O

Relintice
Reduced echelan form
.

·
The coefficients of the
leading
veribbles are 1

Entries he
above and below
leading
·

variables are 0 .

Example :

kkX
& X

X + z =
1
*

2
y z
=
+

[↓ 1/2]
o

X = 1 -
z

-S
PH =

(3) =
u
 =
/) U
=(
F =

(630) FU) R
=

Fr(L) PA =
Ro

A = Ro

·
This computation works in
general

A =
MoRo Ro reduced

↑ echelor form
mXn
Moxm

Ro mxn

Ro may here rows of Os on the

bottom discard those -
R

Discard the columns

corresponding
in Mo
-
M.
 ③
#MR M myK

Rkxn

R =

11
· & "

A -

[a ,,an , &3) --

>n]

M
&

Conclusions :
-

1) The columns in Adhat correspond

to the pivotal columns aiR

form a basis of the column space

# of pirctsuiR =
# of hi indep
.

columns inA =: reak of A .

2) The renk of A min (min)
4

3) If A is
square i e, . hem

When it is invertible if and only

if R =
Im

A is invertible if and
only if
it hasm pirots
.

4)
If R has
i pirots , i. e
.,
A has full now renk ten

C(A) IRM the

and
equation
=

Ax =
1 has a solution for all

beIRe .

5) If man and R has a pinds , i e

,
.

A hes full column rank

then AX if it has
1 a
scretion,
=

it is
unique
.
 ⑤
#X ,
=
b Axe b =

A(x ,
-

(2) = 2 (> R(X ,

1 2)
-

4
=
.

-o

I
-

(( I-
I

I
I
I

⑥ If rankA < min (m n)

,

then AX 1 might or
might
=

not have a solution which

is not unique .

② If A is mxn reak A =
r

If AX =
b has a solution

and
Ap is a particular one

then the solution

general is

given by
+ tzz
* =

(p +
, 2, + +.. +
thr Enr
Exemple:
⑥
A =

( (
now reduces to

(b)
>
- u =

2z
y
= -

X 6z + z 7z
3y z
-
= + = =

(2) z(,) = -

↑ special solution & .

Ihm
The special solutions spen NCA)

and
they are
lnearly independent
and hence a basis
.

Execuple :

A =
[i = ) +
[i]
W X, y z
[6 ; 3)
, -
,
 w -
=

3y -
2z ⑦
X z
=

2y
-

() e() (i) =
+

of
Let
A set rectors 1
, ,
-

)
U
-
1

early independent if
K
29y =
j=

implies that c, = = - - =
C
= 0
.

Lemma Let Y, , . .

., Uk be a
linearly
-

indepent set of rectors

.

Assume mat I is in the spen

of 11 ..., Ye ,
ive

= 2gj
j = 1

This representation is
unique
.
 k ⑳
Proof : V
=
O-dj)
j =
1x - -

,
k .

Theorem
-

The reduced echelor form Ro of

amchix A is
unique
.

Broof : A myn
, Momxm ,
Roman

A =
MoRo
A =
No So

NoS =

MoRo So =
NiMo Ro
2

K
k =
[K , . .

, km]
=
(g)
Y
So =
[K ,
..., Kizz Kis]
P
ki =
(g) ·
 So =
[
kiz =
Lo
of V if
Red : V,..., Uk is a basis

a) 4 Span V
, .,
.

b) Ex . -

.. Uk are hi indep
,

Theorem Let be another

W .... We
Decis for W .
Then k =
1.

We cell k the dimension of V

it depends on .
V
anly

roof :

m iii j
= -
=

[m , . . , Web =
[1 ..
,
]C A
2

Vi zd i k k
f Mj
= =
..,

j = 1
 [1 , c.
-
> [] = We] D.

[1 [1,
r]
, 1 .

.. Uk] =
, . .

=j
k

(0 1), 2 G
j2jy
- + =

ei
= = 0

k
k

= Zij
i= 1
:
= :
Lij

j
=
[Vx.. ,
)
[W. . . ., Wes =
[ ...
(Pr J
2
!

Ek2

#2 =
[E
/
ex
,
· -
.