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Lec 1 - Biostatstics

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58 views17 pages

Lec 1 - Biostatstics

Uploaded by

fathi.samir2074
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

• A. Method for collecting, summarizing, presenting and analyzing


data This leads to conclusion and subsequent decision.

• B. Useful Tool for Quantifying Clinical and Laboratory Data in a


Meaningful Way

• C. Assists in Determining Whether and by How Much a Treatment or


Procedure Affects a Group of Patients
• Biostatistics Is the branch of statistics responsible for the proper
interpretation of scientific data generated in biomedical sciences.
• Role of biostatisticians

To guide the design of an experiment or survey prior


to data collection

To analyze data using proper statistical procedures


and techniques

To present and interpret the results to researchers


and other decision makers
Types of variables and data
• Variable: something whose value can vary ex. age, sex,..

• A. Definition: Random variables-A variable with observed values that


may be considered outcomes of an experiment and whose values
cannot be anticipated with certainty before the experiment is
conducted

• Data: are the values you get when you measure a variable
• Two types of random variables:

1.qualitative variables, Categorical variables: I just

can count, categorize. I cannot measure.

2.quantitative variables ,Continuous variables:

I can count, categorize. I can measure.


Categorical variables (QUALITATIVE VARIABLES)

• Can take only a limited number of values within a given range

1.Nominal: Classified into groups in an unordered manner and with no


indication of relative severity (e.g., male/female sex, mortality [dead or
alive], disease presence [yes or no], race, marital status)
1.Ordinal: one value is greater or less than another. Ranked in a specific
order but with no consistent level of magnitude of difference between
ranks (e.g., New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class
describes the functional status of patients with heart failure, and subjects
are classified in increasing order of symptoms: I, II, III, IV: Likert-type
scales)

• Examples:Muscle tone (none, partial, complete) ). other categories (e.g.


rating-excelent, good, fair, poor)
Quantitative data
•

•Are always numbers


result of counting or measuring attributes
of a population
Quantitative data can be separated into two subgroups:
• Discrete (whole number counts):can take integer value only(4, 15, 6) usually count
of some thing. (if it is the result of counting (the number of students of a given ethnic
group in a class, the number of books on a shelf, ...)
• continuous (if it is the result of measuring (distance traveled, weight
of luggage

weight

Height
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES, SOMETIMES
CALLED COUNTING VARIABLES

Continuous variables can take on any value within a given range.

• Interval: Data are ranked in a specific order with consistent change in


magnitude between units; the zero point is arbitrary (e.g., degrees
Fahrenheit.(

• Ratio: Like interval but with an absolute zero (e.g,. degrees Kelvin,
heart rate, blood pressure, time, distance).
Methods of data collection
• 1. Census: A census is a study that obtains data from every member of
a population. In most studies, a census is not practical, because of the
cost and/or time required.

• 2. Sample survey:A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a


subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes.
• 3. Experiment: An experiment is a controlled study in
which the researcher attempts to understand cause-
and-effect relationships.

• 4.Observationalstudy:Here,theresearcherisnotabletoc
ontrol(1)how subjects are assigned to groups and/or(2)
which treatments each group receives.

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