Bandwidth (signal processing)

Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and

lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies.
It is typically measured in hertz, and depending on
context, may specifically refer to passband bandwidth
or baseband bandwidth. Passband bandwidth is the
difference between the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a
communication channel, or a signal spectrum.
Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or
baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper
cutoff frequency.
Amplitude (a) vs. frequency (f) graph illustrating
Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, baseband bandwidth. Here the bandwidth equals
including electronics, information theory, digital the upper frequency.
communications, radio communications, signal
processing, and spectroscopy and is one of the
determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel.

A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of
information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum.[a] For example, a 3 kHz
band can carry a telephone conversation whether that band is at baseband (as in a POTS telephone line) or
modulated to some higher frequency. However, wide bandwidths are easier to obtain and process at higher
frequencies because the § Fractional bandwidth is smaller.

Contents
Overview
x dB bandwidth
Relative bandwidth
Fractional bandwidth
Ratio bandwidth
Photonics
See also
Notes
References

Overview
Bandwidth is a key concept in many telecommunications applications. In radio communications, for
example, bandwidth is the frequency range occupied by a modulated carrier signal. An FM radio receiver's
tuner spans a limited range of frequencies. A government agency (such as the Federal Communications
Commission in the United States) may apportion the regionally available bandwidth to broadcast license
holders so that their signals do not mutually interfere. In this context, bandwidth is also known as channel
spacing.

For other applications, there are other definitions. One definition of bandwidth, for a system, could be the
range of frequencies over which the system produces a specified level of performance. A less strict and
more practically useful definition will refer to the frequencies beyond which performance is degraded. In
the case of frequency response, degradation could, for example, mean more than 3 dB below the maximum
value or it could mean below a certain absolute value. As with any definition of the width of a function,
many definitions are suitable for different purposes.

In the context of, for example, the sampling theorem and Nyquist sampling rate, bandwidth typically refers
to baseband bandwidth. In the context of Nyquist symbol rate or Shannon-Hartley channel capacity for
communication systems it refers to passband bandwidth.

The Rayleigh bandwidth of a simple radar pulse is defined as the inverse of its duration. For example, a
one-microsecond pulse has a Rayleigh bandwidth of one megahertz.[1]

The essential bandwidth is defined as the portion of a signal spectrum in the frequency domain which
contains most of the energy of the signal.[2]

x dB bandwidth
In some contexts, the signal bandwidth in hertz refers
to the frequency range in which the signal's spectral
density (in W/Hz or V2 /Hz) is nonzero or above a
small threshold value. The threshold value is often
defined relative to the maximum value, and is most
commonly the 3 dB point, that is the point where the
spectral density is half its maximum value (or the
spectral amplitude, in or , is 70.7% of its
maximum). [3] This figure, with a lower threshold
value, can be used in calculations of the lowest
sampling rate that will satisfy the sampling theorem. The magnitude response of a band-pass filter
illustrating the concept of −3 dB bandwidth at a
The bandwidth is also used to denote system gain of approximately 0.707.
bandwidth, for example in filter or communication
channel systems. To say that a system has a certain
bandwidth means that the system can process signals with that range of frequencies, or that the system
reduces the bandwidth of a white noise input to that bandwidth.

The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part of the system's frequency
response that lies within 3 dB of the response at its peak, which, in the passband filter case, is typically at or
near its center frequency, and in the low-pass filter is at or near its cutoff frequency. If the maximum gain is
0 dB, the 3 dB bandwidth is the frequency range where attenuation is less than 3 dB. 3 dB attenuation is
also where power is half its maximum. This same half-power gain convention is also used in spectral
width, and more generally for the extent of functions as full width at half maximum (FWHM).

In electronic filter design, a filter specification may require that within the filter passband, the gain is
nominally 0 dB with a small variation, for example within the ±1 dB interval. In the stopband(s), the
required attenuation in decibels is above a certain level, for example >100 dB. In a transition band the gain
is not specified. In this case, the filter bandwidth corresponds to the passband width, which in this example
is the 1 dB-bandwidth. If the filter shows amplitude ripple within the passband, the x dB point refers to the
point where the gain is x dB below the nominal passband gain rather than x dB below the maximum gain.

In signal processing and control theory the bandwidth is the frequency at which the closed-loop system
gain drops 3 dB below peak.

In communication systems, in calculations of the Shannon–Hartley channel capacity, bandwidth refers to

the 3 dB-bandwidth. In calculations of the maximum symbol rate, the Nyquist sampling rate, and maximum
bit rate according to the Hartley's law, the bandwidth refers to the frequency range within which the gain is
non-zero.

The fact that in equivalent baseband models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of
both negative and positive frequencies, can lead to confusion about bandwidth since they are sometimes
referred to only by the positive half, and one will occasionally see expressions such as , where
is the total bandwidth (i.e. the maximum passband bandwidth of the carrier-modulated RF signal and the
minimum passband bandwidth of the physical passband channel), and is the positive bandwidth (the
baseband bandwidth of the equivalent channel model). For instance, the baseband model of the signal
would require a low-pass filter with cutoff frequency of at least to stay intact, and the physical passband
channel would require a passband filter of at least to stay intact.

Relative bandwidth
The absolute bandwidth is not always the most appropriate or useful measure of bandwidth. For instance,
in the field of antennas the difficulty of constructing an antenna to meet a specified absolute bandwidth is
easier at a higher frequency than at a lower frequency. For this reason, bandwidth is often quoted relative to
the frequency of operation which gives a better indication of the structure and sophistication needed for the
circuit or device under consideration.

There are two different measures of relative bandwidth in common use: fractional bandwidth ( ) and
ratio bandwidth ( ).[4] In the following, the absolute bandwidth is defined as follows,

where and are the upper and lower frequency limits respectively of the band in question.

Fractional bandwidth

Fractional bandwidth is defined as the absolute bandwidth divided by the center frequency ( ),

The center frequency is usually defined as the arithmetic mean of the upper and lower frequencies so that,

and
However, the center frequency is sometimes defined as the geometric mean of the upper and lower
frequencies,

and

While the geometric mean is more rarely used than the arithmetic mean (and the latter can be assumed if not
stated explicitly) the former is considered more mathematically rigorous. It more properly reflects the
logarithmic relationship of fractional bandwidth with increasing frequency.[5] For narrowband applications,
there is only marginal difference between the two definitions. The geometric mean version is
inconsequentially larger. For wideband applications they diverge substantially with the arithmetic mean
version approaching 2 in the limit and the geometric mean version approaching infinity.

Fractional bandwidth is sometimes expressed as a percentage of the center frequency (percent bandwidth,
),

Ratio bandwidth

Ratio bandwidth is defined as the ratio of the upper and lower limits of the band,

Ratio bandwidth may be notated as . The relationship between ratio bandwidth and fractional
bandwidth is given by,

and
Percent bandwidth is a less meaningful measure in wideband applications. A percent bandwidth of 100%
corresponds to a ratio bandwidth of 3:1. All higher ratios up to infinity are compressed into the range 100–
200%.

Ratio bandwidth is often expressed in octaves for wideband applications. An octave is a frequency ratio of
2:1 leading to this expression for the number of octaves,

Photonics
In photonics, the term bandwidth carries a variety of meanings:

the bandwidth of the output of some light source, e.g., an ASE source or a laser; the
bandwidth of ultrashort optical pulses can be particularly large
the width of the frequency range that can be transmitted by some element, e.g. an optical
fiber
the gain bandwidth of an optical amplifier
the width of the range of some other phenomenon, e.g., a reflection, the phase matching of a
nonlinear process, or some resonance
the maximum modulation frequency (or range of modulation frequencies) of an optical
modulator
the range of frequencies in which some measurement apparatus (e.g., a power meter) can
operate
the data rate (e.g., in Gbit/s) achieved in an optical communication system; see bandwidth
(computing).

A related concept is the spectral linewidth of the radiation emitted by excited atoms.

See also
Bandwidth extension
Broadband
Rise time
Spectral efficiency

Notes
a. The information capacity of a channel depends on noise level as well as bandwidth – see
Shannon–Hartley theorem. Equal bandwidths can carry equal information only when subject
to equal signal-to-noise ratios.

References
1. Jeffrey A. Nanzer, Microwave and Millimeter-wave Remote Sensing for Security
Applications, pp. 268-269, Artech House, 2012 ISBN 1608071723.
 2. Sundararajan, D. (4 March 2009). A Practical Approach to Signals and Systems (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=1Oo55lFE6UoC&pg=PA109). John Wiley & Sons. p. 109.
ISBN 978-0-470-82354-5.
3. Van Valkenburg, M. E. (1974). Network Analysis (https://archive.org/details/networkanalysis
00vanv/page/383) (3rd ed.). pp. 383–384 (https://archive.org/details/networkanalysis00vanv/
page/383). ISBN 0-13-611095-9. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
4. Stutzman, Warren L.; Theiele, Gary A. (1998). Antenna Theory and Design (2nd ed.). New
York. ISBN 0-471-02590-9.
5. Hans G. Schantz, The Art and Science of Ultrawideband Antennas, p. 75, Artech House,
2015 ISBN 1608079562

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