7/21/24, 3:56 PM Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes - Development Free PDF

Chapter Notes: Development

What Development Promises- Different People, Different

Goals
Development has many aspects. People have different perspectives on development
and there are ways by which we can arrive at common indicators for development.
Different persons have different notions of development. They seek different things.
They seek things that are most important to them.

Different People Have Different Goals

For example, a girl may seek equal opportunities and responsibilities compared to her
brother, who might not share the same viewpoint.
Similarly, industrialists aiming for increased electricity supply may clash with the
interests of tribals who prioritize land preservation and sustainable irrigation methods.
Development is subjective and varies among individuals based on their priorities and
circumstances.

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7/21/24, 3:56 PM Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes - Development Free PDF

What one person perceives as progress may not align with another's definition and
could potentially harm their interests.
Understanding diverse perspectives is crucial in crafting inclusive and sustainable
development policies.

Try yourself: What is the significance of understanding diverse perspectives in the

development process?

a. It helps in forming common indicators for development.

b. It ensures equal opportunities and responsibilities for all individuals.

c. It prioritizes land preservation and sustainable irrigation methods.

d. It aligns different viewpoints and avoids potential harm to interests.

View Solution

Income and Other Goals

People's desires often revolve around aspects like regular work, improved wages, and
fair prices for their produce, aiming for increased income.
Alongside the pursuit of higher income, individuals also strive for equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect from others, while strongly opposing discrimination.
Non-material factors such as friendship, dignity, security, and freedom significantly
contribute to one's quality of life, surpassing the sole importance of material possessions
or wealth.

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7/21/24, 3:56 PM Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes - Development Free PDF

Individuals strive for equal treatment

When considering job opportunities, factors beyond monetary rewards play a crucial
role, including family amenities, work environment, learning prospects, and job
security.
Developmental aspirations encompass a blend of objectives, where women's
involvement in unpaid work not only enhances their status but also promotes a culture
of shared responsibilities and support for women in the workforce.

National Development
It's crucial to recognize that individuals can hold conflicting views on what constitutes a
nation's progress.
Not all ideas are of equal significance.
When there are conflicting opinions, it's essential to determine a fair and just path forward.
Consider whether an idea benefits a large population or just a small segment.
National development involves contemplating the impact of ideas on a broad spectrum of
people and assessing whether there are better approaches to achieve progress.

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7/21/24, 3:56 PM Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes - Development Free PDF

Try yourself: What are some non-material factors that significantly contribute to one's
quality of life?

a. Regular work and improved wages

b. Friendship, dignity, security, and freedom

c. Equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect

d. Family amenities, work environment, learning prospects, and job security

View Solution

How to Compare Different Countries or States

Development can have various interpretations, leading to the classification of some
countries as developed and others as underdeveloped.
When comparing entities, it's essential to consider both similarities and differences.
For instance, income is a crucial criterion for comparing countries.
Higher-income levels are often associated with more developed nations, as increased
income enables access to essential resources and amenities.
Total income alone is not a sufficient measure for comparing countries, as populations
vary.
To address this, the average income, also known as per capita income, is calculated by
dividing the total income by the population.

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 7/21/24, 3:56 PM Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes - Development Free PDF

The World Bank classifies countries in its World Development Reports based on per capita
income. In 2019, high-income countries had per capita incomes of $49,300 or more, while
low-income countries had $2,500 or less. India, with a per capita income of $6,700, is
considered a low-middle-income country. Rich countries are typically termed developed
countries.
Countries with higher incomes are more developed than others with less income.
As different countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us
what an average person earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.

Income and Other Criteria

When we think of a nation or a region, besides average income, public facilities and other criteria
are equally significant attributes.
Individual Aspirations and Goals: People aspire for better income along with goals like
security, respect, equal treatment,and freedom.
National or Regional Attributes: Besides average income, other important attributes define
the development of a region or nation. When comparing per capita income, Haryana
emerges as the most developed state, while Bihar appears least developed.
Infant Mortality Rate: Kerala has lower infant mortality compared to Haryana, highlighting
significant differences in child welfare.
Educational Disparities: In Bihar, around half of children aged 14-15 do not attend school
beyond Class 8, indicating educational challenges.
The data reflects disparities in healthcare and education across different states, impacting
the well-being and future opportunities of their populations.

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Public Facilities
These are the services provided by the government to its citizens. Some of the important public
facilities include:

Public Education
Hospitals
Public Distribution System
UNDP on the basis of educational level, health status and per capita income
Comparison with neighbouring countries - Sri Lanka much better in per capita income,
life expectancy, HDI rank etc.

Income Limitations: Higher income doesn't guarantee access to essential services like clean
environment, unadulterated medicines, or protection from diseases.
Collective Provision: Essential services such as security and education are best provided
collectively. This is more cost-effective and ensures broader access.

Kerala vs. Haryana

Kerala: Lower infant mortality rate, higher literacy rate, and better school attendance
despite lower per capita income.
Haryana: Higher income but poorer health and education indicators.
Public Distribution System (PDS): States with efficient PDS have better health and
nutrition outcomes.

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International Comparisons
Sri Lanka: Higher human development indicators than India.
Nepal and Bangladesh: Better life expectancy despite lower per capita income.

Human Development Index (HDI): Measures health, education, and standard of living,
emphasizing overall well-being rather than just income.

Try yourself: Which of the following is not a criterion used to compare countries or regions
for development?

a. Average income

b. Public facilities

c. Happiness index

d. Infant mortality rate

View Solution

Sustainability of Development
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present, without
compromising the ability of future generations. Scientists have been warning that the present
type and levels of development are not sustainable.
Types of Resources
Renewable Resources: Renewable resources like groundwater are naturally replenished,
similar to crops and plants. However, if these resources are consumed at a faster rate than
they are replenished, overuse occurs.

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Non-Renewable Resources: Non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, are finite and
will eventually be depleted after continuous use. While new resources may be discovered,
the overall stock is limited and will diminish over time.

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