Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

8th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2015

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND
BASIC CONCEPTS
Part 01

Mehmet Kanoglu &

Sunand Santhanagopalan

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Chapter 1 Objectives

• Introduce Thermodynamics vocabulary

• Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
• Introduce basic concepts of thermodynamics:
system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process,
and cycle.
• Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.

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 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
• Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.
• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• The name thermodynamics stems from
the Greek words therme (heat) and
dynamis (power).
• Conservation of energy principle:
During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another but the total
amount of energy remains constant.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics: An
expression of the conservation of energy
principle.

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• The second law of thermodynamics:
Asserts energy has quality (ability to do
work) as well as quantity, and actual
processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy.
• Classical thermodynamics: A
macroscopic approach to the study of
thermodynamics based on continuum
properties of substances. It is used in
the text.
• Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of
individual particles. It is used in the
text only in the supporting role.

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 Application Areas of Thermodynamics

All activities in nature involve some interaction between

energy and matter
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Thermodynamics History Highlights
• Boyle’s law PV = const circa 1660
• Theories of classical thermodynamics spurred by the
introduction of steam power
• Foundational science for the industrial revolution, developed
in the 19th century. Excerpts from Wikipedia article ‘History
of Thermodynamics”
 1824 Sadi Carnot's book Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire
starting point for thermodynamics as a modern science.
 1845 James Joule reported his best-known experiment, involving the
use of a falling weight to spin a paddle-wheel in a barrel of water,
which allowed him to estimate a mechanical equivalent of heat of
819 ft·lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal). This led to the theory of conservation of
energy and explained why heat can do work.
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Thermodynamics History Highlights
 1850, Rudolf Clausius defined the term entropy S to be the heat lost or
turned into waste, stemming from the Greek word entrepein meaning to
turn.
 1854 William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) coined the term thermo-
dynamics in his paper On the Dynamical Theory of Heat.[3]
 1871 James Clerk Maxwell formulated Statistical Thermodynamics,
analyzes large numbers of particles at equilibrium
 1876, Willard Gibbs (the first person in America to be awarded a PhD
in engineering - Yale), published On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous
Substances, introducing the Gibbs free energy equation, measures of
the amount of "useful work" attainable in reacting systems.
 Gibbs also originated the concept now called of enthalpy H, the word
was coined years later by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes,[5] basing it on the
Greek enthalpein meaning to warm.
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 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• Magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
• primary or fundamental dimensions - basic dimensions
such as mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T
• secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions -
expressed in terms of the primary dimensions. Examples -
velocity V, energy E, and volume V
• Metric SI system: A system of units based on a decimal
relationship between the various units.
• English system: A system of units related to each other via
historical precedent vs. a consistent numerical base
 A result of English Dominance in classical thermodynamics
development

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Dimensional Analysis is as Important as the
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Numerical Calculation
English Fundamental Dimension
Differences:
Dimension Unit
Length foot or inch
Force pound force

Mass is a secondary dimension: units

either lbm or slug
Candela measure of light intensity
Lumen measure of light energy
1 lm = 1cd · 1 str 11
 SI and English Units; Unity Conversion Ratios
Metric: Force = Mass · Acceleration
English: Mass = Force / Acceleration

Secondary Dimension Therefore:

1 N = 1 kg ·1 m/s2

Work = Force × Distance 1 lbm = 1 lbf / 32.174 ft/s2

1 J = 1 N∙m = 1 kg ·1 m/s2 ∙ 1 m = 1 kg (m/s) 2 or
1 slug = 1 lbf /1 ft/s2
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ In primary dimension units

Unity Conversion Ratios – can be placed in equations as unity multiplier

1 = lbf / (32.174 lbm · ft/s2) All = 1

1 = 0.45359 kg / lbm
1 = 0.3048 m / ft
1 = 4.1868 J / cal
1 = 1.0551 kJ / Btu

Inverted ratios also =1 12

Summary – Until Now

• What is thermodynamics?
• Conservation of energy
• First Law – Quantity
• Second law – Quality and Quantity
• History – Advent of steam engine
• Classical thermodynamics
• Statistical thermodynamics

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Summary – Until Now

• Dimensions & Units

• Primary
• Secondary
• English and SI units
• Unity conversion ratios
• Convention of writing units

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A 3-kg rock is thrown upward with a force of 200N at a a location
where the local gravitational acceleration is 9.807 m/s2.

Determine the acceleration of the rock.

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 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open.
• Closed system (Control mass): A fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary

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• Open system (control volume): A properly selected
region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow
such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. Can consist of real (energy can cross) or
imaginary (energy and mass can cross) boundaries
A control volume can involve
fixed, moving, real, and imaginary
boundaries.

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 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
• Property: Any characteristic of a
system.
• Examples: pressure P, temperature
T, volume V, and mass m. V = volume
v = specific volume
• Intensive properties: are V = velocity
independent of the mass of a
system, e.g. temperature, pressure,
and density.
• Extensive properties: values
depend on the size—or extent—of
the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.

Specific Properties are

Intensive Properties 19
 Continuum
• Matter is viewed it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no holes, a
continuum, versus atoms that are
widely spaced in the gas phase.
• The continuum assumes properties
vary continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• Continuum approach is valid as long as
the size of the system is large relative
to the space between the molecules.
• Continuum model used in classical
thermodynamics

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 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density Specific gravity: The ratio
of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance
at a specified temperature
Specific volume
(usually water at 4°C).

Specific weight: The

weight of a unit volume
Therefore of a substance.
considered an
intensive property

Density is
mass per unit
volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass. 21
 STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Thermodynamics deals with
equilibrium states.
• Equilibrium: A state of balance - no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces)
within the system.
• Thermal equilibrium: temperature is the
same throughout the entire system.
• Mechanical equilibrium: no change vs.
time to the pressure at any point of the
system
• Phase equilibrium: a system having two
phases and the mass of each phase is
constant vs. time
• Chemical equilibrium: chemical
composition of a system does not change
with time, i.e. no chemical reactions occur.

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 The State Postulate
• The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by two
independent, intensive
properties.
• Simple compressible system:
involves none of the following
effects
 electrical
 magnetic
 gravitational
 motion
 surface tension

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Summary – Until Now
• System, Surrounding and Boundary
• Fixed and Moving Boundary
• Real and Imaginary Boundary
• Closed System or Control Mass
• Open System or Control Volume
 Control Surface
• Isolated System

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Summary – Until Now
• Properties of a System
 Intensive and Extensive Properties
 Specific Properties (are they intensive)
• Continuum – A basis for classical thermodynamics
• Density, Specific Volume, Specific Gravity &
Specific Weight
• State – Every system exists in a certain state
• Equilibrium – No unbalanced driving forces
• Thermal, Mechanical, Phase & Chemical Equilibrium
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• The State Postulate