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Industry 4.0 and Corporate Technological Responsibility of Manufacturing

Firms in Nigeria

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 CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF
INNOVATIONS ON TOURISM
MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE
https://cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJITMF
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | July 2024 ISSN: 2660-454X

Article

Industry 4.0 and Corporate Technological Responsibility of

Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
Lucy Cecilia Mmadubuobi*, Gilbert Ogechukwu Nworie, Obianuju Precious Aziekwe

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: The study examined the relationship between industry 4.0 and corporate technological
responsibility of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Proxies of industry 4.0 were artificial intelligence,
internet of things (IoT), big data analytics. The study deployed descriptive survey research design.
A sample size of 452 respondents was obtained based on the number that responded to the research
instrument administered online. The questionnaire was developed in line with four (4) point Likert
scale. The responses were presented using frequency analysis while the Spearman Ranked Order
Correlation Analysis was used in testing the three null hypotheses of the study. The first finding
from Hypothesis I reveals a significant inverse relationship between AI adoption and corpo rate
technological responsibility, with the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient of -0.567 (p-value =
0.000); the second finding from Hypothesis II indicates a strong positive relationship between IoT
adoption and corporate technological responsibility, with a Spearman's rho correlation coefficient
of 0.548 (p-value = 0.000); the third finding from Hypothesis III demonstrates an even stronger
positive relationship between big data analytics and corporate technological responsibility, with a
Spearman's rho correlation coefficient of 0.850 (p-value = 0.000). In conclusion, responsible
implementation of Industry 4.0 practices will help balance technological advancement with ethical
responsibility, ensuring sustainable and socially responsible growth. The study recommends that
Chief Technology Officers (CTOs) of manufacturing firms should integrate ethical guidelines and
Citation: Lucy Cecilia social impact assessments into their AI deployment strategies to ensure that the technology is used
Mmadubuobi, Gilbert
responsibly.
OgechukwuNworie,
Obianuju Precious Aziekwe.
Industry 4.0 and Corporate
Technological Responsibility Keywords: Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data Analytics, Corporate
of Manufacturing Firms in
Technological Responsibility
NigeriaCentral Asian Journal
of Innovations on Tourism
Management and Finance
2024, 5(4), 67-80.
1. Introduction
Received: 12 th July 2024
Revised: 14 th July 2024
The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, often referred to as Industry 4.0,
Accepted: 16 th July 2024 marks a transformative era characterized by the fusion of advanced technologies such as
Published: 22 th July 2024 artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, big data analytics, and
cloud computing (Malik et al., 2024; Margherita & Braccini, 2024; Zhong & Moon, 2023).
This era signifies a paradigm shift in how industries operate, with an unprecedented level
Copyright: © 2024 by the of automation, interconnectivity, and data-driven decision-making. In the context of
authors. Submitted for open
access publication under the manufacturing sector, embracing Industry 4.0 is not merely an option but a strategic
terms and conditions of the imperative for enhancing competitiveness, productivity, and sustainability (Kılıç & Atilla,
Creative Commons Attribution
2024). As Nigerian manufacturing firms strive to integrate thes e cutting-edge
(CC BY) license
(https://creativecommons.org/l technologies, the concept of Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR) which is more
icenses/by/4.0/) popularly called corporate digital responsibility (CDR) emerges as a crucial consideration
(Wynn & Jones, 2023). CTR encompasses the ethical and responsible deployment of

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 68

technology within corporate practices, ensuring that technological advancements align

with societal values, environmental sustainability, and ethical standards (Cheng & Zhang,
2023).
Effective Corporate Technological Responsibility is increasingly recognized as a
fulcrum of sustainable and ethical business practices. The integration of advanced
technologies presents both opportunities and challenges (Lobschat et al., 2021). On one
hand, it offers significant potential for innovation, operational efficiency, and market
differentiation. On the other hand, it raises critical ethical, environmental, and social
concerns that require careful consideration (Angermann, 2023). It has been argued that
the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies have given rise to a number of problems such
as increase unemployment (Satyro et al., 2022), environmental hazards as a result of air
pollution, the poor discharge of waste, and the intensive use of raw materials (Oláh et al.,
2020); ethical problems (Rahanu et al., 2021); data insecurity (Garg et al., 2021); et cetera.
CTR mandates that companies not only focus on technological advancement for profit
maximization but also address the broader implications of their technological choices.
This includes minimizing environmental impact, ensuring data privacy and security,
promoting digital inclusion, and upholding ethical standards in AI and automation
(Cheng & Zhang, 2023). For manufacturing firms, effective CTR is essential for building
trust with stakeholders, maintaining regulatory compliance, and fostering long-term
sustainability. It also positions firms to be responsible stewards of technology, balancing
economic growth with societal well-being.
Industry 4.0, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, involves the
integration of digital technologies into manufacturing processes, creating what is often
termed a "smart factory." This revolution is driven by several key technologies, including
AI, IoT, robotics, big data analytics, and cloud computing (AL-Khatib et al., 2024). These
technologies enable real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making, leading to
improved efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced product quality. In the manu facturing
sector, the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies is still in its nascent stages but holds
immense potential for transformation (Pozzi et al., 2023). The main concepts
underpinning Industry 4.0 include cyber-physical systems (CPS), which integrate
physical machinery with digital systems; the IoT, which connects devices and enables
seamless communication; and big data analytics, which leverages vast amounts of data to
drive hints and optimize operations. Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR) in this
context refers to the ethical and responsible use of these technologies, ensuring that their
deployment aligns with societal and environmental considerations.
As firms increasingly adopt Industry 4.0 technologies, they are compelled to
address a number of complexities or challenges emanating from ethical, social, and
environmental considerations (Javaid et al., 2022). Firstly, the automation and AI
components of Industry 4.0 necessitate a reevaluation of labor practices and workforce
dynamics. As was argued by Stefanini and Vignali (2024), companies must address the
potential displacement of workers through reskilling and upskilling initiatives, ensuring
that technological advancements do not exacerbate unemployment or social inequality.
Secondly, the extensive use of data analytics and IoT devices raises significant concerns
regarding data privacy and security. Firms must implement robust data protection
measures to safeguard sensitive information and comply with regulatory frameworks .
Thirdly, the environmental impact of advanced manufacturing technologies must be
carefully managed (Channi & Kumar, 2024). This involves adopting sustainable practices,
such as reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and utilizing eco-friendly
materials (Malik et al., 2024). Lastly, the ethical deployment of AI and automation is
crucial. Companies must ensure that these technologies are used transparently and fairly,
avoiding biases and ensuring that they enhance rather than undermine human decision -
making.
Therefore, the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies within manufacturing firms
presents both opportunities and responsibilities. Embracing Corporate Technological
Responsibility is essential for ensuring that these technological advancements contribute
positively to society and the environment (Cheng & Zhang, 2023). By prioritizing ethical

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 69

considerations, data privacy, environmental sustainability, and workforce development,

Nigerian manufacturing firms can harness the full potential of Industry 4.0 while
maintaining their commitment to responsible corporate citizenship. Industry 4.0
technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and
big data analytics help to enhance operational efficiency, productivity, and innovation in
firms. The principles of Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR) requires that firms
adopting these technologies should ensure that technological advancements are
implemented ethically, sustainably, and inclusively, fostering a balance between
economic growth, environmental stewardship, and social well-being. Firms would
prioritize reskilling and upskilling their workforce to adapt to new technological
demands, safeguard data privacy, reduce their environmental footprint, and ensure
ethical use of AI and automation (Cordeiro et al., 2024).
However, while there is a growing awareness of the potential benefits of Industry
4.0, the adoption and integration of these technologies remain limited. Many firms lack
the necessary infrastructure, technical expertise, and financial resources to fully
implement Industry 4.0 solutions. Additionally, there is often insufficient emphasis on
Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR). Issues such as inadequate data protection ,
environmental neglect (Malik et al., 2024), and ethical concerns surrounding AI a nd
automation are prevalent. Workforce displacement due to automation is a growing
concern, with limited efforts towards reskilling and upskilling employees (Stefanini &
Vignali, 2024). Consequently, the sector is not realizing the full potential of Industry 4.0,
and its technological advancements are not being leveraged responsibly.
The limited adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies means that firms are not as
competitive or innovative as they could be, potentially losing ground to international
competitors who are further along in their digital transformation journeys (Pozzi et al.,
2023). The neglect of Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR) worsens social and
environmental issues, such as increased unemployment due to automation, data breaches,
and environmental degradation (Satyro et al., 2022; Oláh et al., 2020; Rahanu et al., 2021;
Garg et al., 2021). This not only undermines public trust in the manufacturing sector but
also poses reputational risks. Moreover, the failure to fully integrate Industry 4.0
technologies and principles of CTR hinders sustainable development and ec onomic
growth, leaving the sector ill-prepared to meet future challenges and opportunities.
Without addressing these gaps, Nigerian manufacturing firms risk falling behind in the
global industrial domain, unable to capitalize on the transformative potentia l of Industry
4.0. Among the numerous existing studies on the topic such as Hossain et al. (2024),
Narkhede et al. (2024), Stefanini and Vignali (2024), AlZayani et al. (2024), Palsodkar et al.
(2024), Margherita and Braccini (2023), Kamble and Gunasekaran (2023), Yavuz et al.
(2023), Ferreira et al. (2023), Kong and Liu (2023), Khan et al. (2023), Bai et al. (2022), this
is the first in Nigeria that examines the nexus between Industry 4.0 and corporate
technological responsibility of firms in Nigeria.

1.1 Research Questions

Though the main aim of the study is to examine the relationship between industry
4.0 and corporate technological responsibility of manufacturing firms in Nigeria,
this research specifically addresses the following research questions:
1. What is the relationship between artificial intelligence adoption and corporate
technological responsibility among manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
2. How does Internet of Things adoption relate to corporate technological
responsibility among manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
3. To what extent does big data analytics relate to corporate technological
responsibility among manufacturing firms in Nigeria?

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 70

Literature Review
Conceptual Clarifications
Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, refers to the current trend of
automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies (Pozzi et al., 2023). It
encompasses a range of contemporary technologies such as cyber-physical systems, the
Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and cognitive computing (Javaid et al., 2022).
These technologies facilitate a smart factory environment where machines can
communicate and collaborate with each other, as well as with humans, to optimize
production processes (Zhong & Moon, 2023). The core idea behind Industry 4.0 is the
integration of digital and physical systems to create highly flexible, efficient, and
customized manufacturing operations. This integration allows for real-time data collection
and analysis, enabling manufacturers to make more informed decisions, reduce downtime,
and enhance productivity. The concept also emphasizes the importance of interoperability,
where various systems and devices can seamlessly work together. Ultimately, Industry 4.0
aims to revolutionize the manufacturing industry by leveraging advanced technologies to
create more adaptive, intelligent, and sustainable production systems (Pandya & Kumar,
2023).
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by
machines, particularly computer systems. These processes include learning (the
acquisition of information and rules for using it), reasoning (using rules to reach
approximate or definite conclusions), and self-correction. AI systems are designed to
perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and language translation (Pandya & Kumar, 2023). There
are various types of AI, including narrow AI, which is designed to perform a narrow task
(e.g., facial recognition or internet searches), and general AI, which has the potential to
perform any intellectual task that a human can do (Martinez, 2018). AI technologies are
built on complex algorithms and data processing capabilities that allow them to learn from
experience and adapt to new inputs. The ultimate goal of AI research is to create systems
that can perform tasks autonomously, efficiently, and effectively, potentially transforming
various industries by enhancing operational efficiencies and enabling new capabilities
(Chung et al., 2022).
Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of physical devices,
vehicles, buildings, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies with the aim of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and
systems over the internet. Each thing in the IoT ecosystem is uniquely identifiable through
its embedded computing system but can interoperate within the existing internet
infrastructure. The concept of IoT extends to various aspects of daily life, including s mart
homes, where appliances and systems can be controlled remotely, and smart cities, which
use data to improve infrastructure, public services, and more (Mu et al., 2024). IoT enables
objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based
systems, resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy, and economic benefit (Pandya &
Kumar, 2023). The seamless communication between devices and the analysis of vast
amounts of data generated by these devices can lead to innovative applications and
services, driving significant advancements in automation and smart technology.
Big Data Analytics
Big Data Analytics refers to the complex process of examining large and varied data sets,
or big data, to uncover information such as hidden patterns, correlations, market trends,
and customer preferences. This data is typically characterized by its volume, velocity, and
variety, making traditional data processing software inadequate to deal with it. The

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primary goal of big data analytics is to help organizations make better business decisions
by enabling data scientists, predictive modelers, and other analytics professionals to
analyze vast amounts of transactional data, as well as other forms of data tha t may be left
untapped by conventional business intelligence programs (Pandya & Kumar, 2023). Big
data analytics can help organizations harness their data and use it to identify new
opportunities, leading to smarter business moves, more efficient operation s, higher profits,
and happier customers (Narkhede et al., 2024). The hints gained from big data analytics
can also drive innovation by providing a deeper understanding of complex phenomena
and enabling the creation of new products and services tailored to emerging trends and
consumer demands.
Corporate Technological Responsibility
Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR) which is more popularly termed corporate
digital responsibility refers to the ethical and responsible management of technology by
corporations to ensure that their technological advancements and applications ben efit
society while minimizing any negative impacts. This concept encompasses a wide range
of practices, including the development and deployment of technologies in a way that
promotes sustainability, equity, privacy, and security (Wynn & Jones, 2023). CTR involves
the commitment of companies to adopt best practices in the use of technology, ensuring
transparency, accountability, and fairness. It also includes the proactive management of
technological risks and the safeguarding of stakeholder interests, particularly in relation
to data privacy and cybersecurity (Kunz & Wirtz, 2024). Furthermore, CTR encourages
companies to contribute positively to the technological literacy and digital inclusion of the
communities they serve. By embracing CTR, corporations ca n foster trust with their
stakeholders, enhance their reputation, and contribute to the broader societal good, while
also driving innovation and competitiveness in a responsible manner (Cheng & Zhang,
2023; Angermann, 2023). Ultimately, CTR aims to balance the pursuit of technological
advancement with the need to address ethical, social, and environmental considerations.

2.2 Development of Hypotheses from Stakeholder Theory

Stakeholder theory was propounded by R. Edward Freeman in 1984 (Meshack et al., 2022).
The theory emerged as a response to the growing recognition that businesses operate
within a complex network of relationships with various groups, including customers,
employees, suppliers, communities, and investors, each of whom can affect or be affected
by the company's actions. Freeman's work was groundbreaking in that it expanded the
traditional view of a firm's responsibilities beyond shareholders to include a broader range
of stakeholders. This paradigm shift highlighted the importance of understanding and
addressing the interests of all stakeholders to achieve long-term success and sustainability
(Okafor et al., 2024).
The central tenet of stakeholder theory is that organizations should create value for all
stakeholders, not just shareholders (Ukoh et al., 2024). According to the theory, businesses
have a moral and ethical obligation to consider the interests and well-being of all parties
affected by their operations. This includes actively engaging with stakeholders to
understand their needs and concerns and making decisions that balance these various
interests. The theory posits that by addressing the needs of all stakeholders, firms can
foster trust, collaboration, and loyalty, which are essential for sustainable business
performance. Furthermore, stakeholder theory argues that businesses that manage their
stakeholder relationships effectively are better positioned to a ddress risks, capitalize on
opportunities, and enhance their reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of the public (Ukoh
et al., 2024).
Stakeholder theory is particularly relevant to the topic of the effect of Industry 4.0 on
Corporate Technological Responsibility (CTR) of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. As these
firms integrate advanced technologies such as AI, IoT, and big data into thei r operations,
the impact on various stakeholders becomes significant. The adoption of Industry 4.0

Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance 2024, 5(4), 67-80 cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJITMF
 72

technologies can lead to substantial changes in the workforce, supply chain, customer
interactions, and community relations. Stakeholder theory provides a framework for
understanding and managing these impacts responsibly. By applying stakeholder theory,
manufacturing firms can ensure that their technological advancements are implemented
in a way that considers the ethical, social, and environmental implications for all
stakeholders (Channi & Kumar, 2024). This approach not only helps in mitigating negative
consequences but also enhances the firm's reputation, promotes sustainable practices, and
fosters stronger stakeholder relationships. In lin with the argument above, the study
hypothesises that:
1) There is a positive relationship between artificial intelligence adoption and corporate
technological responsibility among manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
2) Internet of Things adoption positively relates to corporate technological responsibility
among manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
3) Big data analytics positively relates to corporate technological responsibility among
manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

2.3 Empirical Evidence

Hossain et al. (2024) utilized the dynamic capability theory to explore the impact of
adopting Industry 4.0 technologies and paradoxical leadership on the corporate
sustainable performance of manufacturing small and medium -sized enterprises in
Malaysia. The study posits organizational ambidexterity as a mediator and strategic
flexibility as a moderator. Conducted as a cross-sectional, quantitative study, it collected
395 valid responses using a simple random sampling technique and a structured close-
ended questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modelling.
The findings reveal that Industry 4.0 technologies significantly influence corporate
sustainable performance and that organizational ambidexterity mediates this relationship.
Narkhede et al. (2024) analyzed the suitability of Industry 4.0 technologies in areas
such as new product development, supply chain management, internal logistics
management, production planning execution and control, quality management, and
maintenance management. This study employs a systematic literature review
methodology to comprehensively analyze relevant sources to present valuable
perspectives and practical suggestions customized to the requirements of differen t
essential work functions within manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises. The
findings of the systematic literature review indicate that big data analytics, robotics, and
automation are perceived as highly sustainable, while blockchain and cloud technology
are viewed as having lower sustainability from the perspective of small and medium-sized
enterprises.
Stefanini and Vignali (2024) investigate how the implementation of Industry 4.0
enabling technologies can enhance the economic, environmental, and social sustainability
of the food sector. A systematic literature review, using a combination of 12 keywords, was
carried out on the Scopus database with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria to answer
four selected research questions. Overall, 50 relevant papers were retrieved and analyzed
using Mendeley and Excel with descriptive statistics. VOSviewer was us ed for co-
occurrence and co-authorship analysis. Results illustrate that interest in the topic has
grown, particularly in Italy, and summarize the benefits achievable by implementing
Industry 4.0 technologies in food industries. Social impacts include new job positions,
ergonomic design of workplaces, changes in educational institutions, improved nutrition,
and better animal welfare. Positive aspects are related to economic growth, improving
food chain performances, and decreasing companies’ costs. Finally, it allows for energy,
water, CO2 emissions, and food savings.
AlZayani et al. (2024) investigated the influence of smart technologies on small and
medium-sized enterprises' sustainability and measured the mediation effect of small and
medium-sized enterprises’ sustainability strategy in the relationship between smart

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 73

technologies and small and medium-sized enterprises’ sustainable performance in the

Kingdom of Bahrain. The sustainability concept for this study includes environmental
sustainability, social sustainability, and profitability factors. The study applied the
quantitative analysis method. The sample size was 403 small and medium -sized
enterprises from Bahrain. The study concludes that smart technology has a major effect on
sustainable performance factors.
Palsodkar et al. (2024) examined how to integrate Industry 4.0 and agile new
product development practices to evaluate the penetration of sustainable developmen t
goals in manufacturing industries. From the literature, various agile new product
development practices, Industry 4.0 technologies, performance metrics, their
interconnection, and their contribution toward achieving sustainable development goals
are extracted. The weights of selected Industry 4.0 and agile new product developmen t
practices are computed by the robust best worst method, and the fuzzy-VIKOR method is
used to rank the selected performance metrics. To test the robustness of the developed
framework, sensitivity analysis is also performed. The results show that among the various
Industry 4.0 and agile new product development practices, “multi-skilled employees”
have the highest weight, followed by “customer requirement analysis and prioritization.”
For performance metrics, “the number of innovative products launched per year” is
ranked first, with the “average time between two launches” in second place.
Margherita and Braccini (2023) investigated the implementation of Industry 4.0
technologies in flexible manufacturing to enhance sustainable organizational value
through a multiple case study of four Italian manufacturing companies. The study found
that these technologies support sustainable organizational value when applied with a
focus on workers. In such settings, organizations leverage workforce activities to
continuously optimize the technologies and utilize their adaptive features to improve
processes consistently.
Kamble and Gunasekaran (2023) explored the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies
and circular economy practices on sustainable performance in Indian manufacturing
organizations. By surveying 238 manufacturing practitioners in India, the study examined
how circular economy practices mediate and moderate the relationship between Industry
4.0 technologies and sustainable performance. The findings indicate that creating a circular
economy environment is not essential for implementing Industry 4.0 technologies.
However, these technologies do facilitate the development of an efficient circular
economy, which in turn supports achieving sustainable organizational goals.
Yavuz et al. (2023) used a natural resource-based view and the technology-
organization-environment framework to test a model where sustainable operations
practices mediate the effect of Industry 4.0 technologies on sustainable performance. Data
from 302 participants in Turkey's technology development regions were analyzed using
partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results showed that sustainable
operations practices mediate the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on sustainable
performance.
Ferreira et al. (2023) examined the role of digital technologies in promoting
environmental and social sustainability in European manufacturing multinational
enterprises using the Resource-Based View. The research model included five digital
technologies—Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing, Robotics, Big Data Analytics, and
Blockchain—and their influence on sustainable practices. Using Partial Least Squares to
analyze data from 764 European manufacturing multinational enterprises, the study found
that while digital technologies generally enhance environmental and social sustainability,
the impact varies by technology, suggesting that companies can prioritize investments
based on expected returns.
Kong and Liu (2023) studied the effects of digital technologies on corporate social
responsibility (CSR) among firms listed on China’s stock markets from 2009 to 2019. Their
findings indicate that digital transformation significantly boosts CSR performance. This

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 74

relationship held true even when considering the exogenous shock of China’s 4G -LTE
policy. Mechanistic analysis revealed that digital technologies help companies improve
pollution control and internal control efficiency, thereby enhancing CSR. The positive
impact was more pronounced in firms with low financing constraints and higher
regulatory pressure.
Khan et al. (2023) synthesized research on how Industry 4.0 technologies and
various innovations contribute to sustainable development. Analyzing 58 journal articles,
the review highlighted that Industry 4.0 facilitates multiple types of innovation —process,
product, business model, supply chain, organizational, open, and marketing—which
support triple bottom line sustainability, circular economy, sustainable business models,
and the achievement of sustainable development goals.
Bai et al. (2022) explored the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve the
United Nations' sustainable development goals through a circular economy approach. The
paper presented a framework to evaluate the relationship between Industry 4.0
technologies, sustainable development goals, and circular economy practices. Using a
predictive method that integrated DEMATEL and a linear model, the study evaluated
these relationships with data from the electronics industry, identifying circular economy
practices as a crucial link between Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainable developmen t
goals.

2. Materials and Methods

The study deployed descriptive survey research design. The research design that
was adopted by the study is justified because the study primarily attempts to survey the
opinion of a sample that is taken out of a population in order to elicit information as
regards a particular issue of concern (Nworie & Oguejiofor, 2023; Nworie et al., 2023). The
population of the study consists of all staff in the information and communication units
of Nigerian manufacturing firms. A definite population could not be obtain ed for a scope
as wide as this. Hence, sample size of 452 respondents was obtained based on the number
that responded to the research instrument administered online. The questionnaire was
developed in line with four (4) point likert scale that were ranked “strongly agree”,
“agree”, “disagree” and “strongly disagree” with each rank corresponding to 4,3,2, and 1,
respectively. The responses were presented using frequency analysis while the Spearman
Ranked Order Correlation Analysis was used in testing the three null hypotheses of the
study.

3. Results and Discussion

Data Presentation

Table 1. Data Presentation

Artificial Intelligence (AI)
S/N SA A D SD

The integration of AI in manufacturing processes reduces

1 352 36 40 24
operational costs.
AI-driven predictive maintenance decreases equipment
2 314 84 42 12
downtime.
3 AI technology enhances decision-making processes. 344 42 48 18
AI adoption provides a competitive edge for
4 350 36 48 18
manufacturing companies.
S/N Internet of Things (IoT) SA A D SD
IoT devices improves real-time monitoring capabilities in
5 354 48 36 14
manufacturing companies

Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance 2024, 5(4), 67-80 cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJITMF
 75

6 The use of IoT streamlines supply chain management. 182 50 134 86

IoT implementation brings economic benefits that
7 188 52 126 86
strengthens firm value.
IoT has plays a significant role in reducing production
8 180 42 136 94
costs.
S/N Big Data Analytics SA A D SD
Big Data Analytics provides useful hints that enhance
9 108 90 142 112
production processes.
10 The use of Big Data Analytics improves customer service. 150 48 130 124
11 Big Data Analytics helps to identify and mitigate risks. 126 60 114 152
Big Data Analytics enhances firm ability to forecast
12 144 24 144 140
market trends.
S/N Corporate Technological Responsibility SA A D SD
Our company ensures the ethical use of technology in all
13 96 48 162 146
our operations.
We prioritize data privacy and security in our
14 78 54 178 142
technological implementations.
Our company see no need to employ more staff when
15 90 60 162 140
technology can perform the job better
We actively seek to reduce the environmental impact of
16 132 42 108 170
our technological processes.
Source: Field Survey (2024)
The frequency table presents data on various aspects of technology integration
in manufacturing, with responses measured on a Likert scale of Strongly Agree (SA),
Agree (A), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD). For Artificial Intelligence (AI), the
first item highlights that a significant majority of respondents, 352, strongly agree that the
integration of AI in manufacturing processes reduces operational costs, while 36 agree, 40
disagree, and 24 strongly disagree. This indicates a strong consensus on the cost-reduction
benefits of AI in manufacturing. The second item shows that 314 respondents strongly
agree that AI-driven predictive maintenance decreases equipment downtime, with 84
agreeing, 42 disagreeing, and 12 strongly disagreeing, demonstrating broad support for
AI's role in minimizing downtime. The third item reveals that 344 respondents strongly
agree that AI technology enhances decision-making processes, 42 agree, 48 disagree, and
18 strongly disagree, again indicating a strong belief in AI's positive impact on decision-
making. The fourth item indicates that 350 respondents strongly agree that AI adoption
provides a competitive edge for manufacturing companies, with 36 agreeing, 48
disagreeing, and 18 strongly disagreeing, showing strong support for the competitive
advantages of AI.
For the Internet of Things (IoT), the first item shows that 354 respondents
strongly agree that IoT devices improve real-time monitoring capabilities in
manufacturing companies, with 48 agreeing, 36 disagreeing, and 14 strongly disagreeing,
indicating strong support for IoT's monitoring benefits. The second item is less favorable,
with 182 respondents strongly agreeing that IoT streamlines supply chain management,
50 agreeing, but a significant number, 134, disagreeing and 86 strongly disagreeing,
showing a divided opinion on IoT's effectiveness in supply chain management. The third
item also shows a split opinion, with 188 respondents strongly agreeing that IoT
implementation brings economic benefits that strengthen firm value, 52 agreeing, 126
disagreeing, and 86 strongly disagreeing. The fourth item is similarly divided, with 180
respondents strongly agreeing that IoT plays a significant role in reducing production
costs, 42 agreeing, 136 disagreeing, and 94 strongly disagreeing.
For Big Data Analytics, the first item reveals mixed opinions, with 108
respondents strongly agreeing that Big Data Analytics provides useful hints that enhance

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production processes, 90 agreeing, 142 disagreeing, and 112 strongly disagreeing. The
second item shows that 150 respondents strongly agree that the use of Big Data Analytics
improves customer service, 48 agreeing, but a significant number, 130, disagreein g, and
124 strongly disagreeing, indicating diverse views on its impact on customer service. The
third item shows that 126 respondents strongly agree that Big Data Analytics helps identify
and mitigate risks, 60 agreeing, 114 disagreeing, and 152 strongly disagreeing, reflectin g
mixed opinions. The fourth item indicates that 144 respondents strongly agree that Big
Data Analytics enhances a firm's ability to forecast market trends, 24 agree, but 144
disagree, and 140 strongly disagree, showing a split view on its forecasting capabilities.
For Corporate Technological Responsibility, the first item shows that 96
respondents strongly agree that their company ensures the ethical use of technology in all
operations, 48 agreeing, but a significant number, 162, disagreeing, and 146 strongly
disagreeing, indicating a divided perspective on ethical technology use. The second item
reveals that 78 respondents strongly agree that they prioritize data privacy and security in
technological implementations, 54 agreeing, but 178 disagreeing, and 142 strongl y
disagreeing, indicating concerns about data privacy and security. The third item shows
that 90 respondents strongly agree that there is no need to employ more staff when
technology can perform the job better, 60 agreeing, but 162 disagreeing, and 140 strongly
disagreeing, reflecting mixed views on staff employment vs. technology use. The fourth
item indicates that 132 respondents strongly agree that their company actively seeks to
reduce the environmental impact of technological processes, 42 agreeing, bu t 108
disagreeing, and 170 strongly disagreeing, showing varied opinions on environmental
responsibility.

Test of Hypotheses
Hypothesis I
1) There is a positive relationship between artificial intelligence adoption and corporate
technological responsibility among manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

Table . Correlations for Hypothesis I

Corporate Technological
Responsibility
Spearman's Artificial Correlation -.567 **
rho Intelligence Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 452
Source: SPSS V. 25

The first hypothesis investigates the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI)

adoption and corporate technological responsibility among manufacturing firms in

Nigeria. According to Table 2, the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient for this

relationship is -0.567 with a p-value of 0.000. This negative correlation indicates a

significant inverse relationship between AI adoption and corporate technological

responsibility. As AI adoption increases, corporate technological responsibility tends to

decrease among the surveyed manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

One possible explanation for this result is that the integration of AI in manufacturing

processes might prioritize efficiency and cost reduction over ethical considerations

(Stefanini & Vignali, 2024). Firms may focus on leveraging AI to enhance operationa l

Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance 2024, 5(4), 67-80 cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJITMF
 77

performance without equally investing in the frameworks needed to ensure ethical AI

usage, such as robust data privacy measures and transparency in AI decision -making

processes. More also, it is possible that this negative relationship is because the adven t of

AI has replaced human capital with machine, resulting in loss of job (Stefanini & Vignali,

2024). This finding however negates the positions of Kamble and Gunasekaran (2023) that

these technologies do facilitate the development of an efficient circula r economy, which in

turn supports achieving sustainable organizational goals (Ferreira et al., 2023).

Hypothesis II
2) Internet of Things adoption positively relates to corporate technological responsibility
among manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

Table 3. Correlations for Hypothesis II

Corporate Technological
Responsibility
Spearman's Internet-of- Correlation .548 **
rho Things Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 452
Source: SPSS V. 25

The second hypothesis examines whether the adoption of the Internet of Things

(IoT) positively relates to corporate technological responsibility among manufacturing

firms in Nigeria. Table 3 shows a Spearman's rho correlation coefficient of 0.548, with a p -

value of 0.000. This result signifies a strong and statistically significant positive correlation,

suggesting that increased IoT adoption is associated with higher levels of corporate

technological responsibility in Nigerian manufacturing firms.

The likely reason for this result is that IoT technologies inherently improve

transparency and real-time monitoring capabilities within manufacturing processes. By

enabling real-time tracking of operations and supply chains, IoT can help firms to better

manage their resources, reduce waste, and monitor compliance with ethical standards.

Consequently, the adoption of IoT can drive firms to be more proactive in maintaining

responsible technological practices, thereby enhancing their overall corporate

technological responsibility. This aligns with the position by Ferreira et al. (2023) and Kong

and Liu (2023) that these technology promote CTR.

Hypothesis III
3) Big data analytics positively relates to corporate technological responsibility among
manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

Table 4. Correlations for Hypothesis III

Corporate Technological
Responsibility
Spearman's Big Data Correlation .850 **
rho Analytics Coefficient

Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance 2024, 5(4), 67-80 cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJITMF
 78

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 452
Source: SPSS V. 25

The third hypothesis explores the relationship between big data analytics and

corporate technological responsibility among manufacturing firms in Nigeria. As shown in

Table 4, the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient is 0.850, with a p-value of 0.000. This high

positive correlation indicates a very strong and statistically significant relationship, meaning

that greater adoption of big data analytics is strongly associated with enhanced corporate

technological responsibility among the manufacturing firms in the study.

The reason behind this robust relationship could be that big data analytics equips

firms with the ability to gather and analyze vast amounts of information, leading to better

decision-making and strategic planning. With access to detailed hints, firms can more

effectively identify areas where ethical improvements are needed, such as data privacy, risk

management, and sustainability practices. As a result, the comprehensive capabilities of big

data analytics in providing actionable hints strongly support the enhancement of corporate

technological responsibility (AlZayani et al., 2024).

4. Conclusion
Industry 4.0, characterized by advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence
(AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics, is transforming the
manufacturing sector globally, including in Nigeria. These technologies offer
opportunities for increased efficiency, innovation, and competitiveness. However, their
adoption also raises concerns about corporate technological responsibility, which involves
the ethical and responsible use of technology in ways that align with societal values,
environmental sustainability, and ethical standards. The study found a significant inverse
relationship between AI adoption and corporate technological responsibility. This
suggests that as AI adoption increases, the level of corporate technological responsibility
decreases, perhaps because AI implementation often prioritizes operational efficiency and
cost reduction over ethical considerations and social impacts. For example, AI-driven
automation can lead to job displacement, raising ethical concerns about th e social
responsibilities of companies toward their employees. Additionally, the use of AI in
decision-making processes can sometimes result in biased or unethical outcomes if not
properly managed. Therefore, the recommendation is for the Chief Technology Officers
(CTOs) of manufacturing firms to integrate ethical guidelines and social impact
assessments into their AI deployment strategies to ensure that the technology is used
responsibly.
Based on the findings, the integration of IoT technologies enhances a company’s
commitment to ethical practices and sustainability. IoT devices facilitate real -time
monitoring and data collection, which can improve transparency and accountability in
manufacturing processes. For instance, IoT can help track environmental metrics such as
energy consumption and emissions, enabling companies to implement more sustainable
practices. The recommendation here is for the heads of sustainability departments to
leverage IoT technology to continuously monitor and improve the environmental and
ethical impacts of their operations. Finally, the use of big data analytics contributes
positively to a company’s ethical and responsible practices. Even, big data analytics can
help in identifying areas where waste can be reduced, thereby supporting environmental

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 79

sustainability efforts. Based on this finding, the recommendation is for data analytics
teams to prioritize the inclusion of ethical and sustainability metrics in their data analyses
to support responsible decision-making processes.
In conclusion, AI adoption currently presents challenges that need addressing
through more robust ethical frameworks. In contrast, IoT and big data analytics show
promising positive effects, reinforcing the importance of these technologies in promoting
responsible corporate practices. For manufacturing firms in Nigeria, responsible
implementation of Industry 4.0 practices will help balance technological advancement
with ethical responsibility, ensuring sustainable and socially responsible growth.

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