, we have
122 (−8)2
=− + (− ) + 60
4(9) 4(1)
= −4 − 16 + 60
= 40.

7. Simplify √46 + √2016.

Answer: 3√2 + 2√7 or 2√7 + 3√2
Solution:
√46 + 2√504

= √18 + 2√18(28) + 28

2 2
= √(3√2) + 2√(3√2)(2√7) + (2√7)

2
= √(3√2 + 2√7)
= 3√2 + 2√7

8. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 4 in the expansion of (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4)4 .

Answer: 5089
Solution:
Using multinomial theorem, we have
(3𝑥 2 )2 ⋅ (5𝑥)0 ⋅ (4)2
(3𝑥 2 )1 ⋅ (5𝑥)2 ⋅ (4)1
(3𝑥 2 )0 ⋅ (5𝑥)4 ⋅ (4)0 .
Now,
4 4!
(32 × 50 × 42 ) × ( ) = 144 × = 864
2,0,2 2! 0! 2!
4 4!
(31 × 52 × 41 ) × ( ) = 300 × = 3600
1,2,1 1! 2! 1!
4 4!
(30 × 54 × 40 ) × ( ) = 625 × = 625.
0,4,0 0! 4! 0!
Hence, we have 864 + 3600 + 625 = 5089.

33
9. Solve the equation log 3 𝑥 + log 9 𝑥 + log 27 𝑥 = 2 .
Answer: 19683
Solution:
By change of base rule, we have
log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥 33
+ + =
log 3 log 9 log 27 2
 log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥 33
+ 2
+ 3
=
log 3 log 3 log 3 2
log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥 33
+ + =
log 3 2 log 3 3 log 3 2
log 𝑥 1 1 33
( ) (1 + + ) =
log 3 2 3 2
log 𝑥 11 33
( )( ) =
log 3 6 2
log 𝑥 33 6
= ( ) = 3(3) = 9
log 3 2 11
log 3 𝑥 = 9
𝑥 = 39 = 19683

10. Find the minimum value of integer 𝑘 such that (4 + 𝑘)𝑥 2 + (2𝑘 + 13)𝑥 + 𝑘 + 2 = 0 has two
distinct real roots.
Answer: −3
Solution:
A quadratic equation will have two distinct real roots if its discriminant is greater than 0.
(2𝑘 + 13)2 − 4(4 + 𝑘)(𝑘 + 2) > 0
4𝑘 + 52𝑘 + 169 − 4𝑘 2 − 24𝑘 − 32 > 0
2

28𝑘 + 137 > 0

28𝑘 > −137
25
𝑘 > −4
28
We can’t have 𝑘 = −4 as it makes the given a linear equation.
Therefore, the minimum value of 𝑘 is −3.

NUMBER THEORY
11. A 5-digit number has a remainder 10 when divided by 12, has a remainder 8 when divided by 10
and has a remainder 3 when divided by 5. What is the smallest possible value of this 5-digit
number?
Answer: 10018
Solution:
Let 𝑥 be the 5-digit number.
𝑥 ≡ 10 𝑚𝑜𝑑 12 ≡ −2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 12
𝑥 ≡ 8 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 ≡ −2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
𝑥 ≡ 3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 5 ≡ −2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 5
Since they have equal remainders, we have
𝑥 ≡ −2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝐿𝐶𝑀(5,10,12) ≡ −2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 60.
Now,
𝑥 = 60𝑘 − 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
𝑥 = 60𝑘 − 2 ≥ 10000
60𝑘 ≥ 10002
10002 1667 7
𝑘≥ = 𝑜𝑟 166 .
60 10 10
When 𝑘 = 167,
𝑥 = 60(167) − 2 = 10018.
Hence, we have 10018.
 3
12. Find the smallest integer which is greater than (7 + √17) .
Answer: 1377
Solution:
Note that
3
(7 + √17)
2 3
= 73 + 3(7)2 (√17) + 3(7)(√17) + (√17)
= 343 + 147√17 + 357 + 17√17
= 700 + 164√17
Now,
164√17 = √457232.
We have
6762 = 456976.
This means that 164√17 > 676, which is 677.
Hence, we have
700 + 677 = 1377.
1 1
13. Given 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 37, find the value of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 .
Answer: 50542
Solution:
1 3
(𝑥 + ) = 373
𝑥
3 2
1 1 2 1
𝑥 + 3(𝑥) ( ) + 3(𝑥) ( ) + 3 = 50653
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 1
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + + 3 = 50653
𝑥 𝑥
3
1 1
𝑥 + 3 = 50653 − 3 (𝑥 + )
𝑥 𝑥
3
1
𝑥 + 3 = 50653 − 3(37)
𝑥
1
𝑥 3 + 3 = 50542
𝑥

14. Given that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

7428142𝐴36𝐵 is an 11-digit number which is divisible by 48, find the maximum value
of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Answer: 48
Solution:
Note that 𝐵 is even.
Since ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7428142𝐴36𝐵 is divisible by 48, then it must be divisible by 6 and 8.
Since ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7428142𝐴36𝐵 is divisible by 8, we have
𝐵 = 0,8.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ is divisible by 6, which means that it is divisible by 2 and 3.
Note that 7428142𝐴36𝐵
Hence, we have
7 + 4 + 2 + 8 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 𝐴 + 3 + 6 + 𝐵 ≡ 0 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 37 ≡ 0 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 1 ≡ 0 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3
𝐴 + 𝐵 ≡ −1 ≡ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3.
 When 𝐵 = 0, 𝐴 = 2,5,8 (only 5 gives a number divisible by 48)
When 𝐵 = 8, 𝐴 = 0,3,6,9. (only 0 and 6 gives a number divisible by 48)
Hence, we have
max(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 8(6) = 48.
81
15. Find the value of the expression 24 + 81 .
24+ 81
24+
24+⋯
Answer: 27
Solution:
81
Let 𝑥 = 24 + 81 .
24+ 81
24+
24+⋯
81
𝑥 = 24 +
𝑥
𝑥 2 = 24𝑥 + 81
𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 81 = 0
(𝑥 − 27)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
𝑥 = 27

GEOMETRY
16. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, the area of triangle 𝐶𝑃𝑇 is 56, the area of triangle 𝐵𝐶𝑃 is 64, and the area of
triangle 𝐵𝑃𝑆 is 16. Find the area of quadrilateral 𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑇.

Question 16
Answer: 56
Solution:
Consider the diagram below:

Recall that the areas of triangles with equal altitudes are proportional to the bases of the triangles.
𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
We have 𝑇𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐵𝑇𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑃𝑇𝐴 .
𝐵𝑇𝐶 𝑃𝑇𝐶
 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 16 𝑥
=
56 + 64 56
56(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 16) = 120𝑥
56𝑥 + 56𝑦 + 896 = 120𝑥
56𝑦 + 896 = 64𝑥
7𝑦 + 112 = 8𝑥
𝐴𝑆 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
We also have 𝑆𝐵 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑃𝑆𝐴 .
𝐶𝑆𝐵 𝑃𝑆𝐵
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 56 𝑦
=
64 + 16 16
16(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 56) = 80𝑦
16𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 896 = 80𝑦
16𝑥 + 896 = 64𝑦
𝑥 + 56 = 4𝑦
𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 56
Substituting 𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 56 to 7𝑦 + 112 = 8𝑥, we have
7𝑦 + 112 = 8(4𝑦 − 56)
7𝑦 + 112 = 32𝑦 − 448
25𝑦 = 560
112
𝑦= .
5
112
Substituting 𝑦 = 5 to 𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 56, we have
112
𝑥 = 4( ) − 56
5
168
𝑥= .
5
112 168
Therefore, the area of quadrilateral 𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑇 is 5 + 5 = 56.

17. Given the centroid of equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is (17,12) and the equation of the line passing
through points 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 10𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 42 = 0 in rectangular coordinates, find the area of the
circumcircle of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Answer: 1024𝜋
Solution:
Note that in an equilateral triangle, the centroid and the circumcenter is the same.
Solving for the distance from the centroid to the line, we have
|10(17) + 24(12) − 42| 416
𝑑= = = 16.
√102 + 242 26
2
Note that the circumradius is of the median.
3
Hence, we have
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 + 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
3
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 + 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2
1
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 2𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 2(16) = 32.
Therefore, the area of the circumcircle of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 is
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋(32)2 = 1024𝜋.
18. The side lengths of a triangle are 26, 31, and 41. Find the area of this triangle. (Answer in terms of
simplest surd form)
Answer: 84√23
Solution:
Getting the semiperimeter, we have
26 + 31 + 41
𝑠= = 49.
2
Using Heron’s formula, we have
𝐴 = √49(49 − 26)(49 − 31)(49 − 41)
𝐴 = √49(23)(18)(8)
𝐴 = √49(23)(9)(2)(2)(4)
𝐴 = 7(3)(2)(2)√23
𝐴 = 84√23.

19. For acute angle 𝜃, find the largest possible value of 42cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 63 cos2 𝜃.
Answer: 70
Solution:
42cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 63 cos 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
= 42 cos 𝜃 ( ) + 63(1 − sin2 𝜃)
cos 𝜃
= 42 sin 𝜃 + 63 − 63 sin2 𝜃
2
= −63 (sin2 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) + 63
3
2 1
= −63 (sin2 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 + ) + 63 + 7
3 9
2
1
= −63 (sin 𝜃 − ) + 70
3
1
It attains maximum when sin 𝜃 = 3, which is in 0 ≤ sin 𝜃 < 1(since 𝜃 is an acute angle).
Hence, we have
−63(0)2 + 70 = 70.
12
20. For acute angle 𝜃 satisfying tan 𝜃 = , find the value of tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃.
5
36
Answer: 169
Solution:
sin 𝜃
Note that tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 12
Solving for sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 and cos 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 using tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = , we have
5
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 2 + 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 2 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2
52 + 122 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2 = 132
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 13.
This means that
12 5
sin 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 = .
13 13
Now,
tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
 sin 𝜃
= (cos 𝜃) − 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
= sin 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
12 12 5
= − 2( )( )
13 13 13
12 120
= −
13 169
36
= .
169

COMBINATORICS
1 1 1
21. How many number of set(s) of positive integer solutions does 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2024 have?
Answer: 63
Solution:
1 1 1
+ =
𝑥 𝑦 2024
𝑥+𝑦 1
=
𝑥𝑦 2024
𝑥𝑦 = 2024𝑥 + 2024𝑦
𝑥𝑦 − 2024𝑥 − 2024𝑦 + 20242 = 20242
(𝑥 − 2024)(𝑦 − 2024) = 20242
Prime factorization of 2024 = 2 × 112 × 232 .
2 6

Hence, the number of positive integer solutions is

(6 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 63.

22. Miranda randomly picks 7 balls from the bag containing 4 red, 5 green and 6 yellow balls without
replacement. What is the probability that at least 3 of the balls drawn are red?
3
Answer: 13
Solution:
Let 𝑅 be the number of red balls.
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 ≥ 3)
= 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 = 3) + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 = 4)
(43)(11 ) (44)(11 )
= 15 + 15 3
4
(7) (7)
4(330) 1(165)
= +
6435 6435
1485
=
6435
3
=
13
OR
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 ≥ 3)
= 1 − 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 < 3)
= 1 − [𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 = 0) + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 = 1) + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑅 = 2)]
(40)(11 ) (41)(11 ) (42)(11)
= 1 − [ 15 + 15 + 15 5 ]
7 6
(7) (7) (7)
 1(330) 4(462) 6(462)
= 1−( + + )
6435 6435 6435
4950
= 1−( )
6435
10
= 1−
13
3
=
13

23. Find the number of different way(s) of arranging 4 identical straws, 5 identical spoons and 7
identical forks in a row.
Answer: 1441440
Solution:
(4 + 5 + 7)!
4! 5! 7!
16!
=
4! 5! 7!
16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7!
=
4 × 3 × 2 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 7!
16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8
=
4×3×2×5×4×3×2
= 1441440

24. Fifty cards are marked from 1 to 50 and two of these cards are drawn at random without
replacement. Find the probability that the number of one of the cards drawn is a multiple of 5 and
the number of the other card is a prime number.
149
Answer: 1225
Solution:
There are ten multiples of 5 and fifteen prime numbers from 1 to 50.
There is only one intersection, which is 5.
Case 1: (if 5 is drawn)
We have nine multiples of 5 and fourteen prime numbers left. We then have to pair 5 with any of
them to satisfy the condition, hence having 9 + 14 = 23 ways.
Case 2: (if 5 is not drawn)
The remaining 23 cards (nine multiples of 5 and fourteen prime numbers left) can be paired with
each other, resulting to 9 × 14 = 126 ways.
Hence, we have
23 + 126
(50
2
)
149
=
50(49)
2
149
= .
1225
25. How many 4-digit number(s) is/are there in which the sum of its digits is 13?
Answer: 405
Solution:
Let ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 be a 4-digit number such that
1≤𝑎≤9
0≤𝑏≤9
0≤𝑐≤9
0≤𝑑≤9
and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 13.
Let 𝑎′ = 𝑎 − 1.
We then have 0 ≤ 𝑎′ ≤ 8 and
𝑎′ + 1 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 13
𝑎′ + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 12

Now, the number of 4-digit numbers that satisfies 𝑎′ + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 12 is

(13 − 1) + 4 − 1
( )
4−1
15
=( )
3
= 455.
We subtract the number of combinations where 𝑎′ > 8 and 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 > 9.
Case 1:
Let 𝑎′′ = 𝑎′ − 9.
We have
𝑎′′ + 9 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 12
𝑎′′ + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 3.
Hence,
3+4−1
( )
4−1
6
=( )
3
= 20.
Case 2:
For 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑, let 𝑏′ = 𝑏 − 10.
We have
𝑎′ + 𝑏 ′ + 10 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 12
𝑎′ + 𝑏′ + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 2.
Hence,
2+4−1
( )
4−1
5
=( )
3
= 10.
Since it can be for 𝑏, 𝑐 or 𝑑, we have 3(10) = 30.
Therefore, we have
455 − (20 + 30) = 405.